Arabic Literary Criticism from the Age of Jāhiliyyah to the 5th Century Hijrī

Abstract

ʿArabic literary criticism went through important phases from the Ignorance (Jāhiliyya) period to the 5th century AH (1009 AD), and poetry took a higher place than prose in ʿArabic literary criticism. During the Ignorance period, which is the oldest known history of ʿArabic literature, improvised literary criticism for grammatical errors and sometimes wrong words changed with the advent of Islām, and religious criteria and principles played an important role in literary criticism in the first period of Islām. In this period, the ʿArabic language became more fluent and subtle by uniting around the Quraysh dialect with the effect of the style and expression of the Qurʾān, and the ʿArabs united around Islām. The Umayyad calīphs and their rulers, who opened their doors to poets during the Umayyad period, supported ʿArabic poetry and combined their perspectives on poetry in the Ignorance and early Islamic period. During the Abbāsid period, from the 3rd century AH (816 AD), individual literary criticism books were written, and certain rules were set in ʿArabic literary criticism, and a century later, in the 4. century AH (m. 913), traditionalist, innovative and conciliatory schools emerged in ʿArabic literary criticism.

Keywords

• Literature
• Criticism
• Tradition
• Innovation
• Discussion

Câhiliye Döneminden Hicri V. Yüzyıla Kadar Arap Edebi Tenkidi

Abstract

Arap edebi tenkidi Cahiliye döneminden hicri V. Yüzyıla (m. 1009) dek önemli evrelerden geçmiş ve şiir, Arap edebi tenkidinde nesirden daha öncelikli bir yer edinmiştir. Arap edebiyatının bilinen en eski tarihi olan Cahiliye döneminde bazen gramer hatalarına, bazen de yanlış kelimelere yönelik olarak doğaçlama bir şekilde yapılan edebi tenkit, İslam’ın gelmesiyle değişim göstermiş ve İslam’ın ilk döneminde dini kriterler ve prensipler edebi eleştiride önemli bir rol üstlenmiştir. Bu dönemde Arap dili Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in üslubu ve ifade tarzının etkisiyle Kureyş lehçesi etrafında birleşerek daha akıcı ve ince bir hale bürünmüş ve Araplar İslam çatısı altında birleşmişlerdir. Emeviler döneminde şairlere kapılarını açan Emevi halifeleri ve yöneticileri Arap şiirini desteklemişler, Cahiliye ve İslam’ın ilk dönemindeki şiire bakış açılarını kendilerinde mezcetmişlerdir. Abbasiler döneminde hicri III. yüzyıldan (m. 816) itibaren müstakil edebi tenkit kitapları yazılarak Arap edebi tenkidinde belirli kurallar konulmuş ve bir yüzyıl sonra hicri IV. yüzyılda (m. 913) Arap edebi tenkidinde gelenekçi, yenilikçi ve uzlaşmacı yönelimler ortaya çıkmıştır.

Keywords

• Arap
• Edeb
• Tenkit
• Gelenek
• Yenilik
• Tartışma

References

1. ʿAbbās, İḥsān. Tārīkh al-Naqd ʿinda al-ʿArab. Bairut: Dār al-Thaqāfa, 1983.
2. Abū Dāwūd, Sulaymān b. al-Ashʿath al-Sijistānī. Musnad ʿĀisha raḍiyallāh ʿanhā. ed. ʿAbdulghafūr ʿAbdulḥaq Ḥusayn. Kuwait: Maktaba al-Aqsā, 1405-1985.
3. Abu al-Faraj al-Aṣfahānī, ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn. al-Aghānī. Bairut: Dār al-Fikr, 2st edition.
4. al-Āmidī, Abū al-Qāsim al-Ḥasan b. Bishr. al-Muwāzana bayn şiʿr Abī Tammām wa al-Buḥturī. ed. al-Sayyid Aḥmad Ṣaqr – ʿAbdullāh al-Muḥārib. Egypt: Dār al-Maʿārif – Maktaba al-Khānjī, 4st edition.
5. Arslan, Hüseyin. Hatip el-Kazvini’nin Telhis ve İzah Adlı Eserlerinde Sekkaki’ye İtiraz Ettiği Meseleler. İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2018.
6. al-Bayhaqī, Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad. al-Mahāsin wa al-masāwī. ed. Muḥammad Abū al-Faḍl Ibrāhīm. Egypt: Dār al-Maʿārif.
7. Ḍayf, Shawqī. al-Balāgha, taṭawwur wa tārīkh. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, n.d.b., 9st edition.
8. Ḍayf, Shawqī. al-Naqd, Egypt: Dār al-maʿārif, n.d.c.

