Heretic Movements in Orthodox Russia

Year 2023, , 21 - 42, 25.01.2023

Servet Doğan

https://doi.org/10.31126/akrajournal.1145454

Abstract

Although it was not on the same scale as in the Catholic World and Western Europe, a number of heretical movements developed in Orthodox Russia and troubled the Ordodox Church. In the Orthodox world, the starting points of the heretical movements have generally been in the form of the church hierarchy, the divinity of Jesus, the formalism of establishment religiosity, religious abuse, and refusal to worship icons. Likewise, it was opposed to the Orthodox Church's authority to understand correctly and interpret the Bible. Heretic religious movements in Russia opposed the injustice in society, personal property, the authority of the Church and the state more strongly than the reformist movements in the West. The Russian Orthodox Church and the political authority have struggled with these movements from time to time, resorting to violence and repression. However, the reform movements in the Eastern Christian world were not as large-scale as in the West, nor were they such that they would not cause religious wars that would last for many years. In the same way, there have been no inquisitions and crusades against these religious mevements. Although there have been occasional prosecutions, mass deportations and rarely executions by burning, sometimes the Russian State and the Orthodox Church have gone to get rid of the problem by reconciliation or granting the those movements religious freedoms.

Keywords

Russia, Christianity, orthodoxy, heretical movements

Ortodoks Rusya'da Heretik Akımlar

Abstract

Katolik Dünya ve Batı Avrupa’da olduğu ölçekte olmasa bile Ortodoks Rusya'da da bir takım “heretik” cereyanlar gelişmiş ve Ortodoks Kiliseyi uğraştırmıştır. Ortodoks dünyada heretik akımların hareket noktaları genelde kilise hiyerarşisi, İsa'nın tanrılığı, müesses din şekilciliği, din istismarı ve ikonlara ibadeti reddetme şeklinde olmuştur. Aynı şekilde Kutsal Kitabı anlam ve yorumlama yetkisinin Ortodoks Kiliseye ait olmasına karşı çıkılmıştır. Rusya’daki heretik dinî akımlar Batıdaki reformist akımlardan daha güçlü bir şekilde toplumdaki adaletsizliğe, şahsi mülkiyete, Kilisenin ve devletin otoritesine karşı çıkılmışlardır. Rus Ortodoks Kilisesi ve siyasi otorite bu akımlarla zaman zaman şiddete ve baskıya başvurarak mücadele vermiştir. Ancak Hristiyan dünyanın doğusundaki reform hareketleri ve heretik cereyanlar Batıdaki kadar büyük çaplı olmadığı gibi uzun yıllar sürecek din savaşlarına da neden olacak boyutta olmadı. Aynı şekilde bu akımlara karşı engizisyon ve haçlı seferleri de söz konusu olmamıştır. Zaman zaman kovuşturma, toplu sürgün ve nadiren yakarak idamlar olmuşsa da bazen de Çar ve Ortodoks Kilise onlarla uzlaşma yoluna giderek veya dinî özgürlükler vererek sorunu hâlletme yoluna gitmiştir.

Keywords

Rusya, Hristiyanlık, Ortodoksi, Heretik Hareketler

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