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BİR ÖTEKİLEŞTİRME PRATİĞİ OLARAK COVID-19: DONALD TRUMP’IN ÇİN KARŞITI SÖYLEMİ

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 16, 245 - 263, 30.08.2021

Fatih Fuat Tuncer , Elif Şahin

Abstract

2020 yılının başından itibaren tüm dünyada COVID-19 vakaları hızla artış göstermiş, dünya genelinde100 milyondan fazla insan bu salgından etkilenmiş ve 2 milyona yakın insan hayatını kaybetmiştir. Koronavirüsün, küresel sağlık sistemleri, sosyal yaşam ve ekonomi üzerindeki etkili olmasının yanı sıra küresel siyasal söylem üzerinde de etkili olmuştur. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde siyasi söylemdeki değişiklik eski Başkan Donald Trump’ın 17 Mart 2020’de yayınladığı bir tweet’te “Çin virüsü” ifadesini kullanması ile yankılanmıştır. Trump’ın virüsü belirli bir milliyetle ilişkilendirmesi sosyal medyada geniş yankı bulmuştur. Trump’ın ardından bazı muhafazakar politikacılar ve Trump yanlısı medya kuruluşları da “Çin virüsü” veya “Wuhan virüsü” gibi ifadeleri kullanmışlardır. Bu çalışma COVID-19 salgınının medyada yoğun bir şekilde öne çıkan Çin karşıtı söylemler üzerinden bir “ötekileştirme pratiği” haline geldiğini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın hipotezi, Başkan Trump’ın Çin’e karşı yeni bir “ötekileştirme” söylem inşa etmeye çalıştığı ve COVID-19 salgınının ötekileştirme söyleminin yeniden inşası için araçsallaştırıldığıdır. Pratiklerden ortaya çıkan sosyal ve politik söylemleri içeren tartışmalara daha kapsamlı bir bakış açısı kazandırmayı amaçlayan bu çalışmada kuramsal bakış açısı olarak sosyal inşacılık kullanılmıştır.

Keywords

Ötekileştirme COVID-19 Sosyal İnşacılık Donald Trump Söylem

References

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  • Roberto, K. J., Johnson, A. F., and Rauhaus, B. M. (2020). Stigmatization and prejudice during the COVID-19 pandemic. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 42(3), pp.364-378.
  • Said, E. (1978). Introduction to Orientalism. Media Studies: A Reader. London:Routledge.
  • Silver, L., Devlin, K., & Huang, C. (2020). Americans Fault China for Its Role in the Spread of COVID-19. PEW Research Center.
  • The Federalist (2020). Retrieved from https://thefederalist.com/?s=china+virus, (last accessed: October 10, 2020).
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COVID-19 AS AN OTHERING PRACTICE: DONALD TRUMP’S ANTI-CHINESE DISCOURSE

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 16, 245 - 263, 30.08.2021

Fatih Fuat Tuncer , Elif Şahin

Abstract

Since the beginning of 2020, cases of the COVID-19 have risen rapidly, more than 150 million people have been affected and more than 2,5 million people have lost their lives. In addition to its impact on global health systems, social life, and the economy, the virus has had impact on the global political discourse. In the United States, change in the discourse has resonated with United States’ former President Donald Trump’s use of the phrase “Chinese virus” in a posted tweet on March 17, 2020. Trump’s association of the virus with a certain nationality had broad repercussion on social media. Following Trump, some conservative politicians and pro-Trump media outlets have used words such as China virus, Chinese virus or Wuhan virus. This study aims to reveal that COVID-19 pandemic has become a practice of “othering” through anti-Chinese discourses that are heavily prominent in the media. Hypothesis is that President Trump has been trying to build a new “othering” discourse against China and he instrumentalized COVID-19 pandemic for the re-construction of the othering discourse. Social constructivist theoretical perspective is used in the study to provide a more extensive perspective to debates that includes social and political discourses emerging from practices.