9. Ḍayf, Shawqī. Tārīkh al-adabī al-Ārabī. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, n.d.a., 11st edition.
10. Farrūẖ, ʿUmar. Tārīkh al-adab al-ʿArabī. Bairut: Dār al-ʿİlm li al-malāyīn, 4st edition, 1981.
11. al-Ḥamawī, Shihābuddīn Abū ʿAbdillāh Yāqūt b. ʿAbdillāh al-Rūmī. Mu‛jam al-udabāʾ. ed. Iḥsān ʿAbbās. Bairut: Dār al-Garb al-Islāmī, 1993.
12. al-Ḥātimī, Abū ʿAlī Muḥammad b. Ḥasan b. Muẓaffar al-Baghdādī. Ḥilya al-muḥāḍara fī ṣināʿaʾ al-shiʿr. ed. Jaʿfar al-Kitānī. Iraq: Dār al-Rashīd, 1979.
13. Ibn Ḥamdūn. Abū al-Maʿālī Bahāuddīn Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. Ḥamdūn al-Baghdādī al-Tadhkira al-H̱amdūniyya. Bairut: Dār Ṣādir, 1417/1996.
14. Ibn Hishām, Abū Muḥammad Jamāluddīn ʿAbdulmalik b. Hishām al-Mıṣrī. al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya li Ibn Hishām. ed. Muṣṭafā al-Sakā – Ibrāhīm al-Abyārī -‛Abdulhafīz Shalabī. Egypt: Maktaba wa Maṭba‛a Muṣṭafā al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī wa awlāduhū, 2st edition, 1375/1955.
15. Ibn Jinnī, Abū al-Fatḥ ʿOthmān b. Jinnī al-Nahwī. al-Fasr Sharh Ibn Jinnī al-Kabīr, ʿalā dīwān al-Mutanabbī. ed. Ridā Racab. Damascus: Dār al-Yanābīʿ, 2004.
16. Ibn Kathīr, Abū al-Fidā İsmāʿīl b. ʿOmar b. Kathīr al-Dimashqī al-Bidāya wa al-Nihāya, ed. ʿAbdullāh b. ʿAbdulmuḥsin al-Turkī Egypt: Dār Hajar, 1424/2003.
17. Ibn Qutayba, ʿAbdullāh b. Muslim b. Qutayba al-Dīnawarī. al-Shʿir wa al-shuʿarā. Cairo: Dār al-H̱adīth, 1423/2003.
18. Ibn Manẓūr. Abu’l-Faḍl Jamāluddīn Muḥammad b. Mukrim b. ʿAlī al-Anṣārī. Lisānu’l-‛Arab. Bairut: Dāru Ṣādir, 3st edition, 1993.
19. Ibn al-Nadīm, Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad b. Abī Yaʿkūb Ishāk al-Warrāq al-Baghdādī. al-Fihrist. ed. Ibrāhīm Ramaḍān. Bairut: Dār al-Ma‛rifa, 2st edition, 1997.
20. Ibn Rashīq al-Qayrawānī, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan. al-ʿUmda fī maḥāsin al-shiʿr wa ādābih. ed. Muḥammad Muḥyiddīn ʿAbdulḥamīd. Bairut: Dār al-Jīl, 5st edition, 1981.
21. Ibn Wahb, Abu al-Ḥusayn İshāk b. İbrāhīm b. Sülaymān b. Wahb al-Kātib. al-Burhān fī wucūh al-kalām. ed. Ḥafnī Muḥammad Sharaf. Egypt: Maktaba al-Shabāb – Maṭbaʿa al-Risāla, 1969.
22. al-Jāḥiẓ, ʿAmr b. Maḥbūb. al-Bayān wa al-tabyīn. Bairut: Maktaba al-Hilāl, 2003.
23. al-Jāḥiẓ, ʿAmr b. Maḥbūb. al-Hayawān. Bairut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmiyya, 2st edition, 2004.
24. al-Jumaḥī, Muḥammad b. Sallām b. ʿUbaydullāh. Ṭabakāt fuḥūl al-shuʿarā. ed. Maḥmūd Muḥammad Shākir. Jaddeh: Dār al-Madanī.
