Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

THE EVOLUTION OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAVs) AND THEIR SIMILARITIES WITH PROXY GROUPS

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 14, 53 - 69, 22.12.2020

Abstract

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been replacing more expensive and manned aircrafts in particularly asymmetric operations to minimize costs and death risk of pilots. This article elucidates the evolution of UAVs in detail and proposes two hypotheses: (1) armed drones have similar functions as proxy groups in proxy wars, and (2) they are evolutionary but not revolutionary. As proxy groups act on behalf of principal states, proxy weapons surrogate jets. However, despite many benefits it contributes to air forces, armed drones are hardly believed to be game-changers. Instead, they are seen as evolutionary and complementary to manned aircrafts. In addition, UAVs are beneficial mainly in asymmetric warfare since they can not be used in the air space of a country with advanced air defense systems. There may be more drones employed by armies in the future but they may not prevail over piloted aircrafts as human factor is still decisive in combats. This study is expected contribute to literature with its arguments about UAVs. Methodologically, literature review was made for the study.

References

  • Akyürek, S. (2012). İnsansız Hava Araçları: Muharebe Alanında ve Terörle Mücadelede Devrimsel Dönüşüm. Ankara: Bilgesam.
  • Army Technology (2019). The World’s Top Combat Drones. https://www.army-technology.com/uncategorised/top-combat- drones/, (Accessed on 25.09.2019).
  • Bakeer, A. (2019). Iran's Drones: A Big Threat to the Military In a War? https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/irans-drones-big-threat-us-military-war-80796, (Accessed on 01.10.2019).
  • Balkan, S. (2017). Daesh’s Drone Strategy Technology and The Rise of Innovative Terrorism. Istanbul: SETA Publications.
  • Bergen, P. et al. (2019). How We Became a World of Drones. https://www.newamerica.org/in-depth/world-of-drones/1- introduction-how-we-became-world-drones/, (Accessed on 02.10.2019).
  • Blom, J. D. (2010). Unmanned Aerial Systems: A Historical Perspective. Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press.
  • Bone, E. and Bolkcom, C. (2003). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Background and Issues for Congress. Washington: Congressional Research Service.
  • Boulanin, V. and Verbruggen, M. (2017). Availability and Military Use of UAVs. In Sipri (Ed.), Literature Review for the Policy and Operations Evaluations Department of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Solna: SIPRI, 121-132.
  • Cole, C. (2014). Rise Of The Reapers: A Brief History of Drones. https://dronewars.net/2014/10/06/rise-of-the-reapers-a-brief-history-of-drones/, (Accessed on 29.09.2019).
  • CRS (2019). Navy Large Unmanned Surface and Undersea Vehicles: Background and Issues for Congress. Washington: Congressional Research Service.
  • CSS (2010). The Military Utility Of Drones. Zurich: Center for Security Studies.
  • Davis, L., et al, (2014). Armed and Dangerous? UAVs and Security. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation.
  • Gage, D. W. (1995). UGV History 101: A Brief History of Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) Development Efforts. Unmanned Systems Magazine, 13(3). pp. 1-9.
  • Gao, C. (2018). Russia vs. America: Which Nation Will Dominate Unmanned Ground Vehicles? https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/russia-vs-america-which-nation-will-dominate-unmanned-ground-vehicles-28407 , (Accessed on 02.10.2019).
  • Heatherly, M. C. (2014). Drones: The American Controversy. Journal of Strategic Security, 7(4). pp. 25-37.
  • Hsu, K. (2013). China’s Military Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Industry. Washington: USCC.
  • International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic (Stanford Law School) And Global Justice Clinic (Nyu School of Law) (2012). Living Under Drones: Death, Injury, and Trauma to Civilians from Us Drone Practices In Pakistan. http://livingunderdrones.org/, (Accessed on 08.10.2019).
  • Jasth, S. et al, (2018). Unmanned Ground Vehicle for Military Purpose. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 119(12). pp. 13189-13193.
  • Kasapoğlu, C. and Kırdemir, B. (2018). The Rising Drone Power: Turkey on the Eve of its Military Breakthrough. https://edam.org.tr/en/the-rising-drone-power-turkey-on-the-eve-of-its-military-breakthrough/, (Accessed on 03.10.2019).
  • LaGrone, S. (2019). Navy to Contract New Class of Unmanned Surface Vehicle by Year’s End. https://news.usni.org/2019/03/06/navy-contract-new-class-unmanned-surface-vehicle-years-end, (Accessed on 04.10.2019).
  • Liu, Z. et al, (2016). Unmanned Surface Vehicles: An Overview of Developments and Challenges. Annual Reviews in Control, 41. pp. 1-25.
  • Miller C. and Chadwick, S. (2018). Military Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Diversification Opportunities. Mississippi: The University of Southern Mississippi.
  • Mumford, A. (2013). Proxy Warfare. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Nguyen, P. et al, (2009). Reliability and Failure in Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Nolin, P. (2012). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Opportunities and Challenges for the Alliance. Brussels: NATO.
  • PAX (2017). Global Ambitions for Armed Drones. Utrecht: PAX.
  • Pomes, E.J. (2010). A Comparison of Drones and Military Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs). In R. Doaré, D. Danet, J.-P. Hanon and G. de Boisboissel (Eds.), International Law. Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press, 88-98.
  • Reuters (2019). Global Drone Market Estimated to Reach $14 Billion Over Next Decade: Study.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-drones/global-drone-market-estimated-to-reach-14- billion-over-next-decade-study-idUSKCN1UC2MU, (Accessed on 08.10.2019).
  • Savitz, S. et al, (2013). Navy Employment Options for Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs). Santa Monica: Rand Corporation.
  • Shkurti, G. (2016). Making Drones Illegal Based on a Wrong Example: The Dronified Warfare. Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 3(1). pp. 39-74. Woodhams, G. (2018). Weapons of Choice? The Expanding Development, Transfer and Use of Armed UAVs. Geneva: UNIDIR.
  • Yan, R. et al, (2010). Development and Missions of Unmanned Surface Vehicle. Journal of Marine Science and Application, 9(4). pp. 451-457.
  • Zegart, A. (2017). Cheap Fights, Credible Threats: The Future of Armed Drones and Coercion. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3050228, (Accessed on 05.10.2019).

