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Tiroid Nodül Çapı Malignite İlişkisi: Gerçekten Nodül Çapı Arttıkça Malignite Olasılığı Artmakta mıdır?

Year 2017, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 191 - 196, 01.01.2017

Abstract

Amaç: Tiroid nodülleri tiroid glandının en önemli patolojilerindendir. Tiroid nodüllerinde, bazı özelliklerin bulunması nodülün malign olma olasılığını artırmaktadır. Çalışmamızda, bu parametrelerden özellikle nodül çapının malignite ile olan ilişkisini ve ek olarak bunun yanında ultrasonografi de karşılaştığımız diğer risk faktörlerinin malignite açısından destekleyici özelliklerini incelemeyi amaçladık.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışma Ankara Numune Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Genel Cerrahi Kliniği’nde 2006-2012 yılları arasında opere edilen toplam 271 olgu üzerinde yapılmıştır. Olgular; yaş, cinsiyet, USG nodül boyutu, yapısı, sayısı, ekojenitesi, kontur özellikleri, kalsifikasyon durumu bulgularına ve İİAB sonuçlarına göre değerlendirildi.Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen 271 hastanın, 227’si %83,8 kadın, 44’ü %16 erkekti. Hastaların yaş ortalaması 49,2 ± 13 idi. Tek nodül çapı ile malignite arası değerlendirme yapıldığında; hastaların nodül çapı ile postoperatif sonuç arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu görüldü p=0,001 . Benign nodüller içerisinde çapı 1 cm’den az olanların oranı daha az iken, malign nodüller içerisinde ise çapı 1 cm’den az olanların oranı daha fazla tespit edildi. Multinodüler grupta ise malignite ve çap arasındaki ilişki anlamlı bulunmadı p=0,679 . Sonuç: Nodül çapı ile malignite arasında anlamlı bir ilişki mevcut olup, bu ilişki soliter nodüllerde daha anlamlı olmakla beraber, küçük çaplı nodüller daha malign bulunmuştur. Nodül çapı tiroid nodül takibinde önemlidir ancak, benign-malign ayrımında tek başına çok anlam ifade etmemektedir

