İklim değişikliğinin ormanlar üzerindeki etkisi: İklim akılcı ormancılık bakış açısı

Abstract

Antropojenik iklim değişikliği zamanımızın temel sorunu olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Teknolojinin hayatımıza girmesiyle yaşanan olumlu gelişmelerin yanında iklim ve doğaya verilen zararın, özellikle iklim değişikliği etkisinin en aza indirgenmesine yönelik farklı çözüm önerileri ortaya atılmıştır. Bunların ortak paydası iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede sosyal çevre faktörü ile uyum (adaptasyon) ve azaltım stratejilerine ağırlık verilmesidir. Son yıllarda orman ekosistemlerinin bütünlüğünün korunması ve işlevselliğinin sürdürülebilmesi için gelecekte etkisinin artacağı öngörülen iklim değişikliğinden olabildiğince az etkilenmesi ve bu değişiklikten kaynaklanan olumsuz etkilere uyum sağlanmasında İklim Akılcı Ormancılık (İKAKO) adı verilen stratejiler geliştirilmektedir. Bu stratejiler ormanlar ve orman sektöründe pratikteki uygulamaları yönlendirmek için ölçüt ve göstergelerle desteklenen sürdürülebilir uyumlu orman yönetimleridir. Bu anlamda çalışmanın amacı iklim ve iklim değişikliğine karşı dünya ve ülkemiz özelinde yapılan bilimsel çalışmalar ve bu soruna karşı son yıllarda geliştirilen reflekslerin neler olduğunu ortaya çıkarmaktır. Ayrıca Dünya ve Türkiye özelinde iklim değişikliğinin nasıl tanımlandığı, ne gibi senaryolar üzerinden soruna yaklaşıldığı ve iklim değişikliğinin ormanlara etkisinin ne olacağı sorularına cevap aranacaktır.

Keywords

• Uyum (adaptasyon)
• iklim değişikliği
• iklim akılcı ormancılık (İKAKO)
• azaltım.
• Adaptation
• climate change
• climate-smart forestry (CSF)
• mitigation

Effects of climate change on forests: Climate-smart forestry perspective

Abstract

Anthropogenic climate change is defined as the fundamental problem of our time. Different solutions have been proposed to minimize the damage to the climate and nature, especially the effect of climate change in addition to the positive developments in technology. The solutions have the same goal to focus on adaptation and mitigation strategies together with the social environment factor in the fight against climate change. Strategies called as Climate Smart Forestry (CSF) have been developed to protect the integrity of forest ecosystems, maintain their functionality, adapt to the negative effect, and be affected as little as possible by climate change in the future. These strategies are sustainable compatible forest management supported by criteria and indicators to guide practical applications in forests and the forest sector. In this sense, the study aims to reveal the scientific studies conducted in the world and our country against climate and climate change and the reflexes developed in recent years. Moreover, answers will be sought to the questions of how climate change is defined in the world and Turkey, what kind of scenarios the problem is approached and what the impact of climate change will be on forests.

Keywords

• Adaptation
• climate change
• climate-smart forestry (CSF)
• mitigation

References

1. Adger, W.N., 2010. Social Capital, Collective Action, and Adaptation to Climate Change. Der Klimawandel. VS Verlag Für,Sozialwissenschaften. pp. 327-345.
2. Akçakaya, A., Eskioğlu, O., Atay, H., Demir, Ö., 2013. Yeni̇ Senaryolarla Türkiye için İklim Değişikliği Projeksiyonları. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, TR2013.
3. Alberdi, I., Gschwantner, T., Bosela, M., Redmond, J., Riedel, T., Snorrason, A., et al., 2016. Harmonisation of Data and Information on the Potential Supply of Wood Resources. National Forest Inventories, Springer, Cham, 55-79.
4. National Geographic, 2019. Climatechange. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/climate-change/.(erişim 29.08.2022).
5. Bebi, P., Bugmann, H., Lüscher, P., Lange, B., Brang, P., et al., 2016. Auswirkungen Des Klimawandels Auf Schutzwald Und Naturgefahren, Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Waldleistungen, Zürich.
6. Bolte, A., Ammer, C., Löf, M., Madsen, P., Nabuurs, G.J., Schall, P., Rock, J., et al., 2009. Adaptive forest management in central Europe: Climate change impacts, strategies and integrative concept. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 24(6), 473-482.
7. Bosela, M., Merganičová, K., Torresan, C., Cherubini, P., Fabrika, M., Heinze, B., et al. 2022. Modelling Future Growth of Mountain Forests under Changing Environments. In: Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions, pp.223.
8. Bottaro, G., Gatto, P., Pettenella, D., 2022. Assessing the Economic Impacts of Climate Change on Mountain Forests: A Literature Review. In: Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions, 453-476.

