Electrochemical Determination of Copper in Fish Samples

Year 2025, Volume: 23 Issue: 3, 210 - 218, 30.09.2025

Canan Onac , Ahmet Kaya

https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1793607

Abstract

Toxic metal contamination, particularly by copper Cu (II), poses serious risks to environmental and human health due to its persistence, bioaccumulation, and redox-driven toxicity. This study presents a simple, cost-effective, and reliable electrochemical approach for Cu (II) detection using an unmodified screen-printed electrode (SPE). Electrochemical parameters, including supporting electrolyte type and concentration, as well as scan rate, were systematically optimized using cyclic voltammetry. Among various electrolytes tested, 0.1 M potassium chloride (KCl) provided the most stable and sensitive response. The developed method demonstrated a wide linear range (0.25-10.0 mM), excellent precision (RSD≤5.8%), and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.080 mM. When applied to complex biological matrices, such as fish liver, the sensor achieved high recovery rates (95.10-105.85%), indicating its applicability in real samples. This study also aimed to determine the effectiveness of solid-phase extraction combined with electrochemical detection for identifying Cu (II) in fish liver samples, and to compare its sensitivity and accuracy with that of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results demonstrated that unmodified screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) could reliably detect Cu (II) in complex biological matrices, offering a cost-effective and practical alternative for use in environmental and biological monitoring. Compared to other advanced sensors, this method stood out for its minimalistic design, low cost, and operational simplicity, offering a promising alternative for on-site heavy metal detection in resource-limited settings.

Keywords

Copper detection , Screen-printed electrode (SPE) , Cyclic voltammetry (CV) , Electrochemical sensor , Fish liver

Balık Numunelerinde Bakırın Elektrokimyasal Tayini

Abstract

Özellikle bakır Cu (II) kaynaklı toksik metal kontaminasyonu, kalıcılığı, biyolojik birikimi ve redoks kaynaklı toksisitesi nedeniyle çevre ve insan sağlığı için ciddi riskler oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışma, serigrafi baskılı elektrot (SPE) kullanılarak Cu (II) tayini için basit, uygun maliyetli ve güvenilir bir elektrokimyasal yaklaşım sunmaktadır. Destek elektrolit çözeltisi türü ve konsantrasyonu ile tarama hızı da dahil olmak üzere elektrokimyasal parametreler, döngüsel voltametri kullanılarak sistematik olarak optimize edilmiştir. Deneysel çalışmalar sonucunda çeşitli destek elektrolitleri arasında 0.1 M potasyum klorür (KCl) en kararlı ve hassas yanıtı sağlamıştır. Geliştirilen yöntem geniş bir doğrusal aralık (0.25-10.0 mM), mükemmel hassasiyet (RSD≤%5.8) ve 0.080 mM'lik bir tespit sınırı (LOD) göstermiştir. Balık karaciğeri gibi karmaşık biyolojik matrislere uygulandığında ise, sensör gerçek numunelerde uygulanabilirliğini vurgulayan yüksek geri kazanım oranlarına (%95.10-105.85) ulaşmıştır. Bu çalışma ayrıca balık karaciğeri örneklerinde Cu (II)’yi tanımlamak için elektrokimyasal tespit ile birleştirilmiş katı faz ekstraksiyonunun etkinliğini değerlendirmeyi ve duyarlılığını ve doğruluğunu endüktif olarak eşleştirilmiş plazma optik emisyon spektrometrisi (ICP-OES) ile karşılaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, yüzeyi herhangi bir malzeme ile modifiye edilmemiş serigrafi baskılı elektrotların (SPE’ler) karmaşık biyolojik matrislerde Cu (II)’yi güvenilir bir şekilde tespit edebileceğini ve çevresel ve biyolojik izlemede kullanım için uygun maliyetli ve pratik bir alternatif sunduğunu göstermektedir. Diğer gelişmiş sensörlerle karşılaştırıldığında, bu yöntem minimalist tasarımı, düşük maliyeti ve operasyonel basitliği ile öne çıkmakta ve kaynak sınırlı ortamlarda yerinde ağır metal tespiti için umut verici bir alternatif sunmaktadır.

Keywords

Bakır tespiti , Serigrafi baskılı elektrot (SPE) , Döngüsel voltametri (CV) , Elektrokimyasal sensör , Balık karaciğeri

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