İNSANSIZ HAVA ARAÇLARININ (İHA’LAR) GELİŞİMİ VE VEKİL GRUPLARA BENZERLİĞİ

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 14, 53 - 69, 22.12.2020

Abstract

İnsansız Hava Araçları (İHA’lar) maliyetleri azaltmak ve pilotların ölüm riskini en aza indirmek için insanlı hava araçlarının yerine kullanılmaya başladılar. Bu makale İHA’larin gelişimini incelemekte olup iki hipotez önermektedir. Birincisi, silahlı İHA’lar işlev olarak vekalet savaşlarındaki vekil gruplara benzerler. İkincisi, İHA’lar evrimsel olabilirler ve fakat devrimsel olamazlar. Vekil (proxy) gruplar büyük güçlerin yerine savaşırken, İHA’lar da jetlerin yerini almaya başladılar. Ancak hava kuvvetlerine yaptıkları onca katkıya rağmen İHA’lar yine de tam olarak oyun değiştirici değildirler. Ayrıca, İHA’lar sadece asimetrik savaşlarda etkili olup iyi bir hava savunma sistemine sahip bir ülkenin hava sahasında kullanılamazlar. Gelecekte çok sayıda insansız hava aracı hizmete sokulabilir ve fakat pilotlu uçaklardan daha çok öneme sahip olmayabilirler. Çünkü insan faktörü savaşlarda halen en belirleyici faktördür. Bu çalışma öne sürdüğü argümanlarla literature katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem olarak literatür taraması yapılmıştır.

