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THE ETHIOPIAN REVOLUTION: PERCEIVED AND ACTUAL MAKING FACTORS VIS-À-VIS THE FRAMING PROCESS

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 14, 291 - 320, 22.12.2020

Abstract

This article explores the Ethiopian revolution by employing plausible factors ignored by traditional works to explain its inevitable occurrence in 1974. This attempt utilizes framing theory as a single most important framework to foreground the eschewed yet relevant historical phenomena in the course of studying the Ethiopian revolution. A large body of the literature displays a notable convergence in attributing the young elite segment of the then Ethiopian polity a causative factor. The seismic change, accordingly, has been characterized as urban-centered. Despite such a vast attempt, the formative course yet remains least understood and incomplete. The present work attempts to address this gap. It seeks to present a major challenge to the taken for granted scholarship and shed new light in the study of the transformation period in question. Its central argument points out that the Ethiopian revolution is better explained and understood by employing the consequential movements the mass segment of the society participated in far from the center. The revolution, accordingly, is primarily characterized as periphery-centered. Relying heavily on overlooked primary sources the research identified and expounded four major consequential movements that occurred in the periphery. The empirical discussion captures the converging symmetrical ambition the protracted movements had toward the formative change. 

Thanks

It gives me a great honor to publish this article with Prof. Dr. Gonca Bayraktar DURGUN

