Sever Hastalığının Tanısı: Literatürün Gözden Geçirilmesi

Abstract

Kalkaneal apofizit, Sever Hastalığı olarak da bilinen bir durumdur. Son bilgiler, altta yatan bir etiyoloji olarak aşırı kullanım yaralanması olduğunu desteklemektedir. Tipik prezentasyon, yeni başlayan spor aktivitesi öyküsü olan bir adölesanda aktivite sırasında bilateral veya unilateral topuk ağrısıdır. Topuk ağrısı olan hastalar için ayrıntılı bir öykü, dikkatli bir fizik muayene ve gereğinde basit laboratuvar testleri yapmalıyız. Hastanın semptomları ve muayenesi kalkaneal apofizit ile uyumluysa, bazı yazarlar rutin uygulamaların aksine radyografiye gerek olmadığına inanmaktadır. Manyetik rezonans görüntüleme ve ultrason da yardımcı tanılama görüntüleri sağlayabilir, ancak ilk aşamada ne düşük maliyetli ne de kolay erişilebilirdir. Klinisyenin bu konu ile ilgili bilgi ve deneyimini artırması önemli olup optimal tanısal algoritma için daha ileri çalışmalara gerek vardır.

Keywords

• Sever Hastalığı
• Arka ayak ağrısı
• Kalkaneal apofizit

Diagnosing Sever Disease: Overview Of The Literature

Abstract

Calcaneal apophysitis is a condition known also sever disease. Recent knowledge supports overuse injury as an underlying etiology. The typical presentation is bilateral or unilateral heel pain during an activity in an adolescent who had a history of new-onset sports activity. We should take a detailed history, careful examination and simple laboratory tests for the patients with painful heels. If the patient's symptoms and examinations fit with calcaneal apophysitis some authors believe no need for radiography, unlike routine practice. MRI and ultrasound can also provide helpful diagnostic images but are neither cost-effective nor easy accessible at the first stage. We need to improve our knowledge and confidence in the clinical workup. Obviously further investigations require to reveal an ideal diagnostic algorithm.

Keywords

• Sever Disease
• Rear foot pain
• Calcaneal apophysitis

References

1. 1. Houghton KM. Review for the generalist: evaluation of pediatric foot and ankle pain. Pediatric rheumatology online journal 2008;6:6.
2. 2. Knapik JJ. Prevention of food blisters. Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals 2014;14(2):95-7.
3. 3. Eidelman M, Bialik V, Miller Y, Kassis I. Plantar puncture wounds in children: analysis of 80 hospitalized patients and late sequelae. The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ. 2003;5(4):268-71.
4. 4. Guterres LW, Ribeiro DA, Ribeiro TA. An atypical calcaneal fracture in a child: a literature review concerning the treatment. Journal of clinical medicine research 2015;7(1):52-5.
5. 5. Aycan OE, Camurcu IY, Ozer D, Arikan Y, Kabukcuoglu YS. Unusual localizations of unicameral bone cysts and aneurysmal bone cysts: A retrospective review of 451 cases. Acta orthopaedica Belgica 2015;81(2):209-12.
6. 6. Vasileff WK, Moutzouros V. Unrecognized pediatric partial Achilles tendon injury followed by traumatic completion: a case report and literature review. The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons 2014;53(4):485-8.
7. 7. Tsai WC, Wang CL, Hsu TC, Hsieh FJ, Tang FT. The mechanical properties of the heel pad in unilateral plantar heel pain syndrome. Foot & ankle international 1999;20(10):663-8.
8. 8. Harwell JI, Fisher D. Pediatric septic bursitis: case report of retrocalcaneal infection and review of the literature. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2001;32(6):E102-4.

9. 9. Young PS, Bell SW, MacDuff EM, Mahendra A. Primary osseous tumors of the hindfoot: why the delay in diagnosis and should we be concerned? Clinical orthopaedics and related research 2013;471(3):871-7.
10. 10. Suzue N, Matsuura T, Iwame T, Hamada D, Goto T, Takata Y, Iwase T, Sairyo K. Prevalence of childhood and adolescent soccer-related overuse injuries. The journal of medical investigation : JMI. 2014;61(3-4):369-73.
11. 11. Joseph AM, Labib IK. Pediatric heel pain. Clinics in podiatric medicine and surgery 2013;30(4):503-11.
12. 12. Smith JM, Varacallo M. Sever's Disease. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL)2020.
13. 13. Wiegerinck JI, Yntema C, Brouwer HJ, Struijs PA. Incidence of calcaneal apophysitis in the general population. European journal of pediatrics 2014;173(5):677-9.
14. 14. Hosgoren B, Koktener A, Dilmen G. Ultrasonography of the calcaneus in Sever's disease Indian pediatrics. 2005;42(8):801-3.
15. 15. Ogden JA, Ganey TM, Hill JD, Jaakkola JI. Sever's injury: a stress fracture of the immature calcaneal metaphysis. Journal of pediatric orthopedics 2004;24(5):488-92.
16. 16. James AM, Williams CM, Luscombe M, Hunter R, Haines TP. Factors Associated with Pain Severity in Children with Calcaneal Apophysitis (Sever Disease). The Journal of pediatrics 2015;167(2):455-9.
17. 17. Scharfbillig RW, Jones S, Scutter S. Sever's disease: a prospective study of risk factors. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 2011;101(2):133-45.
18. 18. James AM, Williams CM, Haines TP. "Effectiveness of interventions in reducing pain and maintaining physical activity in children and adolescents with calcaneal apophysitis (Sever's disease): a systematic review". Journal of foot and ankle research 2013;6(1):16.
19. 19. Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo R, Losa-Iglesias ME, Rodriguez-Sanz D. Static and dynamic plantar pressures in children with and without sever disease: a case-control study. Physical therapy 2014;94(6):818-26.
20. 20. Hendrix CL. Calcaneal apophysitis (Sever disease). Clinics in podiatric medicine and surgery 2005; 22(1):55-62.
21. 21. Weiner DS, Morscher M, Dicintio MS. Calcaneal apophysitis: simple diagnosis, simpler treatment. The Journal of family practice 2007;56(5):352-5.
22. 22. Tu P, Bytomski JR. Diagnosis of heel pain. American family physician 2011;84(8):909-16.
23. 23. Perhamre S, Lazowska D, Papageorgiou S, Lundin F, Klassbo M, Norlin R. Sever's injury: a clinical diagnosis. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 2013;103(5):361-8.
24. 24. Volpon JB, de Carvalho Filho G. Calcaneal apophysitis: a quantitative radiographic evaluation of the secondary ossification center. Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery 2002;122(6):338-41.
25. 25. Kose O, Celiktas M, Yigit S, Kisin B. Can we make a diagnosis with radiographic examination alone in calcaneal apophysitis (Sever's disease)? Journal of pediatric orthopedics Part B 2010;19(5):396-8.
26. 26. Rachel JN, Williams JB, Sawyer JR, Warner WC, Kelly DM. Is radiographic evaluation necessary in children with a clinical diagnosis of calcaneal apophysitis (sever disease)? Journal of pediatric orthopedics 2011;31(5):548-50.
27. 27. Kose O. Do we really need radiographic assessment for the diagnosis of non-specific heel pain (calcaneal apophysitis) in children? Skeletal radiology 2010;39(4):359-61.
28. 28. Sherry DD, Sapp LR. Enthesalgia in childhood: site-specific tenderness in healthy subjects and in patients with seronegative enthesopathic arthropathy. The Journal of rheumatology 2003;30(6):1335-40.