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İKTİSADİ HOŞNUTSUZLUK ENDEKSİ İLE CARİ AÇIK ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN AMPİRİK ANALİZİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2020, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 83 - 112, 30.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.17550/akademikincelemeler.705554

Abstract

Bu çalışma 2000:Q1-2018:Q3 döneminde Türkiye’de iktisadi hoşnutsuzluk endeksi ile cari açık arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Çalışmada Okun’un iki değişkenli endeksi ile Barro-Hanke’ın dört değişkenli endeksi olmak üzere iki farklı iktisadi hoşnutsuzluk endeksi kullanılmıştır. Değişkenler arasındaki uzun dönemli ilişkinin varlığını araştırmak amacıyla Fourier Shin eşbütünleşme testi uygulanmış ve her iki iktisadi hoşnutsuzluk endeksi ile cari açık arasında çift yönlü uzun dönemli ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Uzun dönemli katsayıları tahmin etmek için Dinamik En Küçük Kareler Yöntemi kullanılmış ve değişkenler arasındaki ilişkinin ters yönlü olduğu görülmüştür. Buna göre, cari açıkta meydana gelen bir birimlik artış Okun’un iktisadi hoşnutsuzluk endeksinde 5.11, Barro-Hanke’ın iktisadi hoşnutsuzluk endeksinde ise 11.73 birimlik bir azalmaya yol açmaktadır. Okun’un iktisadi hoşnutsuzluk endeksinde meydana gelen bir birimlik artış cari açıkta 0.13, Barro-Hanke’ın iktisadi hoşnutsuzluk endeksinde meydana gelen bir birimlik artış ise cari açıkta 0.06 birimlik azalmaya neden olmaktadır. Tam modifiye edilmiş en küçük kareler yönteminden de benzer sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla Türkiye’de iktisadi hoşnutsuzluk endeksini azaltmaya yönelik para ve maliye politikalarına öncelik verilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır.