References

  • Abdellah, R. (1994). The Kulub Hannolato Movement by the Harari 1946-1948, BA Thesis, Department of History. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University.
  • Adera, T. (1996). Ideology in Sahle Sellassie's Firebrands." Northeast African Studies. 3(3). pp. 127-137.
  • Andargachew, T. (1995). The Ethiopian Revolution A transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian Autocracy. England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Assefa, J. (1993). Oromia & Ethiopia: State Formation and Ethno national Conflict. 1868-1992. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Asseged, M. (1982). Ethiopia: Revolution and War 1974-1978. University of Denver.
  • Balsvik, R. (1985). Halie Selassi’s Students: The intellectual and Social Background to revolution, 1952-1977. Michigan: Michigan State University.
  • Benford, D. and David A. (1998). Ideology, Frame Resonance and Participant Mobilization. International Social Movement Research. 1(-). pp. 197-217.
  • Bahru, Z. (1991). History of modern Ethiopia, 1855-1974. Addis Ababa University Press. Addis Ababa.
  • Clapham, C. (1969). Haile Selassie's Government. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
  • Clapham, C. (1988). Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Clapham, C. (1987). Revolutionary Socialist Development in Ethiopia. African Affairs.
  • Abiyot (1977). Editorial: "The War in Ogaden. pp. 1-3.
  • Edmond J. (1981). Ethiopia: Revolution, Class, and the National Question. African Affairs (Oxford University Press) 80(321). pp.519-549.
  • Edmond J. (1981). The Revolutionary Transformation of Ethiopia's Twentieth-Century Bureaucratic Empire. The Journal of modern African Studies (Cambridge University Press) 19(2). Pp. 307-335. Ethiopian Herald. Famine Disaster in the Ogaden. Ethiopian Herald, 1974.
  • Fisseha, A. (2001). Education and the Formation Of The Modern Ethiopian State, 1896-1974. Illinois: Urbana. Gebru, T. (1991). Ethiopia: Power and Protest; Peasant Revolts in the Twentieth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gebru, T. (2009). The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa. London: Yale University Press.
  • Goldstone, A. (2003). Comparative Historical Analysis and Knowledge Accumulation in the Study of Revolution." In Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, by James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer, 41-90. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hagmann, T. (2014). Punishing the periphery: legacies of state repression in the Ethiopian Ogaden. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 8(4). Pp. 37-41.
  • Henze, P. (1990). The Ethiopian Revolution: Mythology and History. Northeast African Studies (RAND Corporation) 12(2). Pp. 1-17.
  • Henze, P. (1985). Rebel and Separatists in Ethiopia: Regional Resistance to a Marxist Regime. RAND.
  • Hiwot, A. (1976). From Autocracy to Bourgeois Dictatorship. London: Review of African Political Economy.
  • Ibssa, S. (1980). Red star on the emperor's crown: pseudo-revolution in the ethiopian empire." Northeast African Studies, Michigan State University Press, 2(3). pp. 77-91.
  • Kiflu T. (1993). The Generation: the History of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party, Vol. I. . K&S Distributors.
  • Kiflu, T. (1998). The Generation - Part I: Ethiopia Transformation and Conflict: The History of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party. UPA.
  • Lefort, R. (1983). Ethiopia: An Heretical Revolution? . London: Zed Press.
  • Lindekilde, L. (2014). “Discourse and Frame Analysis: In-Depth Analysis of Qualitative data in Social Movement Research." In Methodological Practices in Social Movement
  • Research, by Donatella Delaporta, 195-227. United Kingdom : Oxford University Press.
  • Markakis, J. (2013). Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers. Eastern Africa Series.
  • McClellan, W. (1994). Ethiopia: Power and Protest. Peasant Revolts in the Twentieth Century (Review), African Economic History. 22(-). pp.164-166.
  • Meckelburg, A. (2012). John Markakis, The Last Two Frontiers -Review. Aethiopica. 15(-). pp. 294–296.
  • Mesay, K. (2001). Ideology and Elite Conflicts: Autopsy of the Ethiopian Revolution. Marryland: Lanham, MD.
  • Messay, K. (2011). Ideology and Elite Conflicts: Autopsy of the Ethiopian Revolution. Lanham: Lanham MD.
  • Michael, C. (1979). The Revolution Betrayed: Ethiopia, 1974-9. The Journal of Modern African Studies. Cambridge University Press, 17(3). pp. 359-380.
  • Mohammad, A. (2013). Competing identities and the emergence of eritrean nationalism between 1941 and 1952. ECAS 5th European Conference on African Studies. Norway: University of Oslo. pp. 1376-1408.
  • Molyneux, F. and Maxine H. (1981). The Ethiopian Revolution. London: Verso.
  • Redo, G. (1998). Ethiopia between the ebb and the flow of the disintegration tide: with stress on the Afar question. Addis Ababa: Alembekagn Prison Notes.
  • Ritter, D. (2014). Comparative Historical Analysis." In Methodological Practices in Social Movement Research, by Donatella Porta, 97-116. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
  • Shehim, K. (1985). Ethiopia, Revolution, and the Question of Nationalities: the Case of the Afar. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 23(2). pp. 331-348.
  • Sherman, F. (1979). Eritrea in Revolution. Massachusetts: Brandeis University.
  • Shumburo, M. (1992). An Analysis of the Events that led to the Hannolatto Movement and the Club Insurrection and Description of its Aftermath (recent Harari History, circa 1940-1960). NewYork.
  • Teshale, T. (1995). The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974. Paperback.
  • Tilly, C. (1997). From Mobilization to Revolution. Michigan: University of Michigan.
  • Timothy, W. (2005). "Structural Theories of Revolution." In Theorizing Revolutions, by John Foran, 36-70. London: Taylor & Francis e-Library.
  • Trimingham, J. (1952). Islam in Ethiopia.Oxford University Press. London.
  • Walelign, M. (2001). On the Questions of Nationalities in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: Arts IV, HSIU.
  • Wudu, T. (2008). The Ethiopian Orthodox Church, the Ethiopian state and the Alexandrian See : indigenizing the episcopacy and forging national identity, 1926-1991. Cambridge: University of Illinois.
  • Yasin, M. (2008). Political history of the Afar in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Afrika Spectrum. pp. 39-65.
  • Young, J. (1997). Peasant revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People's Liberation Front, 1975-1991. New York: Cambridge University Press.

