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Elektronik Sigara ve Sağlığı Etkileri

Year 2021, Volume: 30 Issue: 2, 94 - 100, 30.06.2021

Abstract

Hebert A. Gilbert tarafından 1963 yılında patentlenmiş olan elektronik sigara, tipik olarak nikotin ve diğer toksik maddeleri içerir. Elektronik sigaranın kullanım sıklıkları ülkeler arasında farklılıklar göstermekle birlikte tüm dünyada kullanım sıklığının artış gösterdiği düşünülmektedir. Halihazırda ülkemizde kullanım sıklığını ortaya koyan toplum tabanlı bir prevalans çalışması bulunmamaktadır. Elektronik sigara kullanma açısından erkekler, tütünle ilgili deneyimi bulunanlar, adölesanlar ve genç erişkinler risk altındadır. Elektronik sigaraların sağlık zararları çeşitli çalışmalarla ortaya konmuştur ancak uzun dönem sonuçlarının net olarak ortaya konabilmesi için yeni çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır. Elektronik sigaranın bilindik sigaraya kıyasla sağlık zararları daha az olmakla birlikte, elektronik sigara güvenli değildir. Sigara bırakmaya yardımcı bir araç olarak kullanımı önerilmemektedir. Elektronik sigara pasif etkilenime yol açar. Ülkemizde satışı ve kullanımı yasak olan elektronik sigaranın satışı ve kullanımı Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde (ABD) ve bazı Avrupa ülkelerinde serbesttir. 2019’da ABD’de elektronik sigara kullanımı ile bağlantılı bir akciğer hastalığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu durum ülke genelinde 2807 kişiyi etkilemiş ve 68 kişinin ölümüne sebep olmuştur. Nefes darlığı, göğüs ağrısı, öksürük, hemoptizi, mide bulantısı, kusma, karın ağrısı, ateş ve halsizlik gibi şikayetlerle kendini gösteren hastalık elektronik sigaranın içerdiği Vitamin E Asetat ve Tetrahidrokannabinol ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. ABD’de ortaya çıkan bu durum elektronik sigaranın ciddi ve ölümcül sonuçları olabileceğini göstermiştir.