25. Kātib Jalabī, Muṣṭafā b. Abdillāh al-Kusṭantīnī (Ḥācī H̱alīfa). Kashf al-ẓunūn ʿan asāmī al-kutub wa al-funūn. Bairut: Maktaba al-Muthannā - Dār Ihyā al-turāth al-ʿarabī, 1941.
26. al-Khafācī, Muḥammad ʿAbdulmunʿim. al-Adab al-ʿArabī wa tārīkhuhū fī al-ʿAsr al-Umawī wa al-ʿAbbāsī, Bairut: Dār al-Jīl, 1990.
27. al-Khafācī, Muḥammad ʿAbdulmunʿim. al-Ḥayāt al-Adabiyya fī al-ʿAsr al-Jāhilī. Bairut: Dār al-Jīl, 1412/1992.
28. al-Khafācī, Muḥammad ʿAbdulmunʿim - ʿAbduttawwāb Salāhuddīn. al-Hayāt al-Adabiyya fī ʿaṣray al-Jāhilī wa ṣadr al-Islām. Cairo: Maktaba al-Kulliyya al-Azhariyya.
29. al-Qāḍī al-Jurcānī, Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Abdulʿazīz. al-Wasāṭa bayn al-Mutanabbī wa ḥuṣūmih. ed. Muḥammad Abū al-Faḍl Ibrāhīm - ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bajāwī. Egypt, Maṭbaʿa ʿIsā al-bābī al-Ḥalabī wa sharikā.
30. Qudāma b. Jaʿfar al-Baghdādī. Naqd al-shi‛r. İstanbul: Maṭbaʿa al-Jawāib, 1302/1889.
31. al-Muttaqī al-Hindī, ʿAlāuddīn ʿAlī b. Ḥusāmuddīn Ibn Qādī Khān al-Hindī al-Burhānfūrī. Kanz al-‛ummāl fī sunan al-aqwāl wa al-af‛āl, ed. Bakrī Ḥayyānī – Ṣafwat al--Saqā, (Bairut: Muassasa al-Risāla, 5st edition, 1401/1981.
32. Nallino, Carlo Alfonso. Tārīkh al-ādāb al-ʿArabiyya min al-Jāhiliyya ḥattā ʿasr banī Umayya. ed. Maria Nallino. Egypt: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1954.
33. Rajab, Riḍā. al-Dirāsa: al-Fasr. Damascus: Dār al-Yanābīʿ, 2004.
34. al-Rāfʿī, Muṣṭafā Ṣādiq. Tārīkh ādāb al-ʿArab. ed. ʿAbdullāh al-Minshāwī - Mahdī al-Buḥkīrī. al-Manṣūra: Maktaba al-īmān.
35. Sallām, Zaghlūl, Tārīkh al-Naqd al-adabī wa al-balāgha ḥattā qarn al-rābiʿ al-ḥijrī. Cairo: Munshāt al-Maʿārif, 2002.
36. al-Ṣūlī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad b. Yaḥyā b. ʿAbdillāh. Aẖbār Abī Tammām. ed. H̱alīl Maḥmūd ʿAsākir - Muḥammad ʿAbduh ʿAẓẓām - Naẓīr al-İslām al-Hindī. Bairut: Dār al-Āfāq al-jadīda, 1980.
37. al-Thaʿālibī, Abū Mansūr ʿAbdulmalik. al-İʿjāz wa al-īcāz. Cairo: Maktaba al-Qurʾān.
38. al-Wāqıdī, Abū Abdillāh Muḥammad b. ʿOmar b. Wāqıd. al-Maghāzī. ed. Marsden Jones (Bairut: Dār alA‛lamī, 2st edition, 1409/1989).
39. Zabīdī, Abu’l-Fayḍ Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. ‛Abdurrazzāk al-Ḥusaīnī Murtaḍā. Tācu’l-‛arūs. ed. ‘Abdussattār Aḥmad Farrāj - Muṣṭafā Ḥicāzī. Kuwait: Dār al-Hidāya, 1965.
40. Zaydān, Jurjī. Tārīkh ādāb al-luga al-ʿArabiyya, Egypt: Dār al-Hilāl.