ETİYOPYA DEVRİMİ: ÇERÇEVELEME SÜRECİNE GÖRE ALGILANAN VE ASIL YAPIM FAKTÖRLERİ

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 14, 291 - 320, 22.12.2020

Abstract

Bu makale, geleneksel çalışmaların görmezden geldiği makul faktörleri kullanarak Etiyopya devriminin 1974'teki kaçınılmaz oluşumunu açıklamayı hedeflemektedir. Bu çaba, Etiyopya devrimini inceleme sürecinde göz ardı edilmiş ilgili tarihsel fenomenleri ön plana çıkarmak için tek ve en önemli zemin olarak çerçeveleme teorisini kullanmaktadır. Literatürün büyük bir kısmı, o zamanki Etiyopya yönetiminin genç seçkin kesimini nedensel bir faktör olarak tanımlarken dikkate değer bir yakınlaşma sergilemektedir. Bu kabul ile, sismik değişim kent merkezli olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Böylesine büyük bir girişime rağmen, devrimi biçimlendiren yol henüz en az anlaşılmış ve eksik kalmış unsurdur. Mevcut çalışma bu boşluğu gidermeye çalışırken, verili kabul gören bilgiyi sorgulamak ve söz konusu dönüşüm döneminin incelenmesine yeni bir ışık tutmaya çalışmaktadır. Çalışmanın temel savı, Etiyopya devriminin, merkezden çok uzakta toplumun önemli bir kesiminin katıldığı sonuçsal hareketleri kullanarak daha iyi açıklanabileceği ve anlaşılabileceğidir. Devrim, buna göre, öncelikle çevre merkezli olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Çalışma, gözden kaçan birincil kaynaklara büyük ölçüde güvenerek, çevrede meydana gelen dört ana dolaylı hareketi tanımlamakta ve açıklamaktadır. Ampirik tartışma, uzun süreli hareketlerin biçimlendirici değişime yönelik yakınlaşan/ birleşen simetrik amaç/heveslerini yansıtmaktadır.