References

  • Akyürek, S. (2012). İnsansız Hava Araçları: Muharebe Alanında ve Terörle Mücadelede Devrimsel Dönüşüm. Ankara: Bilgesam.
  • Army Technology (2019). The World’s Top Combat Drones. https://www.army-technology.com/uncategorised/top-combat- drones/, (Accessed on 25.09.2019).
  • Bakeer, A. (2019). Iran's Drones: A Big Threat to the Military In a War? https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/irans-drones-big-threat-us-military-war-80796, (Accessed on 01.10.2019).
  • Balkan, S. (2017). Daesh’s Drone Strategy Technology and The Rise of Innovative Terrorism. Istanbul: SETA Publications.
  • Bergen, P. et al. (2019). How We Became a World of Drones. https://www.newamerica.org/in-depth/world-of-drones/1- introduction-how-we-became-world-drones/, (Accessed on 02.10.2019).
  • Blom, J. D. (2010). Unmanned Aerial Systems: A Historical Perspective. Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press.
  • Bone, E. and Bolkcom, C. (2003). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Background and Issues for Congress. Washington: Congressional Research Service.
  • Boulanin, V. and Verbruggen, M. (2017). Availability and Military Use of UAVs. In Sipri (Ed.), Literature Review for the Policy and Operations Evaluations Department of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Solna: SIPRI, 121-132.
  • Cole, C. (2014). Rise Of The Reapers: A Brief History of Drones. https://dronewars.net/2014/10/06/rise-of-the-reapers-a-brief-history-of-drones/, (Accessed on 29.09.2019).
  • CRS (2019). Navy Large Unmanned Surface and Undersea Vehicles: Background and Issues for Congress. Washington: Congressional Research Service.
  • CSS (2010). The Military Utility Of Drones. Zurich: Center for Security Studies.
  • Davis, L., et al, (2014). Armed and Dangerous? UAVs and Security. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation.
  • Gage, D. W. (1995). UGV History 101: A Brief History of Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) Development Efforts. Unmanned Systems Magazine, 13(3). pp. 1-9.
  • Gao, C. (2018). Russia vs. America: Which Nation Will Dominate Unmanned Ground Vehicles? https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/russia-vs-america-which-nation-will-dominate-unmanned-ground-vehicles-28407 , (Accessed on 02.10.2019).
  • Heatherly, M. C. (2014). Drones: The American Controversy. Journal of Strategic Security, 7(4). pp. 25-37.
  • Hsu, K. (2013). China’s Military Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Industry. Washington: USCC.
  • International Human Rights and Conflict Resolution Clinic (Stanford Law School) And Global Justice Clinic (Nyu School of Law) (2012). Living Under Drones: Death, Injury, and Trauma to Civilians from Us Drone Practices In Pakistan. http://livingunderdrones.org/, (Accessed on 08.10.2019).
  • Jasth, S. et al, (2018). Unmanned Ground Vehicle for Military Purpose. International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 119(12). pp. 13189-13193.
  • Kasapoğlu, C. and Kırdemir, B. (2018). The Rising Drone Power: Turkey on the Eve of its Military Breakthrough. https://edam.org.tr/en/the-rising-drone-power-turkey-on-the-eve-of-its-military-breakthrough/, (Accessed on 03.10.2019).
  • LaGrone, S. (2019). Navy to Contract New Class of Unmanned Surface Vehicle by Year’s End. https://news.usni.org/2019/03/06/navy-contract-new-class-unmanned-surface-vehicle-years-end, (Accessed on 04.10.2019).
  • Liu, Z. et al, (2016). Unmanned Surface Vehicles: An Overview of Developments and Challenges. Annual Reviews in Control, 41. pp. 1-25.
  • Miller C. and Chadwick, S. (2018). Military Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Diversification Opportunities. Mississippi: The University of Southern Mississippi.
  • Mumford, A. (2013). Proxy Warfare. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Nguyen, P. et al, (2009). Reliability and Failure in Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Nolin, P. (2012). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Opportunities and Challenges for the Alliance. Brussels: NATO.
  • PAX (2017). Global Ambitions for Armed Drones. Utrecht: PAX.
  • Pomes, E.J. (2010). A Comparison of Drones and Military Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs). In R. Doaré, D. Danet, J.-P. Hanon and G. de Boisboissel (Eds.), International Law. Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press, 88-98.
  • Reuters (2019). Global Drone Market Estimated to Reach $14 Billion Over Next Decade: Study.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-drones/global-drone-market-estimated-to-reach-14- billion-over-next-decade-study-idUSKCN1UC2MU, (Accessed on 08.10.2019).
  • Savitz, S. et al, (2013). Navy Employment Options for Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs). Santa Monica: Rand Corporation.
  • Shkurti, G. (2016). Making Drones Illegal Based on a Wrong Example: The Dronified Warfare. Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 3(1). pp. 39-74. Woodhams, G. (2018). Weapons of Choice? The Expanding Development, Transfer and Use of Armed UAVs. Geneva: UNIDIR.
  • Yan, R. et al, (2010). Development and Missions of Unmanned Surface Vehicle. Journal of Marine Science and Application, 9(4). pp. 451-457.
  • Zegart, A. (2017). Cheap Fights, Credible Threats: The Future of Armed Drones and Coercion. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3050228, (Accessed on 05.10.2019).
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Tüm Sayı
Authors

İbrahim Karataş 0000-0002-2125-1840

Publication Date December 22, 2020
Submission Date December 25, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 7 Issue: 14