References

  • Aristovnik, A. “Short-term determinants of current account deficits: Evidence from eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union”. Eastern European Economics, 46(1), (2008), 24-42.
  • Banerjee, P, Arcabic, V. & Lee, H. “Fourier ADL cointegration test to approximate smooth breaks with new evidence from Crude Oil Market”. Economic Modelling, 67(C), (2017), 114-124.
  • Barro, R. J. Getting It Right: Markets and Choices in a Free Society. Cambridge: MIT pres, 1996.
  • Bayraktutan, Y. & Demirtaş, I. “Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde cari açığın belirleyicileri: Panel veri”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(2), (2011), 1-28.
  • Becker, R., Enders, W. & Lee, J. “A stationarity test in the presence of an unknown number of smooth breaks”. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 27(3), (2006), 381-409.
  • Beşkaya, A. “Political economy of economic discomfort: A time series analysis of Turkey, 1980-2010”. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(1), (2013), 1-14.
  • Bitzis, G., Paleologos, J. M. & Papazoglou, C. “The determinants of the Greek current account deficit: The EMU experience”. Journal of International and Global Economic Studies, 1(1), (2008), 105-122.
  • Bussiere, M., Fratzscher, M. & Müller, G. J. “Current account dynamics in OECD countries and in the new EU member states: An intertemporal approach”. Journal of Economic Integration, 21(3), (2006), 593-618.
  • Calderon, C., Chong, A. & Zanforlin, L. “Current account deficits in Africa: Stylized facts and basic determinants”. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 56(1), (2007), 191-221.
  • Chinn, M. D. & Prasad, E. S. “Medium-term determinants of current accounts in industrial and developing countries: An empirical exploration”. Journal of International Economics, 59(1), (2003), 47-76.
  • Christopoulos, D. K. & Leon-Ledesma, M. A. “Smooth breaks and non-linear mean reversion: Post-Bretton Woods real exchange rates”. Journal of International Money and Finance, 29(6), (2010), 1076-1093.
  • Cohen, I. K., Ferretti, F. & McIntosh, B. “Decomposing the misery index: A dynamic approach”. Cogent Economics & Finance, 2(1), (2014), 1-8.
  • Çiftçi, N. “Türkiye’de cari açık, reel döviz kuru ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiler: Eş bütünleşme analizi”. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), (2014), 129-142.
  • Dadgar, Y. & Nazari, R. “The impact of economic growth and good governance on misery index in Iranian economy”. European Journal of Law and Economics, 45(1), (2012), 175-193.
  • Duasa, J. “The Malaysian balance of payments: Keynesian approach versus Monetary approach”. Computing in Economics and Finance, 26, (2004), 1-14.
  • Ewa, L. “Okun’s and Barro’s misery index as an alternative poverty assessment tool. Recent estimations for European countries”. MPRA Paper, 37493, (2009), 1-10.
  • Frenkel, J. A., Gylfason, T. & Helliwel, J. F. “A synthesis of Monetary and Keynesian approaches to short-run balance-of-payments theory”. Economic Journal, 90(359), (1980), 582-592.
  • Freund, C. & Warnock, F. “Current account deficits in industrial countries: The bigger they are, the harder they fall?”. MPRA Paper, 11823, (2005), 1-39.
  • Grabia, T. “The Okun misery index in the European union countries from 2000 to 2009”. Comparative Economics Research, 14(4), (2012), 97-115.
  • Handa, J. Monetary Economics. New York: Routledge, 2009.
  • Hanke, S. H. “Misery in MENA”. Cato Institute, Erişim: Ocak 2020, https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/misery-mena, 2011.
  • Herwartz, H. & Siedenburg, F. “Determinants of current account imbalances in 16 OECD countries: An out-of-sample perspective”. Review of World Economics, 143(2), (2007), 349-374.
  • Kesikoğlu, F., Yıldırım, E. & Çeştepe, H. “Cari açığın belirleyicileri: 28 OECD ülkesi için panel var analizi”. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(9), (2013), 15-34.
  • Lee, S., Cheong, K. & Sub, S. H. “International comparison of economic performance index: The case of the USA, Japan and Korea”. The American Economist, 51(1), (2007), 63-74.
  • Lovell, M. C. & Tien, P. L. “Economic discomfort and consumer sentiment”. Eastern Economic Journal, 26(1), (2000), 1-8.
  • Özcan, S. E. “Yoksulluk göstergesi olarak hoşnutsuzluk endeksi, Türkiye için bir deneme”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 48, (2016), 294-313.
  • Sadeghi, S. K., Marvasti, M. V. & Karbor, Reze “New evidence on the link between income inequality and misery index: A nonlinear time series analysis”. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Policy, 3(1), (2014), 25-30.
  • Tsong, C. C., Lee, C. F., Tsai, L. J. & Hu, T. C. “The Fourier approximation and testing for the null of cointegration”. Empirical Economics, 51(3), (2016), 1085-1113.
  • Ünver, M. & Bülent, D. “The determinants of economic fragility: Case of the fragile five countries”. MPRA Paper, 37493, (2015), 1-24.
  • Welsch, H. “Macroeconomics and life satisfaction: Revisiting the Misery Index”. Journal of Applied Economics, 10(2), (2007), 237-251.
  • Wiseman, C. “More on misery: How consistent are alternative indices? A comment”. The American Economist, 36(2), (1992), 85-88.
  • Wu, P. C., Liu, S. Y. & Pan, S. C. “Does misery index matter for the persistence of health spending? Evidence from OECD countries”. Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, 118(2), (2014), 893-910.
  • Yalçınkaya, Ö. & Temelli, F. “Ekonomik büyüme ile cari işlemler dengesi arasındaki ilişki: BRICS ve MINT (1992-2013)”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(4), (2014), 201-224.
  • Yılancı V. “Petrol fiyatları ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Fourier yaklaşımı”. Ekonometri ve İstatistik, 27, (2017), 51-67.
  • Yılancı, V., Aslan, V. & Özgür, Ö. “Testing the validity of PPP theory for African countries”. Applied Economics Letters, 25(18), (2018), 1-5.
  • Yüksel, S. “Türkiye'de cari işlemler açığının belirleyicileri: Mars yöntemi ile bir inceleme”. Bankacılar Dergisi, 96, (2016), 102-119.