Keywords

Othering,COVID-19, Social Constructivism, Donald Trump, Discourse

References

  • Al Jazeera (2020). Anti Asian Hate Continues to spread online amid COVID-19 Pandemic, Retrieved from: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/4/5/anti-asian-hate-continues-to-spread-online-amid-covid-19-pandemic (last accessed: November 20, 2020).
  • American Action News (2020). Inside China’s Secret Biolab in Wuhan, Retrieved from: https://americanactionnews.com/foreign-affairs/2020/03/20/inside-chinas-secret-biolab-in-wuhan/, (last accessed: November 20,2020). AP News (2021). Years of White Supremacy Threats Culminated in Capitol Riots, Retrieved from: https://apnews.com/article/white-supremacy-threats-capitol-riots-2d4ba4d1a3d55197489d773b3e0b0f32, (last accessed: May 17, 2020).
  • Arar Bezirgan, Y., & Bilgin, N. (2009). Gazete haber başlıklarında öteki'nin inşası. Kültür ve İletişim, 12(2), pp.133-157.
  • Asian Pacific American Cultural Center (2020), Statement on Ching Chong House, Retrieved from:https://apacc.colostate.edu/ (last accessed: November 10, 2020).
  • Asian American Pacific Islander Comunities (2020). Incidents of Coronavirus Discrimination Report, Retrieved from: https://stopaapihate.org (last accesssed: November 15, 2020).
  • BBC (2020). Information Saves Lives: COVID-19, Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaaction/our-work/covid-19 (last accessed: July 15, 2020).
  • Big League Politics (2020). https://bigleaguepolitics.com/?s=china+virus, (Retrieved: November 15, 2020).
  • Cnn (2020). Presidental Debate Fact Check, Retrieved from: https://edition.cnn.com/politics/live-news/presidential-debate-coverage-fact-check-10-22- (last accessed: July 5, 2021).
  • Dervin, F. (2015). Discourses of othering. The international encyclopedia of language and social interaction, pp.1-9.
  • Devlin, K., Silver, L., and Huang, C. (2020). US Views of China increasingly negative amid coronavirus outbreak. Pew Research Center, 21.
  • Factbase (2020). Retrieved from: https://factba.se/search#china%2Bvirus, (last accessed: December 12,2020).
  • Gölcü, A., & Dağlı, A. N. (2017). Haber söyleminde ‘Öteki’yi aramak: Suriyeli mülteciler örneği. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, (28), p.11-38.
  • Ivic, S. and Petrovic R.,(2020). The Rhetoric of Othering In A Time Of Pandemic: Labeling COVID-19 As A" Foreign Virus" In Public Discourse, 351.77:351.78, pp. 421-433.
  • İnceoğlu, Y., ve Çoban, S. (Eds.). (2014). Azınlıklar, ötekiler ve medya. İstanbul:Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Kaya S. (2008), Uluslararası İlişkilerde Konstrüktivist Yaklaşımlar,. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 63(03), pp.83-111.
  • Lai, S., Ruktanonchai, N. W., Zhou, L., Prosper, O., Luo, W., Floyd, J. R., ... and Yu, H. (2020). Effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions for containing the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Retrieved from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2293-x (last accessed: October 20, 2020).
  • M. Sean and Anderson S., (2020). What’ in the Many Coronavirus Relates Lawsuits Against China, Lawfare, Retrieved from: https://www.lawfareblog.com/whats-many-coronavirus-related-lawsuits-against-china, (last accessed: November 30, 2020).
  • New York Times (2020). Trump Tests Positive fort he Coronaivrus, Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/02/us/politics/trump-covid.html, (last accessed: October 10, 2020).
  • New York Times (2021). Trump’s Complete Insult List, Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/01/19/upshot/trump-complete-insult-list.html, (last accessed: July 5, 2021).
  • Powell, J. A., and Menendian, S. (2018). The problem of othering: Towards inclusiveness and belonging. Othering & Belonging: Expanding the Circle of Human Concern, (3), pp.14-41.
  • Reny, T. T., and Barreto, M. A. (2020). Xenophobia in the time of pandemic: othering, anti-Asian attitudes, and COVID-19. Politics, Groups, and Identities, pp. 1-24.
  • Riggins, S. H. (Ed.). (1997). Communication and human values, Vol. 24.The language and politics of exclusion: Others in discourse. Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Rohleder P. (2014). Othering. In: Teo T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology. Springer, New York, NY.
  • Roberto, K. J., Johnson, A. F., and Rauhaus, B. M. (2020). Stigmatization and prejudice during the COVID-19 pandemic. Administrative Theory & Praxis, 42(3), pp.364-378.
  • Said, E. (1978). Introduction to Orientalism. Media Studies: A Reader. London:Routledge.
  • Silver, L., Devlin, K., & Huang, C. (2020). Americans Fault China for Its Role in the Spread of COVID-19. PEW Research Center.
  • The Federalist (2020). Retrieved from https://thefederalist.com/?s=china+virus, (last accessed: October 10, 2020).
  • The Guardian (2020). Trump Accused for Racism after clash with Asian American Reporter, Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/12/trump-weijia-jiang-china-attack-racism-accusations (last accessed: December 7, 2020).
  • The Washignton Post (2020). When Trump gets coronavirus, Chinese Americans pay a price, Retrieved from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/10/09/twitter-asian-americans-discrimination/, (last accessed: October 10, 2020).
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  • VOX (2020). Trump’s new fixation on using a racist name fort he coronavirus is dagerous March 18, 2020, https://www.vox.com/2020/3/18/21185478/coronavirus-usa-trump-chinese-virus, (Retrieved: November 30, 2020).
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There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Tüm Sayı
Authors