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References

  • 1) WHO. Tobacco overwiev. https://www.who.int/health-topics/tobacco#tab=tab_1 (Erişim tarihi: 09.12.2020)
  • 2) O'Connor RJ, Cummings KM, Rees VW, Connolly GN, Norton KJ, Sweanor D et al. Surveillance methods for identifying, characterizing, and monitoring tobacco products: Potential reduced exposure products as an example. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009; 18(12): 3334-3348.
  • 3) Goniewicz ML, Knysak J, Gawron M, Kosmider L, Sobczak A, Kurek J et al. Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tobacco Control. 2014; 23(2): 133-139.
  • 4) WHO. Tobacco: E-cigarettes. https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/tobacco-e-cigarettes (Erişim tarihi: 09.12.2020)
  • 5) CDC. Smoking and tobacco use: Electronic cigarettes. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/about-e-cigarettes.html (Erişim tarihi: 09.12.2020)
  • 6) Gilbert HA. Smokeless non-tobacco cigarette. Google Patents; 1965. https://patents.google.com/patent/US3200819A/en (Erişim tarihi: 11.12.2020)
  • 7) Brozek GM, Jankowski M, Lawson JA, Shpakou A, Poznanski M, Zielonka TM et al. The prevalence of cigarette and e-cigarette smoking among students in Central and Eastern Europe-results of the YUPESS Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2019; 16: 2297.
  • 8) Vardavas CI, Filippidis FT, Agaku IT. Determinants and prevalence of e-cigarette use throughout the European Union: A secondary analysis of 26.566 youth and adults from 27 Countries. Tob. Control. 2015; 24: 442-448.
  • 9) Laverty AA, Filippidis FT, Vardavas CI. Patterns, trends and determinants of e-cigarette use in 28 European Union Member States 2014–2017. Prev. Med. 2018; 116: 13-18.
  • 10) Kapan A, Stefanac S, Sandner I, Haider S, Grabovac I, Dorner TE. Use of electronic cigarettes in European populations: A narrative review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020; 17: 1971.
  • 11) Azagba S, Kah K, Latham K. Frequency of e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking among Canadian students. Preventive Medicine. 2019; 126: 105769.
  • 12) Hammond D, Reid JL, Cole AG, Leatherdale ST. Electronic cigarette use and smoking initiation among youth: A longitudinal cohort study. CMAJ. 2017; 189 (43): E1328-E1336.
  • 13) de Oliveira WJC, Zobiole AF, de Lima CB, Zurita RM, Flores PEM, Rodrigues LGV et al. Electronic cigarette awareness and use among students at the Federal University of Mato Grosso, Brazil. J Bras Pneumol. 2018; 44(5): 367-369.
  • 14) Bertoni N, Szklo A, De Boni R, Coutinho C, Vasconcellos M, Silva PN et al. Electronic cigarettes and narghile users in Brazil: Do they differ from cigarettes smokers? Addict Behav. 2019; 98: 106007.
  • 15) Urrutia-Pereiraa M, Solé D, Chong Netoc HJ, Badellino H, Acosta V, Castro-Almarales RL et al. Youth tobacco use in Latin America: What is the real extent of the problem? Allergol Immunopathol. 2019; 47(4): 328-335.
  • 16) Gravely S, Driezen P, Ouimet J, Quah ACK, Cummings KM, Thompson ME et al. Prevalence of awareness, ever-use and current use of nicotine vaping products (NVPs) among adult current smokers and ex-smokers in 14 countries with differing regulations on sales and marketing of NVPs: crosssectional findings from the ITC Project. Addiction. 2019; 114(6): 1060-1073.
  • 17) Farsalinos KE, Niaura R. E-cigarettes and Smoking Cessation in the United States According to Frequency of E-cigarette Use and Quitting Duration: Analysis of the 2016 and 2017 National Health Interview Surveys. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2020; 22(5): 655-662.
  • 18) Galimov A, Shahawy OE, Unger JB, Masagutov R, Sussman S. Hookah use among Russian adolescents: Prevalence and correlates. Addictive Behaviors. 2019; 90: 258-264.
  • 19) Wang W, He Z, Feng N, Cai Y. Electronic cigarette use in China: Awareness, prevalence and regulation. Tob Induc Dis. 2019; 17: 30.
  • 20) Xiao L, Parascandola M, Wang C, Jiang Y. Perception and current use of e-cigarettes among youth in China. Nicotine&Tobacco Research. 2019; 21(10): 1401-1407.
  • 21) Asma S, Mackay J, Song SY, Zhao L, Morton J, Palipudi KM. The GATS Atlas. 2015. Atlanta, GA: CDC Foundation; 2018. http://gatsatlas.org/# (Erişim tarihi: 17.12.2020)
  • 22) Habib E, Helaly M, Elshaer A, Sriwi D, Ahmad MS, Mohamed MI et al. Prevalence and perceptions of e-cigarette use among medical students in a Saudi University. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020; 9(6): 3070–3075.
  • 23) Font-Mayolas S, Sullman MJM, Gras ME. Sex and polytobacco use among Spanish and Turkish university students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2019: 16; 5038.
  • 24) Özdemir S, Yaman Üzümcü L. Elektronik sigara kullanımı ve sağlık üzerine etkileri. J Tradit Complem Med. 2019; 2(3): 142-150.