AN EMPIRICAL ANALYISIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MISERY INDEX AND CURRENT DEFICIT: THE CASE OF TURKEY

Year 2020, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 83 - 112, 30.04.2020
https://doi.org/10.17550/akademikincelemeler.705554

Abstract

This study examines the long-term relationship between misery index and current deficit for the case of Turkey over the period 2000:Q1-2018:Q3. In the study, two different misery indexes are used: Okun's misery index, which consist of two variables and Barro-Hanke's misery index, which consist of four variables. Fourier Shin cointegration test is applied to investigate the existence of long-term relationship between the variables, and it is determined that there is a bidirectional long-term relationship between misery index and current deficit. Dynamic Least Squares Method is used to estimate the long-term coefficients, and it seems that the direction of the relationship is both from current deficit to misery index and from misery index to current deficit and the signs of the coeeficients are negative. According to the findings of the study, one unit increase in current deficit leads Okun's misery index and Barro-Hanke misery index to decrease by 5.11 and 11.73 units, respectively. And one unit increase in Okun's misery index and Barro-Hanke misery index leads current deficit to decrease by 0.13 and 0.06 units, respectively. Similar results are obtained from the Fully Modified Least Squares Method. Therefore, it is so important to prioritize monetary and fiscal policies to reduce misery index in Turkey.