Fatih Fuat Tuncer 0000-0002-4034-5949

Elif Şahin 0000-0001-6119-9250

Publication Date August 30, 2021
Submission Date June 10, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 8 Issue: 16

Cite

APA Tuncer, F. F., & Şahin, E. (2021). COVID-19 AS AN OTHERING PRACTICE: DONALD TRUMP’S ANTI-CHINESE DISCOURSE. Akademik Hassasiyetler, 8(16), 245-263.
AMA Tuncer FF, Şahin E. COVID-19 AS AN OTHERING PRACTICE: DONALD TRUMP’S ANTI-CHINESE DISCOURSE. Akademik Hassasiyetler. August 2021;8(16):245-263.
Chicago Tuncer, Fatih Fuat, and Elif Şahin. “COVID-19 AS AN OTHERING PRACTICE: DONALD TRUMP’S ANTI-CHINESE DISCOURSE”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 8, no. 16 (August 2021): 245-63.
EndNote Tuncer FF, Şahin E (August 1, 2021) COVID-19 AS AN OTHERING PRACTICE: DONALD TRUMP’S ANTI-CHINESE DISCOURSE. Akademik Hassasiyetler 8 16 245–263.
IEEE F. F. Tuncer and E. Şahin, “COVID-19 AS AN OTHERING PRACTICE: DONALD TRUMP’S ANTI-CHINESE DISCOURSE”, Akademik Hassasiyetler, vol. 8, no. 16, pp. 245–263, 2021.
ISNAD Tuncer, Fatih Fuat - Şahin, Elif. “COVID-19 AS AN OTHERING PRACTICE: DONALD TRUMP’S ANTI-CHINESE DISCOURSE”. Akademik Hassasiyetler 8/16 (August 2021), 245-263.
JAMA Tuncer FF, Şahin E. COVID-19 AS AN OTHERING PRACTICE: DONALD TRUMP’S ANTI-CHINESE DISCOURSE. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 2021;8:245–263.
MLA Tuncer, Fatih Fuat and Elif Şahin. “COVID-19 AS AN OTHERING PRACTICE: DONALD TRUMP’S ANTI-CHINESE DISCOURSE”. Akademik Hassasiyetler, vol. 8, no. 16, 2021, pp. 245-63.
Vancouver Tuncer FF, Şahin E. COVID-19 AS AN OTHERING PRACTICE: DONALD TRUMP’S ANTI-CHINESE DISCOURSE. Akademik Hassasiyetler. 2021;8(16):245-63.
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Yazar tarafından gönderilen bir makale, gönderim tarihinden itibaren 10 gün içinde dergi sekreteri tarafından makalenin, telif sözleşmesinin ve benzerlik raporunun (Turnitin programı) eksiksiz ve düzgün bir şekilde gönderilip gönderilmediği yönünden incelenir. İstenilen bu dosyalar eksiksiz ve düzgün bir şekilde gönderilmiş ise makale; ikinci aşamada derginin yayın çizgisine uygun olup olmadığı yönünden değerlendirilir. Bu süreçte makale yayın çizgisine uygun değilse yazara iade edilir. Makale yayın çizgisine uygun ise şablona uygun bir şekilde gönderilip gönderilmediği yönünden değerlendirilir. Şayet makale şablona uyarlanıp gönderilmemiş ise değerlendirme sürecine alınmaz. Bu süreçte yazarın derginin belirlediği şartlara uygun bir şekilde sisteme makale yüklemesi beklenir. Makale şablona uygun bir şekilde hazırlanıp gönderilmiş ise son aşamada makale derginin yayın ilkeleri, yazım kuralları, öz, abstract, extented abstract, kaynakça gösterimi vb. yönlerden incelenir. Bu ayrıntılarda makalede bir sorun varsa yazarın bu hususları tamamlaması istenir ve verilen süre içerisinde eksiksiz bir şekilde yeniden makaleyi göndermesi istenir.
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