NİL SULARININ PAYLAŞILMASI SORUNUNUN TARİHSEL VE HUKUKİ ARKA PLANI DURUM ÇALIŞMASI: BÜYÜK ETİYOPYA RÖNESANS BARAJI SORUNU

Abstract

Su yolları üzerindeki anlaşmazlıklar, özellikle Afrika’da, çatışmaların en önemli nedenleri arasındadır. Bu nedenle, bu anlaşmazlıkları incelemek, Afrika’daki güvenliği incelemek için önemli bir giriş niteliğindedir. Ancak, bu krizleri incelemek için güvenlik, jeopolitik veya stratejik yaklaşıma odaklanmaktan uzak, bu çalışma Afrika’daki su yolları üzerindeki önemli bir anlaşmazlığın, Nil Nehri sorununun tarihsel ve yasal yönlerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, su yollarının uluslararası düzenini ve Nil suyunun kullanımıyla ilgili anlaşmaları inceleyerek Nil su paylaşımı sorununu tarihsel ve yasal bir çerçevede tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma ayrıca, farklı bakış açılarını açıklayarak Nil Havzası ülkeleri arasındaki çatışmaların tarihini kısaca açıklamaktadır. Son olarak, çalışma, Nil su paylaşımı sorununun ve Afrika kıtasının istikrarı üzerindeki etkisinin somut bir tartışmasını sunmak için bir vaka çalışması olarak Etiyopya’nın Büyük Rönesans Barajını sunmaktadır.

Keywords

• Nil Havzası
• Uluslararası Nehir
• Büyük Rönesans Barajı

THE HISTORICAL AND LEGAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM OF SHARING THE NILE WATERS STUDY CASE: THE GRAND ETHIOPIAN RENAISSANCE DAM PROBLEM

Abstract

Disputes over waterways are among the most important causes of conflicts, especially in Africa. Thus, studying these disputes is an important introduction to studying security in Africa. However, far from focusing on the security, geopolitical or strategic approach to studying these crises, this study attempts to review the historical and legal aspects of one important dispute over waterways in Africa, the problem of Nile River. The study attempts to discuss the Nile water-sharing problem in a historical and legal frame by examining the international order of waterways and the agreements related to Nile water usage. The study also briefly explains the history of the clashes between Nile Basin countries explaining their different points of view. Finally, the study delivers the Grand Renaissance Dam of Ethiopia as a case study to present a concrete discussion of the Nile water-sharing problem and its impact on the stability of the African continent.

Keywords

• Nile Basin
• International River
• Grand Renaissance Dam

References

1. AA. (2019, November 05). The Nile River.. from s-Source to Mouth ( نهر النيل.. من المنبع إلى المصب ).. Retrieved from Anadolu Ajansı (AA): https://www.aa.com.tr/ar/in� fo/%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D 9%81%D9%8A%D9%83/16087 ( Accessed 21.02.2024)
2. ABDULATIF, D. (2021). Ethiopia is counting on it to build the Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. What is the Declaration of Principles agreement? تستند عليه إثيوبيا لبناء سد النهضة.. ما هو اتفاق إعلان المبادئ؟ . Cairo: Aljazeera. Retrieved from https:// www.aljazeera.net/politics/2021/4/11/%D8%AA%D8%B3% (Accessed 18.02.2024)
3. ABU ZEYD, A. M. (2014, March). The Other Bank: Ethiopia’s vision of conflict over Nile waters الضفة الأخرى: الرؤية الأثيوبية للصراع على مياه النيل . Siyassat Arabiyya(7), pp. 13-24. Retrieved from https://siyasatarabiya.dohainstitute.org/ar/issue007/ Pages/Siyassat07-2014_Abuzid.pdf (Accessed 11.03.2024)
4. Al Watan Voice. (2010, May 6). The Times warns of the outbreak of war between the Nile Basin countries over water. Retrieved from www.alwatanvoice.com: https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2010/06/05/150000.html (Accessed 11.03.2024)
5. Alahram. (2015, Mars 24). Text of the Agreement on the Declaration of Principles between Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan .نص اتفاق إعلان المبادئ بين مصر وإثيوبيا والسودان Alahram, 139( 46859). (Accessed 19.02.2024)
6. AL-ASHAAL, A. (2020, July 29). Legal Value of the Declaration of Principles Concerning the Renaissance Dam in Khartoum القيمة القانونية لإعلان المبادئ فى الخرطوم حول سد النهضة . Retrieved from hwww.raialyoum.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9- %D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A (Accessed 18.02.2024)
7. Aljazeera. (2020, July 14). Nile Basin Agreements... History of Water Treaties Between Upper Basin and Lower River Countries Since اتفاقيات حوض النيل.. تاريخ 1891 المعاهدات المائية بين دول المنبع والمصب منذ العام 1891 .. Retrieved from www.alja� zeera.net: https://www.aljazeera.net/politics/2020/7/14/%D8%A7%D8%A8% D8%AA%D8%AF% (Accessed 20.02.2024)
8. Almanypedia. (n.d.). Where is the Danube River located and how many countries does it pass through? ؟ أين يقع نهر الدانوب وكم عدد الدول التي يمر بها . Retrieved Ekim 23, 2022, from Almanypedia.com: https://almanypedia.com/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1- %D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86% (Accessed 20.02.2024)

