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Erişkin Psikiyatri ve Çocuk Psikiyatrisi Hekimlerinin Metilfenidat ve Metilfenidatın Endike, Endikasyon Dışı ve Tıbbi Olmayan Kullanımı Konusundaki Tutum, Bilgi ve İnançları

Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 466 - 472, 01.01.2020

Abstract

Amaç: Metilfenidat MPH ’ın da dahil olduğu psikostimülanlar, dikkat eksikliği/hiperaktivite bozukluğu DEHB tedavisinde birinci basamak ilaçlardır. MPH sadece DEHB ve narkolepsi için endike olmakla birlikte; endikasyon dışı kullanımı yaygındır. Tıbbi olmayan kullanımı ise, özellikle MPHʼnin bilişsel becerileri artırdığı şeklindeki popüler görüş nedeniyle özellikle öğrenciler ve hekimler arasında artış eğilimindedir. Ancak, bildiğimiz kadarıyla, şu ana kadar erişkin psikiyatristleri ve çocuk ve ergen psikiyatristleri arasında MPHʼnin endikasyon dışı ve tıbbi olmayan kullanımını değerlendiren bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmada erişkin psikiyatristlerinin ve çocuk ve ergen psikiyatristlerinin MPH’ın endike, endikasyon dışı ve tıbbi olmayan kullanımı hakkındaki tutum, bilgi ve inançlarını değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. Böylelikle bu özel popülasyonda MPH hakkında gerçeğe uygun ya da gerçek dışı inançları belirleyip asistanlıkta ve asistanlık sonrası eğitimler planlamak mümkün olacağı gibi; endikasyon dışı kullanım alanları da saptanacak ve yeni endikasyonların belirlenmesi konusunda literatüre katkı sağlayacaktır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışma için veriler Google forms® kullanılarak araştırmacı tarafından tasarlanan İnternet bazlı bir anket aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Katılım davetleri erişkin psikiyatri ve çocuk ve ergen psikiyatrisi meslek gruplarında sosyal medya platformları üzerinden paylaşılmıştır. Veriler 2019 Ağustos ayında toplanmıştır.Bulgular: Katılımcıların %39.2ʼsinin erişkin psikiyatristi, %60.8ʼinin çocuk ve ergen psikiyatristi olduğu saptandı. Tüm hekimler MPHʼyi değişen oranlarda reçete ettiklerini bildirdi. Endikasyon dışı MPH reçeteleme oranı %71.8 idi. MPH’nin endikasyon dışı en çok reçete edildiği olgular çocuklarda kontrolsüz hiperaktivite ve ajitasyon ile seyreden otizm ve/veya zihinsel gerilik ile 6 yaşın altında DEHB’si olan çocuklar iken, yetişkinlerde tedaviye dirençli depresyon oldu. Tıbbi olmayan kullanım da %59.4 ile yüksek bulundu. Tıbbi olmayan kullanımın en yaygın nedeni, akademik aktiviteler için bilişsel becerileri artırma iken, ardından gece nöbetleri esnasında dikkati artırma ve uykuyu azaltma olarak bildirildi. Hekimlerin MPH ve DEHB hakkındaki bilgileri genel olarak yeterliydi, ancak tanı süreci hakkında bazı şüpheleri olduğu saptandı.Sonuç: Tüm katılımcılar hem endike hem de endikasyon dışı durumlar için MPH reçete etmektedir. Tüm hekimlerin MPH hakkında yeterli bilgisi olmakla birlikte, erişkin psikiyatristlerinin ilacın kötüye kullanımı ve olası yan etkileri hakkında daha fazla kaygılı oldukları görüldü. MPHʼnin tıbbi olmayan kullanımı, katılımcılar arasında önceden bildirilmiş olan oranlardan daha yüksek bulundu. Bu bağlamda yeni ve daha kapsamlı çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır

References

  • Faraone, SV. The pharmacology of amphetamine and methylphenidate: Relevance to the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 87:255-70.
  • Scahill L, Schwab-Stone M. Epidemiology of ADHD in school-age children. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2000; 9:541-55.
  • Trenque T, Herlem E, Taam MA, Drame M. Methylphenidate off-label use and safety. Springer Plus 2014; 3(1):286-93.
  • Cohen, YG, Segev RW, Shlafman N, Novack1 V, Ifergane G. Methylphenidate use among medical students at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Neurosci Rural Pract 2015; 6(3):320-26.
  • Ragan CI, Bard I, Singh I. What should we do about student use of cognitive enhancers? An analysis of current evidence. Neuropharmacology 2013; 64:588-95.
  • McCabe SE, Knight JR, Teter CJ, Wechsler H. Non- medical use of prescription stimulants among US college students: Prevalence and correlates from a national survey. Addiction 2005; 100(1):96-106.
  • Tuttle JP, Scheurich NE, Ranseen J. Prevalence of ADHD diagnosis and nonmedical prescription stimulant use in medical students. Acad Psychiatry 2010; 34(3):220- 3.
  • McNiel AD, Muzzin KB, DeWald JP, McCann AL, Schneiderman ED, Scofield J, Campbell PR. The Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among dental and dental hygiene students. J Dent Educ 2011; 75(3): 365-76.
  • Kudlow PA, Naylor KT, Xie B, McIntyre RS. Cognitive enhancement in Canadian medical students. J Psychoactive Drugs 2013; 45(4):360-5.
  • Webb JR, Valasek MA, North CS. Prevalence of stimulant use in a sample of US medical students. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2013; 25(1):27-32.
  • Denscombe, M. Web-Based questionnaires and the mode effect: An evaluation based on completion rates and data contents of near-identical questionnaires delivered in different modes. Soc Sci Comput Rev 2006; 24(2):246-54.
  • Guideline on good pharmacovigilance practices (GVP). Module V - risk management systems. European Medicines Agency 2012; 17. Available at: https://www. ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/ draft-guideline-good-pharmacovigilance-practices- module-v-risk-management-systems_en.pdf
  • Drimmer EJ. Stimulant treatment of bulimia nervosa with and without attention-deficit disorder: three case reports. Nutrition 2003; 19(1):76-7.
  • Önder A, Sürer Adanir A. Methylphenidate treatment for binge-eating disorder in a 12-year-old boy. Psychiat Clin Psych 2018; 28(2):222-23.
  • Loy JH, Merry SN, Hetrick SE, Stasiak K. Atypical antipsychotics for disruptive behaviour disorders in children and youths. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 8(8):CD008559.
  • Gwirtsman HE, Szuba MP, Toren L, Feist M. The antidepressant response to tricyclics in major depressives is accelerated with adjunctive use of methylphenidate. Psychopharmacol Bull 1994; 30:157-64.
  • Wu LT, Pilowsky DJ, Schlenger WE, Galvin DM. Misuse of methamphetamine and prescription stimulants among youths and young adults in the community. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 89(2-3):195-205.
  • Kroutil L, Van Brunt D, Herman-Stahl M, Heller D, Bray R, Penne M. Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depen 2006; 84:135-43.
  • Weyandt L, Janusis G, Wilson K, Verdi G, Paquin G, Lopes J, Dussault C. Nonmedical prescription stimulant use among a sample of college students relationship with psychological variables. J Atten Disord 2009; 13:284-96.
  • White B, Becker-Blease K, Grace-Bishor K. Stimulant medication use, misuse, and abuse in an undergraduate and graduate student sample. J Am Coll Health 2006; 54: 261-68.
  • Bogle, KE, Bradley HS. “Illicit methylphenidate use: A review of prevalence, availability, pharmacology, and consequences.” Curr Drug Abuse Rev 2009; 2(2):157-76.
  • Low KG, Gendaszek AE. Illicit use of psychostimulants among college students: A preliminary study. Psychol Health Med 2002; 7(3):283-7.
  • Bulbul F, Alpak G, Unal A, Kilic OHT, Ermis B, Savas HA. Misuse of methylphenidate and attitudes about methylphenidate among resident physicians. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2014; 24(2):135-38.
  • Repantis D, Schlattmann P, Laisney O, Heuser I. Modafinil and methylphenidate for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: A systematic review. Pharmacol Res 2010; 62(3):187-206.

The Attitudes, Beliefs and Knowledge of Adult Psychiatrists and Child and Adolescent Psychiatrists About Methylphenidate and its Indicated, Off-Label, and Nonmedical Use

Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 466 - 472, 01.01.2020

Abstract

Objective: Psychostimulants including methylphenidate MPH constitute first-line pharmacotherapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD . MPH is only indicated for ADHD and narcolepsy but its off-label use is common. The nonmedical use is also on rise especially among students and physicians, because of the popular opinion that MPH provides cognitive improvement. However, to our knowledge, there is no previous study evaluating the off-label and nonmedical use of MPH among adult psychiatrists and child and adolescent psychiatrists. In this context, the study aimed to evaluate the attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge of adult psychiatrists and child and adolescent psychiatrists about MPH and its indicated, off-label and nonmedical use among this population. Thus, in this particular population, it will be possible to identify realistic or unrealistic beliefs about MPH and to plan training for residents and specialists. Non-indications also will be identified and will contribute to the literature on the identification of new indications.Material and Methods: Data for this study were collected via an Internet-based survey designed by the researcher using Google forms®. Invitations to participate were shared in adult psychiatrists and child and adolescent psychiatry occupational groups on social media platforms. Data were collected during August 2019.Results: Of the participants, 39.2% were adult psychiatrists and 60.8% were child and adolescent psychiatrists. All physicians reported that they prescribed MPH at varying rates. The rate of prescribing off-label MPH was 71.8%. The cases most commonly prescribed off-label MPH were autism, mental retardation, and/or ADHD with uncontrolled hyperactivity and agitation under the age of 6 in the children and treatment-resistant depression in the adults, respectively. Nonmedical use was also high at 59.4%. The most common reason for nonmedical use was determined as cognitive improvement for academic activities, followed by reducing sleep and increasing attention during night shifts. Their knowledge about MPH and ADHD was sufficient in general. However, there were some doubts about the diagnostic process.Conclusion: All participants had been prescribing MPH, both for indicated and off-label cases. They all had substantial knowledge about MPH. However, the adult psychiatrists were more concerned about misuse and the probable adverse effects. The nonmedical use of MPH was also higher among participants than the previously reported rates. New and more comprehensive studies are needed in this context