References

  • Gharib H, Papini E, Garber RS, Duick DS, Harrel RM, Hagedüs L, Paschke R,Valcavi R, Vitti P. Thyroid nodule management executive summary. Endocr Pract 2016;22(5): 622-39.
  • Sakorafas GH, Giotakis J, Stafyla V. Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: A surgical perspective. Cancer Treat Rev 2005;31: 423-38.
  • Boufragech M, Patel D, Xiong Y, Kebebew E. Diagnosis of thyroid cancer: State of art. Expert Opin Med Diagn 2013;7: 331-42.
  • Solbiati L, Charboneau JW, Osti V, James EM, Hay ID. The thyroid gland. In: Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, eds. Diagnostic Ultrasound. Vol. 1. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Mosby 2005; 735-70.
  • Ogilvie JB, Piatigorsky ES, Clark OH. Current status of fine needle aspiration for thyroid nodules. Adu Surg 2006;40: 223-38.
  • Berker D, Aydın Y, Ustun I, Gul K, Tutuncu Y, Işık S, Delibasi T, Guler S. The value of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in subcentimeter thyroid nodules. Thyroid 2008;18(6):603-8.
  • Pacini E, Schlumberger M, Dralle H, Elisei R, Smit JWA, Wiersinga W. European consensus fort he management of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma of the follicular epithelium. European Journal of Endocrinology 2006;154(6): 787-803.
  • Popli MB, Rastogi A, Bhalla P, Solanki Y. Utility of gray- scale ultrasound to differentiate benign from malignant thyroid nodules. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2012;22(1):63-8.
  • Erdoğan G. Tiroid glandının neoplastik hastalıkları. Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi 1990; 10:427-42.
  • Maia FF, Matos PS, Silva BP, Pallone AT, Pavin EJ, Vassallo J, Zantut-Wittmann DE. Role of ultrasound, clinical and scintigraphyc parameters to predict malignancy in thyroid nodule. Head Neck Oncol 2011;22(3):17.
  • Supit E, Peiris AN. Cost-effective management of thyroid nodules and nodular thyroid goiters. South Med J 2002; 95(5):514-9.
  • Flanagan MB, Ohori NP, Carty SE, Hunt JL. Repeat thyroid nodule Fine-needle aspiration in patients with initial benign cytologic results. Am J Clin Pathol 2006;125(5):698-702.
  • Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P. GLOBOCAN 2000: Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide, version 1.0, Lyon: IARC Press, 2001.
  • Kaynaroğlu ZV. Tiroid Nodüllerine Genel Yaklaşım, Sayek İ, ed. Temel Cerrahi, Ankara Güneş Kitapevi, 2004:3;165; 1571-81.
  • Mazafferi E. Management of a solitary thyroid nodule. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:553-6.
  • Cerutti JM. Employing genetic markers to improve diagnosis of thyroid tumor fine needle biopsy. Curr Genomics 2011;12(8):589-96.
  • Danese D, Sciacchitano S, Farsetti A, Andreoli M, Pontecorvi A: Diagnostic accuracy of conventional versus sonography guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. Thyroid 1998;8:15-21.
  • İnce Ü. İnce İğne Aspirasyon biyopsisi tekniği. İşgör A, ed. Tiroid Hastalıkları ve Cerrahisi. İstanbul: Avrupa Tıp Kitapçılık, 2000; 3: 187-94.
  • Bildik N, Altıntaş MM, Aslan E, Çevik A, Ekinci H, Dalkılıç G, Altıntaş B. Tiroid hastalıklarında postoperatif histopatolojik inceleme ile preoperatif testler arasındaki ilişki. Kartal Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Tıp Dergisi 2009; 1: 29-36.
  • Ahn SS, Kim EK, Kang DR, Lim SK, Kwak JY, Kim MJ. Biopsy of thyroid nodules: comparison of three sets of guidelines. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010;194(1):31-7.
  • Zafon C, Obiols G, Baena JA, Castellví J, Dalama B, Mesa J. Preoperative thyrotropin serum concentrations gradually increase from benign thyroid nodules to papillary thyroid microcarcinomas then to papillary thyroid cancers of larger size. J Thyroid Res 2012;2012:530721.
  • Frates MC, Benson CB, Doubilet PM, Kunreuther E, Contreras M, Cibas ES, Orcutt J, Moore FD Jr, Larsen PR, Marqusee E, Alexander EK. Prevalence and distribution of carcinoma in patients with solitary and multiple thyroid nodules on sonography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(9):3411-7.
  • Ron E: Thyroid cancer incidence among people living in areas contaminated by radiation from the Chernobyl accident. Health Phys 2007;93:502-11.
  • Arısoy K, Köksoy FN, Gönüllü D, İğdem AA, Kuru B. Nodüle guatr nedeniyle total tiroidektomi yapılmış ve tiroid kanseri saptanmış hastalarda kanserin dominant nodül ile ilişkisi. Ulusal Cerrahi Dergisi 2012; 28(4):182-5.
  • Mohammadi A, Hajizadeh T. Evaluation of diagnostic efficacy of ultrasounds coming system to select thyroid nodules requiring fine needle aspiration biopsy. Int J Clin Exp Med 2013;6:641-8.
  • Bomelli SR, LeBeau SO, Ferris RL. Evaluation of a thyroid nodule. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2010; 43: 229-38.
  • Popoveniuc G, Jonklaas J. Thyroid nodules. Med Clin North Am 2012; 96: 329-49.
  • Hammad AY, Noureldine SI, Hu T, Ibrahim Y, Masoodi HM, Kandil E. A meta-analysis examining the independent association between thyroid nodule size and malignancy. Gland Surgery 2016;5(3): 312-7.
  • McHenry CR, Huh ES, Machekano RN. Is the nodule size an independent predictor of thyroid malignancy? Surgery 2008; 144:1062-8.
  • Gul K, Ersoy R, Dirikoc A, Korukluoglu B, Ersoy PF, Aydin R, Ugras SN, Belenli OK, Cakir B. Ultrasonographic cytological and histopathological findings. Endocrine 2009;36(3): 464-72.
  • Gul K, Ersoy R, Dirikoc A, Korukluoglu B, Ersoy PE, Aydin R, Ugras SN, Belenli OK, Cakir B. Ultrasonographic evaluation of thyroid nodules: Comparison of ultrasonographic, cytological, and histopathological findings. Endocrine 2009;36(3):464-72.
  • Kwak JY, Han KH, Yoon JH, Moon HJ, Son EJ, Park SH, Jung HK, Choi JS, Kim BM, Kim EK. Thyroid imaging reporting and data system for US features of nodules: A step in establishing better stratification of cancer risk, Radiology 2011;260: 892-9.