References

  • Aristovnik, A. “Short-term determinants of current account deficits: Evidence from eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union”. Eastern European Economics, 46(1), (2008), 24-42.
  • Banerjee, P, Arcabic, V. & Lee, H. “Fourier ADL cointegration test to approximate smooth breaks with new evidence from Crude Oil Market”. Economic Modelling, 67(C), (2017), 114-124.
  • Barro, R. J. Getting It Right: Markets and Choices in a Free Society. Cambridge: MIT pres, 1996.
  • Bayraktutan, Y. & Demirtaş, I. “Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde cari açığın belirleyicileri: Panel veri”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(2), (2011), 1-28.
  • Becker, R., Enders, W. & Lee, J. “A stationarity test in the presence of an unknown number of smooth breaks”. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 27(3), (2006), 381-409.
  • Beşkaya, A. “Political economy of economic discomfort: A time series analysis of Turkey, 1980-2010”. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(1), (2013), 1-14.
  • Bitzis, G., Paleologos, J. M. & Papazoglou, C. “The determinants of the Greek current account deficit: The EMU experience”. Journal of International and Global Economic Studies, 1(1), (2008), 105-122.
  • Bussiere, M., Fratzscher, M. & Müller, G. J. “Current account dynamics in OECD countries and in the new EU member states: An intertemporal approach”. Journal of Economic Integration, 21(3), (2006), 593-618.
  • Calderon, C., Chong, A. & Zanforlin, L. “Current account deficits in Africa: Stylized facts and basic determinants”. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 56(1), (2007), 191-221.
  • Chinn, M. D. & Prasad, E. S. “Medium-term determinants of current accounts in industrial and developing countries: An empirical exploration”. Journal of International Economics, 59(1), (2003), 47-76.
  • Christopoulos, D. K. & Leon-Ledesma, M. A. “Smooth breaks and non-linear mean reversion: Post-Bretton Woods real exchange rates”. Journal of International Money and Finance, 29(6), (2010), 1076-1093.
  • Cohen, I. K., Ferretti, F. & McIntosh, B. “Decomposing the misery index: A dynamic approach”. Cogent Economics & Finance, 2(1), (2014), 1-8.
  • Çiftçi, N. “Türkiye’de cari açık, reel döviz kuru ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiler: Eş bütünleşme analizi”. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), (2014), 129-142.
  • Dadgar, Y. & Nazari, R. “The impact of economic growth and good governance on misery index in Iranian economy”. European Journal of Law and Economics, 45(1), (2012), 175-193.
  • Duasa, J. “The Malaysian balance of payments: Keynesian approach versus Monetary approach”. Computing in Economics and Finance, 26, (2004), 1-14.
  • Ewa, L. “Okun’s and Barro’s misery index as an alternative poverty assessment tool. Recent estimations for European countries”. MPRA Paper, 37493, (2009), 1-10.
  • Frenkel, J. A., Gylfason, T. & Helliwel, J. F. “A synthesis of Monetary and Keynesian approaches to short-run balance-of-payments theory”. Economic Journal, 90(359), (1980), 582-592.
  • Freund, C. & Warnock, F. “Current account deficits in industrial countries: The bigger they are, the harder they fall?”. MPRA Paper, 11823, (2005), 1-39.
  • Grabia, T. “The Okun misery index in the European union countries from 2000 to 2009”. Comparative Economics Research, 14(4), (2012), 97-115.
  • Handa, J. Monetary Economics. New York: Routledge, 2009.
  • Hanke, S. H. “Misery in MENA”. Cato Institute, Erişim: Ocak 2020, https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/misery-mena, 2011.
  • Herwartz, H. & Siedenburg, F. “Determinants of current account imbalances in 16 OECD countries: An out-of-sample perspective”. Review of World Economics, 143(2), (2007), 349-374.
  • Kesikoğlu, F., Yıldırım, E. & Çeştepe, H. “Cari açığın belirleyicileri: 28 OECD ülkesi için panel var analizi”. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(9), (2013), 15-34.
  • Lee, S., Cheong, K. & Sub, S. H. “International comparison of economic performance index: The case of the USA, Japan and Korea”. The American Economist, 51(1), (2007), 63-74.
  • Lovell, M. C. & Tien, P. L. “Economic discomfort and consumer sentiment”. Eastern Economic Journal, 26(1), (2000), 1-8.
  • Özcan, S. E. “Yoksulluk göstergesi olarak hoşnutsuzluk endeksi, Türkiye için bir deneme”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 48, (2016), 294-313.
  • Sadeghi, S. K., Marvasti, M. V. & Karbor, Reze “New evidence on the link between income inequality and misery index: A nonlinear time series analysis”. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Policy, 3(1), (2014), 25-30.
  • Tsong, C. C., Lee, C. F., Tsai, L. J. & Hu, T. C. “The Fourier approximation and testing for the null of cointegration”. Empirical Economics, 51(3), (2016), 1085-1113.
  • Ünver, M. & Bülent, D. “The determinants of economic fragility: Case of the fragile five countries”. MPRA Paper, 37493, (2015), 1-24.
  • Welsch, H. “Macroeconomics and life satisfaction: Revisiting the Misery Index”. Journal of Applied Economics, 10(2), (2007), 237-251.
  • Wiseman, C. “More on misery: How consistent are alternative indices? A comment”. The American Economist, 36(2), (1992), 85-88.
  • Wu, P. C., Liu, S. Y. & Pan, S. C. “Does misery index matter for the persistence of health spending? Evidence from OECD countries”. Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, 118(2), (2014), 893-910.
  • Yalçınkaya, Ö. & Temelli, F. “Ekonomik büyüme ile cari işlemler dengesi arasındaki ilişki: BRICS ve MINT (1992-2013)”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(4), (2014), 201-224.
  • Yılancı V. “Petrol fiyatları ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Fourier yaklaşımı”. Ekonometri ve İstatistik, 27, (2017), 51-67.
  • Yılancı, V., Aslan, V. & Özgür, Ö. “Testing the validity of PPP theory for African countries”. Applied Economics Letters, 25(18), (2018), 1-5.
  • Yüksel, S. “Türkiye'de cari işlemler açığının belirleyicileri: Mars yöntemi ile bir inceleme”. Bankacılar Dergisi, 96, (2016), 102-119.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Reserch Articles
Authors

Gülden Ülgen 0000-0001-5165-9225

Mustafa Orhan Özer 0000-0002-3222-9913

Publication Date April 30, 2020
Submission Date March 18, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 15 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ülgen, G., & Özer, M. O. (2020). İKTİSADİ HOŞNUTSUZLUK ENDEKSİ İLE CARİ AÇIK ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN AMPİRİK ANALİZİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 15(1), 83-112. https://doi.org/10.17550/akademikincelemeler.705554

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