References

  • Abdellah, R. (1994). The Kulub Hannolato Movement by the Harari 1946-1948, BA Thesis, Department of History. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University.
  • Adera, T. (1996). Ideology in Sahle Sellassie's Firebrands." Northeast African Studies. 3(3). pp. 127-137.
  • Andargachew, T. (1995). The Ethiopian Revolution A transformation from an Aristocratic to a Totalitarian Autocracy. England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Assefa, J. (1993). Oromia & Ethiopia: State Formation and Ethno national Conflict. 1868-1992. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Asseged, M. (1982). Ethiopia: Revolution and War 1974-1978. University of Denver.
  • Balsvik, R. (1985). Halie Selassi’s Students: The intellectual and Social Background to revolution, 1952-1977. Michigan: Michigan State University.
  • Benford, D. and David A. (1998). Ideology, Frame Resonance and Participant Mobilization. International Social Movement Research. 1(-). pp. 197-217.
  • Bahru, Z. (1991). History of modern Ethiopia, 1855-1974. Addis Ababa University Press. Addis Ababa.
  • Clapham, C. (1969). Haile Selassie's Government. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
  • Clapham, C. (1988). Transformation and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Clapham, C. (1987). Revolutionary Socialist Development in Ethiopia. African Affairs.
  • Abiyot (1977). Editorial: "The War in Ogaden. pp. 1-3.
  • Edmond J. (1981). Ethiopia: Revolution, Class, and the National Question. African Affairs (Oxford University Press) 80(321). pp.519-549.
  • Edmond J. (1981). The Revolutionary Transformation of Ethiopia's Twentieth-Century Bureaucratic Empire. The Journal of modern African Studies (Cambridge University Press) 19(2). Pp. 307-335. Ethiopian Herald. Famine Disaster in the Ogaden. Ethiopian Herald, 1974.
  • Fisseha, A. (2001). Education and the Formation Of The Modern Ethiopian State, 1896-1974. Illinois: Urbana. Gebru, T. (1991). Ethiopia: Power and Protest; Peasant Revolts in the Twentieth Century. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gebru, T. (2009). The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa. London: Yale University Press.
  • Goldstone, A. (2003). Comparative Historical Analysis and Knowledge Accumulation in the Study of Revolution." In Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, by James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer, 41-90. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hagmann, T. (2014). Punishing the periphery: legacies of state repression in the Ethiopian Ogaden. Journal of Eastern African Studies. 8(4). Pp. 37-41.
  • Henze, P. (1990). The Ethiopian Revolution: Mythology and History. Northeast African Studies (RAND Corporation) 12(2). Pp. 1-17.
  • Henze, P. (1985). Rebel and Separatists in Ethiopia: Regional Resistance to a Marxist Regime. RAND.
  • Hiwot, A. (1976). From Autocracy to Bourgeois Dictatorship. London: Review of African Political Economy.
  • Ibssa, S. (1980). Red star on the emperor's crown: pseudo-revolution in the ethiopian empire." Northeast African Studies, Michigan State University Press, 2(3). pp. 77-91.
  • Kiflu T. (1993). The Generation: the History of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party, Vol. I. . K&S Distributors.
  • Kiflu, T. (1998). The Generation - Part I: Ethiopia Transformation and Conflict: The History of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party. UPA.
  • Lefort, R. (1983). Ethiopia: An Heretical Revolution? . London: Zed Press.
  • Lindekilde, L. (2014). “Discourse and Frame Analysis: In-Depth Analysis of Qualitative data in Social Movement Research." In Methodological Practices in Social Movement
  • Research, by Donatella Delaporta, 195-227. United Kingdom : Oxford University Press.
  • Markakis, J. (2013). Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers. Eastern Africa Series.
  • McClellan, W. (1994). Ethiopia: Power and Protest. Peasant Revolts in the Twentieth Century (Review), African Economic History. 22(-). pp.164-166.
  • Meckelburg, A. (2012). John Markakis, The Last Two Frontiers -Review. Aethiopica. 15(-). pp. 294–296.
  • Mesay, K. (2001). Ideology and Elite Conflicts: Autopsy of the Ethiopian Revolution. Marryland: Lanham, MD.
  • Messay, K. (2011). Ideology and Elite Conflicts: Autopsy of the Ethiopian Revolution. Lanham: Lanham MD.
  • Michael, C. (1979). The Revolution Betrayed: Ethiopia, 1974-9. The Journal of Modern African Studies. Cambridge University Press, 17(3). pp. 359-380.
  • Mohammad, A. (2013). Competing identities and the emergence of eritrean nationalism between 1941 and 1952. ECAS 5th European Conference on African Studies. Norway: University of Oslo. pp. 1376-1408.
  • Molyneux, F. and Maxine H. (1981). The Ethiopian Revolution. London: Verso.
  • Redo, G. (1998). Ethiopia between the ebb and the flow of the disintegration tide: with stress on the Afar question. Addis Ababa: Alembekagn Prison Notes.
  • Ritter, D. (2014). Comparative Historical Analysis." In Methodological Practices in Social Movement Research, by Donatella Porta, 97-116. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
  • Shehim, K. (1985). Ethiopia, Revolution, and the Question of Nationalities: the Case of the Afar. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 23(2). pp. 331-348.
  • Sherman, F. (1979). Eritrea in Revolution. Massachusetts: Brandeis University.
  • Shumburo, M. (1992). An Analysis of the Events that led to the Hannolatto Movement and the Club Insurrection and Description of its Aftermath (recent Harari History, circa 1940-1960). NewYork.
  • Teshale, T. (1995). The Making of Modern Ethiopia: 1896-1974. Paperback.
  • Tilly, C. (1997). From Mobilization to Revolution. Michigan: University of Michigan.
  • Timothy, W. (2005). "Structural Theories of Revolution." In Theorizing Revolutions, by John Foran, 36-70. London: Taylor & Francis e-Library.
  • Trimingham, J. (1952). Islam in Ethiopia.Oxford University Press. London.
  • Walelign, M. (2001). On the Questions of Nationalities in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: Arts IV, HSIU.
  • Wudu, T. (2008). The Ethiopian Orthodox Church, the Ethiopian state and the Alexandrian See : indigenizing the episcopacy and forging national identity, 1926-1991. Cambridge: University of Illinois.
  • Yasin, M. (2008). Political history of the Afar in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Afrika Spectrum. pp. 39-65.
  • Young, J. (1997). Peasant revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People's Liberation Front, 1975-1991. New York: Cambridge University Press.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Tüm Sayı
Authors

