BİRLEŞİK KRALLIK'TAKI TÜRKİYE KÖKENLI İNGİLİZ VATANDAŞLARININ SİYASETE KATILIMINDA KURUMLARIN ROLÜ

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 17, 429 - 452, 29.12.2021

Selçuk Aydın

Abstract

Bu araştırmada, Birleşik Krallık (İngiltere) siyasetinde “Türkiye Kökenli İngiliz Vatandaşlarının” (BCTO) siyasi katılımı ve temsili incelenmiştir. BCTO, Türkiye'den Türk ve Kürt etnik kimlikleriyle beraber Alevi, Sünni, Laik, Muhafazakar, Milliyetçi ve Sol kökenli toplulukları ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ile sosyal/tarihi bağı olan Kıbrıslı Türkleri ifade eder. Bu çalışmada, göçmen nüfusa ilişkin Birleşik Krallık'ın siyasi alanındaki ulus ve vatandaşlık kavramları, özellikle BCTO örneğinde tartışılmaktadır. Kurumsal teoriden faydalanarak, BCTO'nin siyasi koşullarının ve davranışlarının şekillenmesinde İngiltere'deki resmi ve informel kurumlar, BCTO'nin kurumları da dahil olmak üzere incelenmektedir. BCTO'nin siyasi olarak yeknesak bir topluluğu temsil etmediği, ve kurumsal yaklaşımdan bakıldığında Birleşik Krallık kurumlarının ve sisteminin BCTO'nin siyasi temsilini iyileştirmenin önünde engelleri olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Buna ek olarak, siyasi olarak parçalı topluluğun zayıflığı, BCTO'nin yetersiz siyasi kurumsallaşması nedeniyle BCTO’nun temsiliyeti yeterli seviyede olmasa da, BCTO içindeki bazı alt gruplar ayrı ayrı daha yüksek düzeyde siyasi katılım ve temsiliyet göstermektedir.

Keywords

Göçmen Siyasi Katılımı, Resmi ve Gayri Resmi Kurumlar, Azınlık temsili, Türkiye Kökenli İngiliz Vatandaşlarının Siyasi katılımı, Demografik Dönüşüm

THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS ON POLITICAL INVOLVEMENT OF THE BRITISH CITIZENS OF TURKEY-ORIGIN IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

Abstract

In this research, we analyze the political participation and representation of the “British Citizens of Turkey-Origin” (BCTO) in the United Kingdom (UK) politics. The BCTO refers to ethno-religious communities from Turkey including Turkish and Kurdish ethnicities with different backgrounds i.e Alevi, Sunni, Secular, Conservative, Nationalist and Leftist , and the Turkish Cypriots that have social/historical link with the Republic of Turkey. In this study, the concepts of nation and citizenship in the political sphere of the UK considering the immigrant population, specifically in the case of BCTO are discussed. Benefiting from the institutional method, the formal and informal institutions in the UK on shaping the political conditions and behaviours of the BCTO are examined including the institutions belong to the BCTO as well. However, it is concluded that BCTO does not represent a politically unified community and, from a institutional approach, the UK system has obstacles that stands in the way of improving BCTO's political representation. Lastly, even though BCTO is politically underrepresented due to the weakness of the politically unified community and insufficient political institutionalisation of the BCTO, certain sub-groups within the BCTO separately indicate a higher level of political involvement.  

Keywords

Migrant Political Involvement, Formal and Informal Institutions, Minority Representation, Political Participition of Turkey-Origin British Citizens, Demographic Transformation