Relationship Between Thyroid Nodule Diameter and Malignancy: Does Nodule Diameter Actually Increase Probability of Malignancy?

Year 2017, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 191 - 196, 01.01.2017

Abstract

Objective: Thyroid nodules are the most important pathologies of the thyroid gland. The presence of certain features in thyroid nodules increases the likelihood that the nodule is malignant. In our study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between malignancy and nodule diameter, and other risk factors that we encountered on ultrasonography USG in terms of malignancy.Material and Methods: This study was carried out on 271 cases operated between 2006 and 2012 at the Clinic of General Surgery, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital. Features such as age, gender, USG nodule size, structure, number, echogenicity, contour features, calcification status were evaluated according to the findings and the results of fine needle aspiration biopsy FNAB .Results: Of the 271 patients included in the study, 227 83.8% were female and 44 16% were male. The mean age for all groups was 49.2 ± 13. When single nodule diameter and malignancy were evaluated, there was a significant correlation between nodule diameter and post-operative outcome of the patients p = 0.001 . The proportion of nodules with a diameter less than 1 cm was lower in benign nodules while nodules with a diameter less than 1 cm were more common among malignant nodules. In the multinodular group, the relationship between malignancy and diameter was not significant p = 0.679 . Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between nodule diameter and malignancy, which is more significant in solitary nodules, and smaller nodules are more malignant. In conclusion, nodule diameter is important in the follow-up of the thyroid nodule, but it does not make much sense in distinguishing benign lesions from malignant