Mohammed Ali 0000-0001-5646-5796

Gonca Bayraktar Durgun 0000-0003-3528-8596

Publication Date December 22, 2020
Submission Date November 8, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 7 Issue: 14

Cite

APA Ali, M., & Bayraktar Durgun, G. (2020). THE ETHIOPIAN REVOLUTION: PERCEIVED AND ACTUAL MAKING FACTORS VIS-À-VIS THE FRAMING PROCESS. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 7(14), 291-320.
AMA Ali M, Bayraktar Durgun G. THE ETHIOPIAN REVOLUTION: PERCEIVED AND ACTUAL MAKING FACTORS VIS-À-VIS THE FRAMING PROCESS. Akademik Hassasiyetler. December 2020;7(14):291-320.
Chicago Ali, Mohammed, and Gonca Bayraktar Durgun. “THE ETHIOPIAN REVOLUTION: PERCEIVED AND ACTUAL MAKING FACTORS VIS-À-VIS THE FRAMING PROCESS”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 7, no. 14 (December 2020): 291-320.
EndNote Ali M, Bayraktar Durgun G (December 1, 2020) THE ETHIOPIAN REVOLUTION: PERCEIVED AND ACTUAL MAKING FACTORS VIS-À-VIS THE FRAMING PROCESS. Akademik Hassasiyetler 7 14 291–320.
IEEE M. Ali and G. Bayraktar Durgun, “THE ETHIOPIAN REVOLUTION: PERCEIVED AND ACTUAL MAKING FACTORS VIS-À-VIS THE FRAMING PROCESS”, Akademik Hassasiyetler, vol. 7, no. 14, pp. 291–320, 2020.
ISNAD Ali, Mohammed - Bayraktar Durgun, Gonca. “THE ETHIOPIAN REVOLUTION: PERCEIVED AND ACTUAL MAKING FACTORS VIS-À-VIS THE FRAMING PROCESS”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 7/14 (December 2020), 291-320.
JAMA Ali M, Bayraktar Durgun G. THE ETHIOPIAN REVOLUTION: PERCEIVED AND ACTUAL MAKING FACTORS VIS-À-VIS THE FRAMING PROCESS. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 2020;7:291–320.
MLA Ali, Mohammed and Gonca Bayraktar Durgun. “THE ETHIOPIAN REVOLUTION: PERCEIVED AND ACTUAL MAKING FACTORS VIS-À-VIS THE FRAMING PROCESS”. Akademik Hassasiyetler, vol. 7, no. 14, 2020, pp. 291-20.
Vancouver Ali M, Bayraktar Durgun G. THE ETHIOPIAN REVOLUTION: PERCEIVED AND ACTUAL MAKING FACTORS VIS-À-VIS THE FRAMING PROCESS. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 2020;7(14):291-320.

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Yazar tarafından gönderilen bir makale, gönderim tarihinden itibaren 10 gün içinde dergi sekreteri tarafından makalenin, telif sözleşmesinin ve benzerlik raporunun (Turnitin programı) eksiksiz ve düzgün bir şekilde gönderilip gönderilmediği yönünden incelenir. İstenilen bu dosyalar eksiksiz ve düzgün bir şekilde gönderilmiş ise makale; ikinci aşamada derginin yayın çizgisine uygun olup olmadığı yönünden değerlendirilir. Bu süreçte makale yayın çizgisine uygun değilse yazara iade edilir. Makale yayın çizgisine uygun ise şablona uygun bir şekilde gönderilip gönderilmediği yönünden değerlendirilir. Şayet makale şablona uyarlanıp gönderilmemiş ise değerlendirme sürecine alınmaz. Bu süreçte yazarın derginin belirlediği şartlara uygun bir şekilde sisteme makale yüklemesi beklenir. Makale şablona uygun bir şekilde hazırlanıp gönderilmiş ise son aşamada makale derginin yayın ilkeleri, yazım kuralları, öz, abstract, extented abstract, kaynakça gösterimi vb. yönlerden incelenir. Bu ayrıntılarda makalede bir sorun varsa yazarın bu hususları tamamlaması istenir ve verilen süre içerisinde eksiksiz bir şekilde yeniden makaleyi göndermesi istenir.
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