9. Bowditch, E., Santopuoli, G., Binder, F., Del Rio, M., La Porta, N., Kluvankova, T., Tognetti, R., et al., 2020. What is climate-smart forestry? A definition from a multinational collaborative process focused on mountain regions of Europe. Ecosystem Services, 43, 101113.
10. Bryant, T., Waring, K., Sánchez Meador, A., Bradford, J.B., 2019. A framework for quantifying resilience to forest disturbance. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 2, 56.
11. Cai, W. Ng, B. Wang, G. Santoso, A., Wu, L. Yang, K., 2022. Increased ENSO sea surface temperature variability under four IPCC emission scenarios. Nature Climate Change,12(3), 228-231.
12. Cantürk, U. and Kulaç, Ş., 2021. The effects of climate change scenarios on Tilia ssp. in Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(12), 1-15.
13. Çolak, A.H. and I.D., Rotherha, 2006. A review of the forest vegetation of Turkey: Its status past and present and its future conservation. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, c. 106, s. 3, pp. 343-354.
14. Dubova, L., Slavikova, L., Azevedo, J. C., Barstad, J., Gatto, P., Lesinski, J.,Stokken, R., et al., 2022. Review of Policy Instruments for Climate-Smart Mountain Forestry. Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions, Springer, Cham Press, pp. 477-506.
15. FAO, 2010. Forest resources assessment. food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome. FAO, 2015. Global forest resources assessment. seceond edition. food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome.
16. Gaillard, J.C., 2010. Vulnerability, capacity, and resilience: perspectives for climate and development policy. Journal of International Development. 22, 218-232.
17. Gežík, V., Brnkaľáková, S., Baštáková, V., Kluvánková, T., 2022. Economic and Social Perspective of Climate-Smart Forestry: Incentives for Behavioral Change to Climate-Smart Practices in the Long Term. In Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions, Springer, Cham. pp. 435-451.
18. Giongo, M., Santos, M.M., da Silva, D.B., Cachoeira, J.N., Santopuoli, G., 2022. Climate-Smart Forestry in Brazil. In Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions, Springer, Cham Press, 545.
19. Gökçe, D., Pancar, Z.B., Ali, T., 2018. İklim değişikliğine karşı mekânsal kırılganlığın ve uyum kapasitesinin belirlenmesi: Alanya örneği. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(2), 119-128.
20. Görcelioğlu, E., 2000. Sera gazları emisyonlarının azaltılmasında ve bu gazların atmosferden alınıp depolanmasında ormancılık sektörüne düşen görevler. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 50 (2), 35-50.
21. Görmez, K., 1991. Türkiye’de Çevre Politikaları, Ankara, 1991. Erişim: https://www.eea.europa.eu/tr/isaretler/isaretler-2015/makaleler/toprak-ve-iklim-degisikligi.
22. Gregory, L, W., Duran, A., 2001. Scenarios and Acceptance of Forecasts, In Principles of Forecasting, Springer, Boston, MA. pp. 519-540.
23. Heinonen, T., Pukkala, T., Kellomäki, S., Strandman, H., Asikainen, A., Venäläinen, A., Peltola, H., 2018. Effects of forest management and harvesting intensity on the timber supply from finnish forests in a changing climate. Can J For Res, 48, 1–11.
24. IPCC, 2021. The Physical Science Basis (EDS Masson-Delmotte, V. et al.). Inter governmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge Unv. Press.
25. IPCC, 2018. Global warming of 1,5° C: an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5° C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
