Sputnik Sonrası Amerikan Eğitim Reformlarının Değerlendirilmesi
Year 2021,
Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 48 - 68, 31.03.2021
Habibe Güneş
,
Levent Durdu
Yüksel Göktaş
Abstract
Sovyet Rusya’nın 4 Ekim 1957’de ilk insan yapımı uyduyu Ay’a göndermesiyle Amerika ve Rusya arasında tırmanan soğuk savaş; politika, ekonomik değişimler ve eğitim reformlarıyla kendini göstermiştir. Özellikle fen, matematik, mühendislik ve teknoloji alanlarında eğitim sisteminde köklü değişikliklere sebep olacak şekilde eğitim programları güncellenmiştir. Bu zaman içerisinde 1958 Reformundan (National Defence Educational Act), 2015 Reformuna Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) kadar pek çok eğitim reformu gerçekleştirilmiş ve eğitim politikalarındaki değişim süreci devam ettirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; uluslararası pek çok platformda söz sahibi olan bir ülkenin eğitim sisteminde -Sputnik’in Ay’a gönderiminden itibaren günümüze kadar- gerçekleştirdiği reformları incelemek ve bu sonuçlardan yola çıkılarak ülkemizde yapılabilecek reformlara yönelik öneriler sunmaktır. Doküman inceleme tekniğiyle gerçekleştirilen bu derleme çalışmasında 1958-2020 yılları arasında, ERIC ve Web of Science veritabanlarında yer alan eğitim reformlarına ve makalelere erişilmiş, amaçlı örnekleme ile seçilen 66 rapor ve makale çalışmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçlarının ayrıca Türk Eğitim Sistemi’ndeki eksikliklerin fark edilmesine katkı sağlayacağı ve bir yol haritası çizilebilmesine ışık tutacağı varsayılmaktadır.
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- Knowles, T., Kober, N., Ludwig, J., Petrilli, M. J., Slavin, R., & Tseng, V. (2013). Leveraging learning: The evolving role of federal policy in education research. Aspen Institute.
- Levent, F., & Çayak, S. (2017). Türkiye'de Suriyeli öğrencilerin eğitimine yönelik okul yöneticilerinin görüşleri. Hasan Ali Yücel Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1), 21.
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- LoPresti, C. L. (1971). The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965: The birth of compensatory education. Urb. L. Ann., 145.
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Year 2021,
Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 48 - 68, 31.03.2021
Habibe Güneş
,
Levent Durdu
Yüksel Göktaş
References
- Akgün, E., Yılmaz, E. O., & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2011). Vizyon 2023 strateji belgesi ve fırsatları artırma ve teknolojiyi iyileştirme hareketi (FATİH) projesi: Karşılaştırmalı bir inceleme. Akademik Bilişim, 2(4), 115-122.
- Baş, G. (2013). Amerika Birlesik Devletleri Egitim Sistemi: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışma. Journal of Educational Science, 1(1), 63-93.
- Berman, P. (1977). Federal Programs Supporting Educational Change, Vol. VII: Factors Affecting Implementation and Continuation.
- Bulduk, S. (2012). Sputnik sendromu. Sosyoloji Dergisi, 3(12), 61-69.
- Carter Gilbert (1957, 7 Aralık). America’s Sputnik dies bleeping on the ground Oh What a Flopnik! Satelite blows up before take-off. Daily Herald
- Coşan, M. C., & Emiroğlu, O. N. (2005). Bilimsel makale nasıl yazılır? Hemșirelikte Araştırma Geliştirme Dergisi, 1(2), 26-38
- Cross, C. (2005). The evolving role of the federal government in education. After Student Standards Alignment, 1-13.
- Department of Education (2010). Supporting Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Education (2010). https://ed.gov/policy/elsec/leg/blueprint/faq/supporting-stem.pdf
- DeWitt, N. (1958). Basic Comparative Data on Soviet and American Education. Comparative Education Review, 2(1), 9-11.
- Dickson, P. (2001). Sputnik: The Shock ofthe Century, New York, 223, 10-11.
- DuBridge, L. A. (1958). The challenge of Sputnik. Engineering and science, 21(5), 13-18.
- Eckert, S. A. (2011). The National Teacher Corps: A study of shifting goals and changing assumptions. Urban Education, 46(5), 932-952.
- Education Post. (2019). The ABC’s of ESEA, ESSA and No Child Left Behind. https://educationpost.org/the-abcs-of-esea-essa-and-no-child-left-behind/
- ESSA Act (2015). Elementary and secondary educatıon act. Comparison of the No Child Left Behind Act to the Every Student Succeeds Act.
https://www.ascd.org/ASCD/pdf/siteASCD/policy/ESEA_NCLB_ComparisonChart_2015.pdf
- ESSA İlerleme Raporu (2015). Every student succeeds act: A progress report on elementary and secondary education. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/documents/ESSA_Progress_Report.pdf
- ESSA Raporu (2016). Meaningful Change Under the Every Student Succeeds Act: Recommendations From Pennsylvania Public Education Stakeholders. https://www.psba.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/ESSA-report-2016.pdf adresinden 07.06.2017
- Fiş Erümit S., Gedik N., & Göktaş Y., (2016). Türkiye’de öğretim teknolojilerinin gelişimi: 1984-2015 dönemi. Çağıltay K., Göktaş Y., (Ed.) içinde Öğretim Teknolojilerinin Temelleri: Teoriler, Araştırmalar, Eğilimler (ss. 57-79) , Pegem A Yayıncılık, Ankara.