References

  • Gharib H, Papini E, Garber RS, Duick DS, Harrel RM, Hagedüs L, Paschke R,Valcavi R, Vitti P. Thyroid nodule management executive summary. Endocr Pract 2016;22(5): 622-39.
  • Sakorafas GH, Giotakis J, Stafyla V. Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: A surgical perspective. Cancer Treat Rev 2005;31: 423-38.
  • Boufragech M, Patel D, Xiong Y, Kebebew E. Diagnosis of thyroid cancer: State of art. Expert Opin Med Diagn 2013;7: 331-42.
  • Solbiati L, Charboneau JW, Osti V, James EM, Hay ID. The thyroid gland. In: Rumack CM, Wilson SR, Charboneau JW, eds. Diagnostic Ultrasound. Vol. 1. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Mosby 2005; 735-70.
  • Ogilvie JB, Piatigorsky ES, Clark OH. Current status of fine needle aspiration for thyroid nodules. Adu Surg 2006;40: 223-38.
  • Berker D, Aydın Y, Ustun I, Gul K, Tutuncu Y, Işık S, Delibasi T, Guler S. The value of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in subcentimeter thyroid nodules. Thyroid 2008;18(6):603-8.
  • Pacini E, Schlumberger M, Dralle H, Elisei R, Smit JWA, Wiersinga W. European consensus fort he management of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma of the follicular epithelium. European Journal of Endocrinology 2006;154(6): 787-803.
  • Popli MB, Rastogi A, Bhalla P, Solanki Y. Utility of gray- scale ultrasound to differentiate benign from malignant thyroid nodules. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2012;22(1):63-8.
  • Erdoğan G. Tiroid glandının neoplastik hastalıkları. Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi 1990; 10:427-42.
  • Maia FF, Matos PS, Silva BP, Pallone AT, Pavin EJ, Vassallo J, Zantut-Wittmann DE. Role of ultrasound, clinical and scintigraphyc parameters to predict malignancy in thyroid nodule. Head Neck Oncol 2011;22(3):17.
  • Supit E, Peiris AN. Cost-effective management of thyroid nodules and nodular thyroid goiters. South Med J 2002; 95(5):514-9.
  • Flanagan MB, Ohori NP, Carty SE, Hunt JL. Repeat thyroid nodule Fine-needle aspiration in patients with initial benign cytologic results. Am J Clin Pathol 2006;125(5):698-702.
  • Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani P. GLOBOCAN 2000: Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide, version 1.0, Lyon: IARC Press, 2001.
  • Kaynaroğlu ZV. Tiroid Nodüllerine Genel Yaklaşım, Sayek İ, ed. Temel Cerrahi, Ankara Güneş Kitapevi, 2004:3;165; 1571-81.
  • Mazafferi E. Management of a solitary thyroid nodule. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:553-6.
  • Cerutti JM. Employing genetic markers to improve diagnosis of thyroid tumor fine needle biopsy. Curr Genomics 2011;12(8):589-96.
  • Danese D, Sciacchitano S, Farsetti A, Andreoli M, Pontecorvi A: Diagnostic accuracy of conventional versus sonography guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules. Thyroid 1998;8:15-21.
  • İnce Ü. İnce İğne Aspirasyon biyopsisi tekniği. İşgör A, ed. Tiroid Hastalıkları ve Cerrahisi. İstanbul: Avrupa Tıp Kitapçılık, 2000; 3: 187-94.
  • Bildik N, Altıntaş MM, Aslan E, Çevik A, Ekinci H, Dalkılıç G, Altıntaş B. Tiroid hastalıklarında postoperatif histopatolojik inceleme ile preoperatif testler arasındaki ilişki. Kartal Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Tıp Dergisi 2009; 1: 29-36.
  • Ahn SS, Kim EK, Kang DR, Lim SK, Kwak JY, Kim MJ. Biopsy of thyroid nodules: comparison of three sets of guidelines. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010;194(1):31-7.
  • Zafon C, Obiols G, Baena JA, Castellví J, Dalama B, Mesa J. Preoperative thyrotropin serum concentrations gradually increase from benign thyroid nodules to papillary thyroid microcarcinomas then to papillary thyroid cancers of larger size. J Thyroid Res 2012;2012:530721.
  • Frates MC, Benson CB, Doubilet PM, Kunreuther E, Contreras M, Cibas ES, Orcutt J, Moore FD Jr, Larsen PR, Marqusee E, Alexander EK. Prevalence and distribution of carcinoma in patients with solitary and multiple thyroid nodules on sonography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91(9):3411-7.
  • Ron E: Thyroid cancer incidence among people living in areas contaminated by radiation from the Chernobyl accident. Health Phys 2007;93:502-11.
  • Arısoy K, Köksoy FN, Gönüllü D, İğdem AA, Kuru B. Nodüle guatr nedeniyle total tiroidektomi yapılmış ve tiroid kanseri saptanmış hastalarda kanserin dominant nodül ile ilişkisi. Ulusal Cerrahi Dergisi 2012; 28(4):182-5.
  • Mohammadi A, Hajizadeh T. Evaluation of diagnostic efficacy of ultrasounds coming system to select thyroid nodules requiring fine needle aspiration biopsy. Int J Clin Exp Med 2013;6:641-8.
  • Bomelli SR, LeBeau SO, Ferris RL. Evaluation of a thyroid nodule. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2010; 43: 229-38.
  • Popoveniuc G, Jonklaas J. Thyroid nodules. Med Clin North Am 2012; 96: 329-49.
  • Hammad AY, Noureldine SI, Hu T, Ibrahim Y, Masoodi HM, Kandil E. A meta-analysis examining the independent association between thyroid nodule size and malignancy. Gland Surgery 2016;5(3): 312-7.
  • McHenry CR, Huh ES, Machekano RN. Is the nodule size an independent predictor of thyroid malignancy? Surgery 2008; 144:1062-8.
  • Gul K, Ersoy R, Dirikoc A, Korukluoglu B, Ersoy PF, Aydin R, Ugras SN, Belenli OK, Cakir B. Ultrasonographic cytological and histopathological findings. Endocrine 2009;36(3): 464-72.
  • Gul K, Ersoy R, Dirikoc A, Korukluoglu B, Ersoy PE, Aydin R, Ugras SN, Belenli OK, Cakir B. Ultrasonographic evaluation of thyroid nodules: Comparison of ultrasonographic, cytological, and histopathological findings. Endocrine 2009;36(3):464-72.
  • Kwak JY, Han KH, Yoon JH, Moon HJ, Son EJ, Park SH, Jung HK, Choi JS, Kim BM, Kim EK. Thyroid imaging reporting and data system for US features of nodules: A step in establishing better stratification of cancer risk, Radiology 2011;260: 892-9.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sadettin Er This is me

Tezcan Akın This is me

Savaş Baba This is me

Hüseyin Berkem This is me

Murat Kendirci This is me

Ramazan Topçu This is me

Lyas Hakan Özel This is me

Bülent Cavit Yüksel This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 3 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Er S, Akın T, Baba S, Berkem H, Kendirci M, Topçu R, Özel LH, Yüksel BC. Tiroid Nodül Çapı Malignite İlişkisi: Gerçekten Nodül Çapı Arttıkça Malignite Olasılığı Artmakta mıdır?. Akd Med J. 2017;3(3):191-6.