26. Pachauri R.K., Meyer, L.A., Plattner, G.K., Stocker, T., 2014. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Synthesis Report: Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: Core Writing Team, Pachauri R.K. ve Meyer, L.A. (Eds). IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, pp.154.
27. IPCC, 2001. Special Report on Emission Scenarios. A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Cambridge University Press, Camridge.
28. Irauschek, F., Rammer, W., Lexer, M. J., 2017. Evaluating multifunctionality and adaptive capacity of mountain forest management alternatives under climate change in the eastern Alps. European Journal of Forest Research,136(5), 1051-1069.
29. Jacob, D. Petersen, J. Eggert, B. Alias, A. Christensen, O. B., Bouwer, L. M, Yio, P., et al., 2014. Euro-cordex: New high-resolution climate change projections for European impact research. Regional Environmental Change, 14(2), 563-578.
30. Jandl, R., Ledermann, T., Kindermann, G., Freudenschuss, A., Gschwanter, T., Weiss, P., 2018. Strategies for climate-smart forest management in Austria. Forests, 9(10).
31. Ji, Y.H., Guo, K., Fang, S.B., Xu, X.N., Wang, Z.G.,Wang, S.D., 2017. Long-term growth of temperate broadleaved forests no longer benefits soil C accumulation. Scientific Reports,7(1), 1-7.
32. Karl, T.R. and Trenberth, K.E., 2003. Modern global climate change. Science, 302, 1719-1723.
33. Kauppi, P., Hanewinkel, M., Lundmark, T., Nabuurs, G., Peltola, H., Trasobares, A., Hetemäki, L., 2018. Climate Smart Forestry in Europe, European Forest Institute.
34. Lavell, A., Oppenheimer , M., Diop, C., Hess, J., Lempert, R.,J., Li, R., Muir-Wood, R., Myeong, S., 2012. Climate Change: New Dimensions in Disaster Risk, Exposure, Vulnerability, and Resilience. In: Managing The Risks Of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (Eds.)]. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, New York, NY, USA, pp. 25-64.
35. Lindner, M., Maroschek, M., Netherer, S., Kremer, A., Barbati, A., Garcia-Gonzalo, J., Marchetti, M., et al., 2010. Climate change impacts, adaptive capacity, and vulnerability of European forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management, 259(4), 698-709.
36. Nabuurs, G.J., Delacote, P., Ellison, D., Hanewinkel, M., Hetemäki, L. and Lindner, M., 2017. By 2050 mitigation effects of EU forests could nearly double through European climate smart forestry. Forests, 8(484). DOI:10.3390/f8120484.
37. Nakicenovic, N. Davidson, O., Davis, G., et al., 2000. Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: A Special Report of the Working Group III of The Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
38. OGM, 2012. Türkiye Orman Varlığı-212. Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı, Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Orman İdaresi ve Planlama Dairesi Başkanlığı, Ankara. https://www.ogm.gov.tr/ekutuphane/Yayinlar/Orman%20Varlığımız.pdf (Erişim: 1 Aralık 2020).
39. OGM, 2015. Türkiye orman varlığı-2015. Orman ve Su Işleri Bakanlığı Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.https://www.ogm.gov.tr/ekutuphane/Yayinlar/Türkiye Orman Varlığı-2016-2017.pdf (Erişim: 1.12.2020).
40. OGM, 2020. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı orman genel müdürlüğü. Ormancılık istatistikleri. https://www.ogm.gov.tr/ekutuphane/Sayfalar/Istatistikler.aspx (Erişim: 21.12.2020).
41. Öztürk, K., 2002. Küresel ı̇klim değişikliği ve Türkiye’ye olası etkileri. G.Ü. Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi ,22 (1) 47-65.
42. Pachauri, R.K., Allen, M.R., Barros, V.R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ, R., Van Ypserle, J.P., et al., 2014. Climate change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II And III To The Fifth Assessment Report of The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, p. 151.