References

  • Faraone, SV. The pharmacology of amphetamine and methylphenidate: Relevance to the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 87:255-70.
  • Scahill L, Schwab-Stone M. Epidemiology of ADHD in school-age children. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2000; 9:541-55.
  • Trenque T, Herlem E, Taam MA, Drame M. Methylphenidate off-label use and safety. Springer Plus 2014; 3(1):286-93.
  • Cohen, YG, Segev RW, Shlafman N, Novack1 V, Ifergane G. Methylphenidate use among medical students at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Neurosci Rural Pract 2015; 6(3):320-26.
  • Ragan CI, Bard I, Singh I. What should we do about student use of cognitive enhancers? An analysis of current evidence. Neuropharmacology 2013; 64:588-95.
  • McCabe SE, Knight JR, Teter CJ, Wechsler H. Non- medical use of prescription stimulants among US college students: Prevalence and correlates from a national survey. Addiction 2005; 100(1):96-106.
  • Tuttle JP, Scheurich NE, Ranseen J. Prevalence of ADHD diagnosis and nonmedical prescription stimulant use in medical students. Acad Psychiatry 2010; 34(3):220- 3.
  • McNiel AD, Muzzin KB, DeWald JP, McCann AL, Schneiderman ED, Scofield J, Campbell PR. The Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among dental and dental hygiene students. J Dent Educ 2011; 75(3): 365-76.
  • Kudlow PA, Naylor KT, Xie B, McIntyre RS. Cognitive enhancement in Canadian medical students. J Psychoactive Drugs 2013; 45(4):360-5.
  • Webb JR, Valasek MA, North CS. Prevalence of stimulant use in a sample of US medical students. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2013; 25(1):27-32.
  • Denscombe, M. Web-Based questionnaires and the mode effect: An evaluation based on completion rates and data contents of near-identical questionnaires delivered in different modes. Soc Sci Comput Rev 2006; 24(2):246-54.
  • Guideline on good pharmacovigilance practices (GVP). Module V - risk management systems. European Medicines Agency 2012; 17. Available at: https://www. ema.europa.eu/en/documents/scientific-guideline/ draft-guideline-good-pharmacovigilance-practices- module-v-risk-management-systems_en.pdf
  • Drimmer EJ. Stimulant treatment of bulimia nervosa with and without attention-deficit disorder: three case reports. Nutrition 2003; 19(1):76-7.
  • Önder A, Sürer Adanir A. Methylphenidate treatment for binge-eating disorder in a 12-year-old boy. Psychiat Clin Psych 2018; 28(2):222-23.
  • Loy JH, Merry SN, Hetrick SE, Stasiak K. Atypical antipsychotics for disruptive behaviour disorders in children and youths. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 8(8):CD008559.
  • Gwirtsman HE, Szuba MP, Toren L, Feist M. The antidepressant response to tricyclics in major depressives is accelerated with adjunctive use of methylphenidate. Psychopharmacol Bull 1994; 30:157-64.
  • Wu LT, Pilowsky DJ, Schlenger WE, Galvin DM. Misuse of methamphetamine and prescription stimulants among youths and young adults in the community. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 89(2-3):195-205.
  • Kroutil L, Van Brunt D, Herman-Stahl M, Heller D, Bray R, Penne M. Nonmedical use of prescription stimulants in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depen 2006; 84:135-43.
  • Weyandt L, Janusis G, Wilson K, Verdi G, Paquin G, Lopes J, Dussault C. Nonmedical prescription stimulant use among a sample of college students relationship with psychological variables. J Atten Disord 2009; 13:284-96.
  • White B, Becker-Blease K, Grace-Bishor K. Stimulant medication use, misuse, and abuse in an undergraduate and graduate student sample. J Am Coll Health 2006; 54: 261-68.
  • Bogle, KE, Bradley HS. “Illicit methylphenidate use: A review of prevalence, availability, pharmacology, and consequences.” Curr Drug Abuse Rev 2009; 2(2):157-76.
  • Low KG, Gendaszek AE. Illicit use of psychostimulants among college students: A preliminary study. Psychol Health Med 2002; 7(3):283-7.
  • Bulbul F, Alpak G, Unal A, Kilic OHT, Ermis B, Savas HA. Misuse of methylphenidate and attitudes about methylphenidate among resident physicians. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2014; 24(2):135-38.
  • Repantis D, Schlattmann P, Laisney O, Heuser I. Modafinil and methylphenidate for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: A systematic review. Pharmacol Res 2010; 62(3):187-206.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Asli Surer Adanır This is me

Publication Date January 1, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Surer Adanır A. Erişkin Psikiyatri ve Çocuk Psikiyatrisi Hekimlerinin Metilfenidat ve Metilfenidatın Endike, Endikasyon Dışı ve Tıbbi Olmayan Kullanımı Konusundaki Tutum, Bilgi ve İnançları. Akd Med J. 2020;6(3):466-72.