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Age-related variation in needle physical properties of Black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold)
Abstract
Background and Aims This study investigated the variation in physical properties of black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) needles, according to elevation, stand development stage, needle age, and seasonal factors.
Method Needle samples were collected seasonally (May 2024, July 2024, September 2024, November 2024) from 12 stands across two elevation ranges (750–1000 m and 1000–1250 m) and two stand development stages (b–bc and c–cd). Needles were classified into four age groups (current year 0, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd year needles), and needle length, sheath length, mean diameter, and 1,000-needle weight were measured.
Results Analysis results revealed that needle age had a statistically significant effect on all physical properties. Current-year needles (0) exhibited the lowest length (7.71 cm) and lowest weight (76.38 g), while one-year-old needles (1) reached maximum values (11.01 cm; 135.28 g). Sheath length decreased systematically with needle age (0: 1.41 cm; 3: 0.35 cm). Seasonally, needle characteristics (except for the sheath length) developed throughout the summer season, reaching maximum values in autumn. In terms of elevation, only the average diameter and the weight needles showed significant differences. The stand development stage affected all needle properties, with longer and heavier needles observed in the c–cd stage stands. Correlation analysis detected a strong positive relationship between needle length and weight and a strong negative relationship between sheath length and needle age.
Conclusion These findings demonstrate that black pine needle traits are sensitive to elevation, stand development stage and seasonal gradients, and that needle properties can be used as an indicator of site quality and forest health.
Keywords
Ethical Statement
This study does not involve any human or animal subjects, surveys, interviews, or procedures requiring approval from an ethics committee. All fieldwork and data collection were conducted in accordance with relevant regulations and scientific ethical standards. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest and that all ethical principles of scientific research have been strictly followed. The authors also confirm that all data used in this article were obtained by the researchers and that no ethical misconduct occurred during the study.
Thanks
This study is a part of a doctoral thesis of first author. We thank Dr. Alper Gün ÖZTURNA for his support during the field work.
References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Forestry Sciences (Other)
Journal Section
Research Article
Publication Date
December 31, 2025
Submission Date
November 22, 2025
Acceptance Date
December 31, 2025
Published in Issue
Year 2025 Volume: 11 Number: 2
APA
M. Kaddour, E., & Akburak, S. (2025). Age-related variation in needle physical properties of Black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold). Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1828451
AMA
1.M. Kaddour E, Akburak S. Age-related variation in needle physical properties of Black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold). AJFR. 2025;11(2). doi:10.53516/ajfr.1828451
Chicago
M. Kaddour, Ebtehal, and Serdar Akburak. 2025. “Age-Related Variation in Needle Physical Properties of Black Pine (Pinus Nigra Arnold)”. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi 11 (2). https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1828451.
EndNote
M. Kaddour E, Akburak S (December 1, 2025) Age-related variation in needle physical properties of Black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold). Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi 11 2
IEEE
[1]E. M. Kaddour and S. Akburak, “Age-related variation in needle physical properties of Black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold)”, AJFR, vol. 11, no. 2, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.53516/ajfr.1828451.
ISNAD
M. Kaddour, Ebtehal - Akburak, Serdar. “Age-Related Variation in Needle Physical Properties of Black Pine (Pinus Nigra Arnold)”. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi 11/2 (December 1, 2025). https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1828451.
JAMA
1.M. Kaddour E, Akburak S. Age-related variation in needle physical properties of Black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold). AJFR. 2025;11. doi:10.53516/ajfr.1828451.
MLA
M. Kaddour, Ebtehal, and Serdar Akburak. “Age-Related Variation in Needle Physical Properties of Black Pine (Pinus Nigra Arnold)”. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 11, no. 2, Dec. 2025, doi:10.53516/ajfr.1828451.
Vancouver
1.Ebtehal M. Kaddour, Serdar Akburak. Age-related variation in needle physical properties of Black pine (Pinus nigra Arnold). AJFR. 2025 Dec. 1;11(2). doi:10.53516/ajfr.1828451