9. AL-SARRAJ, A. S. (2020, Auğstos 24). River wars: Euphrates and Tigris As Example حروب الأنهار. الفرات ودجلة نموذجا . Al-Hewar El-Mutemdden,, 3-17. Retrie� ved from https://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=689579 (Accessed 9.03.2024)
10. AMARA, A. (2009). Economic and Political Integration Among the Nile Basin Countries: Reality and Hopes ( التكامل الاقتصادي والسياسي بين دول حوض النيل: الواقع والمأمول ). African Perspectives Journal(29). Retrieved from https://www.sis. gov.eg/Story/191762/African-Perspectives-Issue-29?lang=en-us (Accessed 23.02.2024)
11. Areq.net. (n.d.). Reinsssance dam سد النهضة . Retrieved Aralık 31, 2022, from Areq.net: https://areq.net/m/%D8%B3%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9% 87%D8%B6%D8%A9.html (Accessed 20.02.2024)
12. ARİF, M. A. (2021). Rivers in International Law القواعد القانونية المنظمة لاستغلال الأنهار الدولية . Algeria: Encyclopedia of Algerian Political and Strategic Studies. Re� trieved from https://www.politics-dz.com/%D8%A7 (Accessed 9.03.2024)
13. Britannica. (n.d.). Treaty of Belgrade 1616. Retrieved from www.britannica.com: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Treaty-of-Belgrade-1616 (Accessed 21.02.2024)
14. ÇAMYAMAÇ, Anıl (2014). 1997 Tarihli “Birleşmiş Milletler Uluslararası Suyollarının Seyrüsefer-Dışı Kullanım Hukukuna İlişkin Sözleşme”nin Yürürlüğe Girişine Dair Kısa Bir Değerlendirme. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(2,1), pp. 1-44.
15. EL- SALLAK, M. (2009). The Nile River and Disputes Over It نهر النيل والخلافات المائية حوله . Cairo: Al-Jazeera Net. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.net/ opinions/2009/7/20/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%A7 (Accessed 12.02.2024)
16. Encyclopedia. (2015, November 11). The Nile River ( نهر النيل ). Retrieved from www. aljazeera.net: https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2015/11/28/%D9%86 %D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84 (Accessed 12.02.2024)
17. ETİHAD, A. (2012, December 27). World War III.. On Water. Retrieved from : https:// www.aletihad.ae/article/123701/2012/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B 1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9% (Accessed 7.03.2024)
18. France24. (2022, July 30). Egypt’s objection to the UN Security Council over Ethiopia’s plans to fill the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam اعتراض مصري في مجلس الأمن الدولي بشأن خطط إثيوبيا لملء سد النهضة . Retrieved from France24: https://www. france24.com/ar/%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B1% (Accessed 17.02.2024)
19. GREENWOOD, Christopher (2008). Sources of International Law: An Introduction. Retrieved from United Nations Office of Legal Affairs (legal.un.org): https:// legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ls/greenwood_outline.pdf (Accessed 12.02.2024)
20. Grand Ethiopian Renaissance, Dam Project. Retrieved from Water Technology: https:// www.water-technology.net/projects/grand-ethiopian-renaissance-dam-africa/ (Accessed 7.03.2024)