References

• Advisory Board. (n.d.). Retrieved from Centre for Kurdish Progress: http://www.kurdishprogress.org/advisory_board
• Akgündüz, A. (2008). Labour Migration From Turkey to Western Europe, 1960-1974: A Multidisciplinary Analysis. Ashgate Publishing.
• Algan, Y., Dustmann, C., Glitz, A., & Manning, A. (2010). The Economic Situation of First and Second Generation Immigrants in France, Germany and the United Kingdom. the Economic Journal, 120(542).
• Atay, T. (1994). Naqshbandi Sufis in a Western Setting. School of Oriental and African Studies, PhD Dissertation.
• Austin, G., & Parker, K. (2005). The Mono-cultural Delusion: Turkey and Migration Politics. In S. Schaefer, G. Austin, & K. Parker, Turks in Europe: Why are We Afraid? (pp. 19-44). Foreign Policy Centre.
• Bauböck, R. (n.d.). Migration and Citizenship: Legal Status, Rights and Political Participation. Amsterdam University Press.
• Bruce, S. (2004). The Strange Death of Protestant Britain. In E. P. Kaufmann, Rethinking Ethnicity: Majority Groups and Dominant Minorities (pp. 103-119). Routledge.
• Cole, M. (1992). British Values, Liberal Values or Values Justice and Equality: Three Approaches to Education in Multicultural Britain. Cultural Diversity and the Schools(3).
• Copsey, N., & Richardson, J. E. (2015). Cultures of Post-War British Fascism. Routledge.
• Crul, M. (2013). Snakes and ladders in educational systems: Access to higher education for second-generation Turks in Europe. Journal Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(3), 1383-1401.
• Halil, E. (2004, April 8). Our Man in Iceland. Retrieved August 21, 2017, from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/apr/08/cyprus.features11
• Heath, A. F., & Tilley, J. R. (2005). British National Identity and Attitudes Towards Immigration. Interntional Journal on Multicultural Socities, 7(2), 119-132.
• Home Office Attacked For Treating Immigrants "As Numbers, Rather Than People". (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2018, from Financial Times: https://www.ft.com/content/11dc7e82-618e-11e8-90c2-9563a0613e56
• Hooghe, L., & Marks, G. (2017). Cleavage theory meets Europe’s crises: Lipset, Rokkan, and the transnational cleavage. Journal of European Public Policy, 1-27.
• House of Lords Statistics. (2012). Retrieved from UK Parliament Research Briefings: http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN03900#fullreport
• Implications for the Justice and Home Affairs Area of the Accession of Turkey to the European Union - Home Affairs Committee. (n.d.). Retrieved from UK Parliament Publications: https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmhaff/789/789we04.htm
• Karabat, A. (n.d.). AB Türklerin Göçünden Korkmuyor. Retrieved August 21, 2017, from Aljazeera: http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/al-jazeera-ozel/ab-turklerin-gocunden-korkmuyor
• Kaufmann, E. P. (2004). Rethinking Ethnicity: Majority Groups and Dominant Minorities. Routledge.
• King, R., & Thomson, M. (2008). 'Turks' in London: shades of invisibility and the shifting relevance of policy in the migration process.
• Koopmans, R. (2005). Contested citizenship: Immigration and cultural diversity in Europe (Vol. 25). University of Minnesota Press.
• Life in the UK Test. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://lifeintheuktests.co.uk/life-in-the-uk-test/
• Maravić, P. V., Peters, B. G., & Schröter, E. (2013). Representative bureaucracy in action: Country profiles from the Americas, Europe, Africa and Asia. Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Margulies, B. (2015). How the European Far Right Discovered The Dark Side of the Liberal Tradition. Retrieved from LSE European Politics and Policy (EUROPP) Blog.
• Membership of the House of Lords: Ethnicity, Religion and Disability. (2014). Retrieved from UK Parliament Research Briefings: http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/LLN-2014-017#fullreport
• Migrants in the UK: An Overview. (n.d.). Retrieved August 21, 2017, from Migration Observatory: http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/briefings/migrants-in-the-uk-an-overview/
• Muslim Names Harm Job Chances. (n.d.). Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/media-network/2016/mar/24/british-journalism-female-ethnic-minorities-reporters-editors
• Odmalm, P. (2005). Migration policies and political participation: inclusion or intrusion in Western Europe? Springer.
• Örmeci, O. (2016). Son Yıllarda Türkiye-Birleşik Krallık (İngiltere) İlişkileri: İlişkilerde "Altın Çağ" Dönemi mi? Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2).
• Parliamentary Constituencies. (n.d.). Retrieved from UK Parliament: http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/elections-and-voting/constituencies/
• Polat, C. (2013). Effects of Ankara Agreement within the Community Legal Order. Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 1(1), 151-171.
• Reeves, F. (1983). British racial discourse: A study of British political discourse about race and race-related matters. Cambridge University Press.
• Richardson, R. (2015). British Values and British Identity: Muddles, Mixtures and Ways Ahead. London Review of Education, 13(2), 37-48.
• Roger Jowell, J. C., Jarvis, L., Bromley, C., & Stratford, N. (2000). British Social Attitudes: Focusing on Diversity The 17th Report. Sage.
• Schain, M. A. (2010). Managing difference: Immigrant integration policy in France, Britain, and the United States. Social Research, 205-236.
• Sirkeci, İ. (2017). Little Turkey in Great Britain.
• Sirkeci, İ. (n.d.). Turkish Population in the UK. Retrieved August 21, 2017, from What Do They Know: https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/turkish_population_in_the_uk
• Soysal, Y. N. (1994). Limits of Citizenship: Migrantsn and Post-National Membership in Europe. University of Chicago Press.
• T.C. Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Londra Eğitim Müşavirliği. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://londra.meb.gov.tr/
• Thomson, M. (n.d.). Immigration to the UK: The case of Turks. University of Sussex. 2006: MYGIS Report, http://www. eliamep. gr/eliamep/files/MIGSYS_UK_Turks_eport_July_06. pdf.
• Türkiye-İngiltere İlişkilerinde "Altın Çağ". (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2018, from Hürriyet: http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/turkiye-ingiltere-iliskilerinde-altin-cag-15426304
• Vertovec, S. (2007). Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 30(6), 1024-1054.
• Your Councillors. (n.d.). Retrieved from Haringey London: https://www.minutes.haringey.gov.uk/mgMemberIndex.aspx?bcr=1