Cite

APA Karataş, İ. (2020). THE EVOLUTION OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAVs) AND THEIR SIMILARITIES WITH PROXY GROUPS. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 7(14), 53-69.
AMA Karataş İ. THE EVOLUTION OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAVs) AND THEIR SIMILARITIES WITH PROXY GROUPS. Akademik Hassasiyetler. December 2020;7(14):53-69.
Chicago Karataş, İbrahim. “THE EVOLUTION OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAVs) AND THEIR SIMILARITIES WITH PROXY GROUPS”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 7, no. 14 (December 2020): 53-69.
EndNote Karataş İ (December 1, 2020) THE EVOLUTION OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAVs) AND THEIR SIMILARITIES WITH PROXY GROUPS. Akademik Hassasiyetler 7 14 53–69.
IEEE İ. Karataş, “THE EVOLUTION OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAVs) AND THEIR SIMILARITIES WITH PROXY GROUPS”, Akademik Hassasiyetler, vol. 7, no. 14, pp. 53–69, 2020.
ISNAD Karataş, İbrahim. “THE EVOLUTION OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAVs) AND THEIR SIMILARITIES WITH PROXY GROUPS”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 7/14 (December 2020), 53-69.
JAMA Karataş İ. THE EVOLUTION OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAVs) AND THEIR SIMILARITIES WITH PROXY GROUPS. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 2020;7:53–69.
MLA Karataş, İbrahim. “THE EVOLUTION OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAVs) AND THEIR SIMILARITIES WITH PROXY GROUPS”. Akademik Hassasiyetler, vol. 7, no. 14, 2020, pp. 53-69.
Vancouver Karataş İ. THE EVOLUTION OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES (UAVs) AND THEIR SIMILARITIES WITH PROXY GROUPS. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 2020;7(14):53-69.

MAKALE DEĞERLENDİRME SÜRECİ

Yazar tarafından gönderilen bir makale, gönderim tarihinden itibaren 10 gün içinde dergi sekreteri tarafından makalenin, telif sözleşmesinin ve benzerlik raporunun (Turnitin programı) eksiksiz ve düzgün bir şekilde gönderilip gönderilmediği yönünden incelenir. İstenilen bu dosyalar eksiksiz ve düzgün bir şekilde gönderilmiş ise makale; ikinci aşamada derginin yayın çizgisine uygun olup olmadığı yönünden değerlendirilir. Bu süreçte makale yayın çizgisine uygun değilse yazara iade edilir. Makale yayın çizgisine uygun ise şablona uygun bir şekilde gönderilip gönderilmediği yönünden değerlendirilir. Şayet makale şablona uyarlanıp gönderilmemiş ise değerlendirme sürecine alınmaz. Bu süreçte yazarın derginin belirlediği şartlara uygun bir şekilde sisteme makale yüklemesi beklenir. Makale şablona uygun bir şekilde hazırlanıp gönderilmiş ise son aşamada makale derginin yayın ilkeleri, yazım kuralları, öz, abstract, extented abstract, kaynakça gösterimi vb. yönlerden incelenir. Bu ayrıntılarda makalede bir sorun varsa yazarın bu hususları tamamlaması istenir ve verilen süre içerisinde eksiksiz bir şekilde yeniden makaleyi göndermesi istenir.
Tüm bu aşamaları geçen makale, editör tarafından bilimsel yeterliliğinin denetlenmesi amacıyla ikinci 7 günlük süre içerisinde çalışmaya uygun iki hakeme değerlendirmeleri için gönderilir. Hakemlerin değerlendirme süreleri 15 gündür. Bu süre zarfında hakemlik görevini tamamlamayan bir hakem olursa ilgili hakeme değerlendirmeyi tamamlaması için 7 günlük ek süre verilebilir. Bu süre zarfında hakem görevini yerine getirmezse yerine yeni bir hakem ataması yapılır. En az iki hakemden gelen raporlar olumlu ise makale yayın aşamasına alınır. Hakem raporlarından birisi olumlu diğeri olumsuz ise makale üçüncü bir hakeme gönderilir. Üçüncü hakem raporu da olumsuz ise makale ret edilir. Üçüncü hakemin değerlendirmesi olumlu ise makaleyle ilgili hakem raporları dergi alan editörlerinden oluşan Editörler Kurulu tarafından incelenir. Makalenin yayınlanmasıyla ilgili nihai karar alan editörlerinden oluşan Editörler Kurulu tarafından verilir. Hakem raporlarının yetersiz ve tatmin etmekten uzak olması veya İngilizce editör tarafından abstract ve extented abstract’ın yetersiz görülmesi hallerinde de yine makaleyle ilgili son karar Editörler Kurulu tarafından verilir. Tüm bu aşamalardan geçen bir makale en yakın sayıya yayınlanmak üzere eklenir. İlgili sayıda yer kalmaması halinde makalenin yayımı bir sonraki sayıya kaydırılır. Bu durumda ve tüm değerlendirme sürecinde yazar isterse makalesini geri çekme hakkına sahiptir. Ancak bu durumu dergiye bildirmesi gerekir. Makale gönderim tarihinden makalenin yayına kabul tarihine kadar tüm bu işlemler için ortalama 3 aylık bir süre öngörülmektedir.