21. KESKİN, Sevda (2019, December). Uluslararası Suyollarının Ulaşım Dışı Amaçlarla Kullanımı Hukukunda Önemli Zarar Vermeme Yükümlülüğü. Marmara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi, 25(2), pp. 1009- 1024.
22. KREEDI, A. J. (2013). The International legal Regime for the Exploitation of Rivers Between Neighboring Countries النظام القانوني الدولي لأستغلال مياه الانهار الدولية . AArabian Gulf Journal, 1-2(41), pp. 1-20.
23. Library of Congress. (2009). Bacon’s excelsior map of Egypt, the Nile basin and adjoining countries. Retrieved from www.loc.gov: https://www.loc.gov/ item/2009580100/ (Accessed 7.03.2024)
24. LOSSOW, T. v., MİHİ, L., & ROLL, S. (2020). Conflict in the Nile waters: compensation rather than mediation الصراع ىلع مياه النيل: التعويض بدالًً من الوساطة . Alman Uluslararası ve Güvenlik İşleri Enstitüsü. İstanbul: Egyptian Studies Institute. Retrieved from https://eipss-eg.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/%D8%A7% D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8 (Accessed 13.02.2024)
25. Moqatel. (n.d.). Nile water management as a determinant of cooperation and conflict between Nile Basin countries. إدارة مياه النيل كمحدد للتعاون والصراع بين دول حوض النيل . Retrieved Aralık 25, 2022, from www.moqatel.com: http://www.moqatel. com/openshare/Behoth/Siasia21/NileWater/sec06.doc_cvt.htm#: (Accessed 20.02.2024)
26. Nile Basin Initiative مبادرة حوض النيل. ) 2017 ,, May 4). Retrieved from State Informa� tion Service: sis.gov.eg/Story/ مبادرة-حوض-النيل/ 137141 ?lang=ar (Accessed 22.02.2024)
27. SCHENK, Joep (2021). The Rhine and European Security in the Long 19 Centeury. London & New York: Routledge.
28. SHARAKKI A. M. (2018). Implications of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam for Egyptian water security تداعيات سد النهضة الاثيوبى على الأمن المائى المصرى . Fifteenth International Conference on Plant Science (pp. 1-14). Cairo: Egyptian Journal of Agronomy. Retrieved from https://agro.journals.ekb.eg/article_28591_ bd5ee60e05db69a68cdb026fbcbd9046.pdf (Accessed 7.03.2024)
29. TASSADIT, C. (2014). Water crisis And Its Impact On International Relations (e.g. Nile Basin countries) .أزمة المياه وتأثيرها علي العلاقات الدولية : حوض النيل نموذجا Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Cezayir, Algeria: University of Algiers. Retrieved from http://193.194.83.98/jspui/handle/123456789/13164?mode=full (Accessed 7.03.2024)
30. The Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers, 52 Conference (The International Law Association 1966). Retrieved from https://web.archive. org/web/20070625012949/http://webworld.unesco.org/water/wwap/pccp/cd/ pdf/educational_tools/course_modules/reference_documents/internationalregionconventions/ helsinkirules.pdf (Accessed 7.03.2024)
31. TURHAN, Yunus (2020). The Hydro-Political Dilemma in Africa Water Geopolitics: The case of the Nile River Basin. African Security Review, 30(1), pp. 66-85.