43. Pan, Y., Birdsey, R.A., Fang, J., Houghton, R., Kauppi, P.E., Kurz, W. A., Phillips, O.L., Shvidenko, A., Lewis, S.L., Canadell, J.G. 2011, A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science, 333(6045), 988-993.
44. Pappas, C., Bélanger, N., Bergeron, Y., Blarquez, O., Chen, H.Y., Comeau, P.G., Kneeshaw, D., et al., 2022. Smart Forests Canada: A Network of Monitoring Plots for Forest Management Under Environmental Change. In Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions,pp. 521-543. Springer, Cham.
45. Rockström, J., Gaffney, O., Rogelj, J., Meinshausen, M., Nakicenovic, N., Schellnhuber, H.J., 2017. A roadmap for rapid decarbonization. Science, 355(6331), 1269-1271.
46. Sandin, G., Peters, G.M., Svanström, M., 2016. Life Cycle Assessment of Forest Products: Challenges and Solutions, Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, c.1, ss. 25-67.
47. Seidl, R., Albrich, K., Erb, K., Formayer, H., Leidinger, D., Leitinger, Rammer, W., et al., 2019. What drives the future supply of regulating ecosystem services in a mountain forest landscape. Forest Ecology and Management, 445, 37-47.
48. Stern, D. I. and Kaufmann, R.K., 2014. Anthropogenic and natural causes of climate change. Climatic Change s.122, pp.257–269.
49. TEMA, 2013. İklim, Türkiye, değişikliği ve ormanlar. Tema Vakfı İklim Değişikliği Kapasite Geliştirme Projesi, Rap. 07, 2013.
50. Temperli, C., Blattert, C., Stadelmann, G., Brändli, U.B., Thürig, E., 2020. Trade-offs between ecosystem service provision and the predisposition to disturbances: a NFI-based scenario analysis. Forest Ecosystems, 7(1), 1-17.
51. Temperli, C., Santopuoli, G. Bottero, A. Barbeito, I. Alberdi, I. Condés, S.,Tognetti, R., 2022. National Forest Inventory Data to Evaluate Climate-Smart Forestry, Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions, Springer, Cham, pp. 107-139.
52. Tognetti, R., Smith, M., Panzacchi, P., 2022. An Introduction To Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions. In Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions, pp. 1-33. Springer, Cham.
53. TÜİK, 2020. “TÜİK Haber Bülteni”, Sayı: 1.5.2020, http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=33786, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.05.2020).
54. Verkerk, P.J., Costanza, R., Hetemäki, L., Kubiszewski, I., Leskinen, P., Nabuurs, G.J., Palahí, M., 2020. Climate-smart forestry: the missing link. Forest Policy and Economics, 115, 102164.
55. Vizzarri, M., Pilli, R., Korosuo, A., Frate, L., Grassi, G., 2022. The Role of Forests in Climate Change Mitigation: The EU Context. In Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions, Springer, Cham, 507-520.
56. Walter, H.,1956. Das problem der Zentralanatolischen steppe. Naturwissenschaften, 43(5), 97-102.
57. Watson, J.E., Evans, T., Venter, O., Williams, B., Tulloch, A., Stewart, C., Lindenmayer, D., 2018. The exceptional value of intact forest ecosystems. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 2(4), 599-610.
58. Weatherall, A., Nabuurs, G. J., Velikova, V., Santopuoli, G., Neroj, B., Bowditch, E., Tognetti, R., 2022. Defining Climate-Smart Forestry. In Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions, Springer, Cham, 35-58.
59. Yousefpour, R., Augustynczik, A.L.D., Reyer, C.P., Lasch-Born, P., Suckow, F., Hanewinkel, M., 2018. Realizing mitigation efficiency of European commercial forests by climate smart forestry. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1-11.