- Hayes, D. P., Wolfer, L. T., & Wolfe, M. F. (1996). Schoolbook simplification and its relation to the decline in SAT-verbal scores. American Educational Research Journal, 33(2), 489-508.
- Herold, J. (1974). Sputnik in American education: A history and reappraisal. McGill Journal of Education/Revue des sciences de l'éducation de McGill, 9(2), 143-164
- Hoffman, D. (2012). The Story of Sputnik Moment. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhJnt3xW2Fc
- Hürriyet (2019). Meslek liseleri odalara emanet (2019). http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/meslek-liseleri-odalara-emanet-41130987
- Iorio, S. H., & Yeager, M. E. (2011). School Reform: Past, Present and Future. Wichita State Universiy, College of Education, Wichita. Retrieved October, 2, 2014.
- Jeffrey, J. (1978). Education for children of the poor: A study of the origins and implementation of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.
- Johnson, M. (2016). The Every Student Succeeds Act: Opportunities and Responsibilities. re: VISION. Hunt Institute.
- Jolly, J. L. (2009). The National Defense Education Act, Current STEM Initiative, and the Gifted. Gifted Child Today, 32(2), 50-53.
- Kantarcı, Z. (2014).En iyi yönetime giden yol: Aristoteles’in siyaset felsefesi. Mavi Atlas Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 20-39.
- Kaya, N. G. (2013). Üstün yetenekli öğrencilerin eğitimi ve BİLSEM’ler. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(1).
- Kazamias, A. M. (2009). Paideia and politeia: Education, and the polity/state in comparative education. In International handbook of comparative education (ss. 161-168). Springer Netherlands.
- Knowles, T., Kober, N., Ludwig, J., Petrilli, M. J., Slavin, R., & Tseng, V. (2013). Leveraging learning: The evolving role of federal policy in education research. Aspen Institute.
- Levent, F., & Çayak, S. (2017). Türkiye'de Suriyeli öğrencilerin eğitimine yönelik okul yöneticilerinin görüşleri. Hasan Ali Yücel Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1), 21.
- Lips, D. (2008). A Nation Still at Risk: The Case for Federalism and School Choice. Backgrounder. No. 2125. Heritage Foundation.
- LoPresti, C. L. (1971). The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965: The birth of compensatory education. Urb. L. Ann., 145.
- Martin, M. (2016). School Accountability Systems and the Every Student Succeeds Act. Re: VISION. Hunt Institute.
- Mason, L. D. (1968). School-Work Programs: The Vocational Education Act in Action. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 42(5), 294-296.
- MEB. (2017). Suriyeli çocukların Türk eğitim sistemine entegrasyonunun desteklenmesi projesi. https://pictes.meb.gov.tr/izleme/Home/ProjeninAmaci
- McGuinn, P. (2012). Stimulating reform: Race to the Top, competitive grants and the Obama education agenda. Educational Policy, 26(1), 136-159.
- McGuinn, P. (2015). Schooling the State: ESEA and the Evolution of the US Department of Education. RSF.
- Merriam, S. B. (2013). Nitel araştırma: Desen ve uygulama için bir rehber (3. Baskıdan Çeviri, Çeviri Editörü: S. Turan). Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım
- NDEA (1958). https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-72/pdf/STATUTE-72-Pg1580.pdf
- No Child Left Behind Raporu (2002). The no child left behind act of 2001 https://www2.ed.gov/nclb/overview/intro/execsumm.pdf adresinden 07.06.2017
- Paul, C. A. (2016). Elementary and secondary education act of 1965. Social Welfare History Project.
- Reiser, R. (2001). A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part II: A History of Instructional Design. Educational Technology Research and Development, 49(2), 57-67. Retrieved January 16, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/30220311
- Reitz, J. W. (1969). Part E-Education Professions Development Act of 1967.
- Rogers, B. (2009), “Better” People, Better Teaching: The Vision of the National Teacher Corps, 1965–1968. History of Education Quarterly, 49: 347–372. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2009.00212.x
- Sperlinga, E. (2020). The Challenges of American Education Reform: The Common Core Standards for School Mathematics.
- Stallings, D. T. (2002). A brief history of the United States department of education. Durham, NC: Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University.
- Şimsek, A. (2011). Öğretim tasarımı ve modelleri. K. Çağıltay ve Y. Göktaş (Editör), Ögretim Teknolojilerinin Temelleri: Teoriler, Arastirmalar, Egilimler ( 99-117) içinde. PEGEMA: Ankara.
- Teacher Corps. (2017). Dictionary of American history. http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/teacher-corps
- Thomas, J. Y., & Brady, K. P. (2005). Chapter 3: The Elementary and Secondary Education Act at 40: Equity, accountability, and the evolving federal role in public education. Review of Research in Education, 29(1), 51-67.
- Toker Gökçe, A., (2013). Yeni Ekonomik Düzen, Eğitim Reformları ve Eğitimin Geleceği. Eğitim Sosyolojisi (pp.249-270), İstanbul: Lisans Yayıncılık.
- Web (2017). Comparing the political ideology of presidents. http://factmyth.com/comparing-the-political-ideology-of-presidents/
- Yıldırım, A. & Şimşek, H. (2016). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (10.baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.