  • 25) Etter JF. Electronic cigarettes: A survey of users. BMC Public Health. 2010; 10: 231.
  • 26) Etter JF, Bullen C. A longitudinal study of electronic cigarette users. Addictive Behaviors. 2014; 39(2): 491-494.
  • 27) Etter JF, Bullen C. Electronic cigarette: Users profile, utilization, satisfaction and perceived efficacy. Addiction. 2011; 106: 2017-2028.
  • 28) CDC. Smoking and tobacco use: Electronic cigarettes quick facts on the risks of e-cigarettes for kids, teens, and young adults. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/Quick-Facts-on-the-Risks-of-E-cigarettes-for-Kids-Teens-and-Young-Adults.html (Erişim tarihi: 23.12.2020)
  • 29) Bold KW, Kong G, Cavallo DA, Camenga DR, Krishnan-Sarin S. Reasons for trying e-cigarettes and risk of continued use. Pediatrics. 2016; 138 (3) e20160895.
  • 30) Pepper JK, Ribisl KM, Emery SL, Brewer NT. Reasons for starting and stopping electronic cigarette use. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11(10), 10345-10361.
  • 31) Li J, Newcombe R, Walton D. The prevalence, correlates and reasons for using electronic cigarettes among New Zealand adults. Addictive Behaviors. 2015; 45: 245-251.
  • 32) Sapru S, Vardhan M, Li Q, Guo Y, Li X, Saxena D. E-cigarettes use in the United States: reasons for use, perceptions, and effects on health. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20: 1518.
  • 33) Pisinger C, Dossing M. A systematic review of health effects of electronic cigarettes. Preventive Medicine. 2014; 69: 248-260.
  • 34) McConnell R, Barrington-Trimis JL, Wang K, Urman R, Hong H, Unger J et al. Electronic cigarette use and respiratory symptoms in adolescents. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017; 195(8): 1043-1049.
  • 35) Alzahrani T, Pena I, Temesgen N, Glantz SA. Association between electronic cigarette use and myocardial infarction. Am J Prev Med. 2018; 55(4): 455-461.
  • 36) Callahan-Lyon P. Electronic cigarettes: Human health effects. Tob Control. 2014; 23: ii36-ii40.
  • 37) Hua M, Talbot P. Potential health effects of electronic cigarettes: A systematic review of case reports. Preventive Medicine Reports. 2016; 4: 169-178.
  • 38) WHO Home News E-cigarettes are harmful to health. https://www.who.int/news/item/05-02-2020-e-cigarettes-are-harmful-to-health (Erişim tarihi: 31.12.2020)
  • 39) Farsalinos KE, Polosa R. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: A systematic review. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2014; 5(2): 67-86.
  • 40) Kalkhoran S, Glantz SA. E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2016; 4(2): 116-128.
  • 41) Malas M, Tempel JVD, Schwartz R, Minichiello A, Lightfoot C, Noormohamed A et al. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: A systematic review. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016; 18(10): 1926-1936.
  • 42) Rahman MA, Hann N, Wilson A, Mnatzaganian G, Worrall-Carter L. E-cigarettes and smoking cessation: Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015; 10(3): e0122544.
  • 43) Lee SH, Ahn SH, Cheong YS. Effect of electronic cigarettes on smoking reduction and cessation in Korean male smokers: A randomized controlled study. J Am Board Fam Med. 2019; 32(4): 567-574.
  • 44) Hessa IMR, Lachireddya K, Capon A. A systematic review of the health risks from passive exposure to electronic cigarette vapour. Public Health Research&Practice. 2016; 26(2): e2621617.
  • 45) Göktaş S, Önsüz MF, Işıklı B, Metintaş S. Elektronik sigara (e-sigara). ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi. 2018; 3: 55-62.
  • 46) 5727 sayılı Tütün mamüllerinin zararlarının önlenmesine dair kanunda değişiklik yapılması hakkında kanun. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2008/01/20080119-1.htm (Erişim tarihi: 02.01.2021)
  • 47) 4207 sayılı Tütün ürünlerinin zararlarının önlenmesi ve kontrolü hakkında kanun. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.4207-20130524.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 02.01.2021)
  • 48) Aktuna A, Hassoy H. E-sigara ile ilgili web sayfalarının ve e-sigara satışı yapılan web sitelerinin değerlendirilmesi. 3.Uluslararası 21. Ulusal Halk Sağlığı Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı. 2019: 654-655.
  • 49) T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. E-sigara. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/kanser-db/yayinlar/raporlar/e-sigara.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 02.01.2021)
  • 50) Kennedy RD, Awopegba A, León ED, Cohen JE. Global approaches to regulating electronic cigarettes. Tob Control. 2017; 26: 440-445.
  • 51) 23.08.2019 tarihli Sabah gazetesi haberi. https://www.sabah.com.tr/galeri/amerika/abdde-elektronik-sigaranin-yol-actigi-gizemli-hastalik-alarma-yol-acti (Erişim tarihi: 06.01.2021)
  • 52) 23.08.2019 tarihli Sözcü gazetesi haberi. https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2019/dunya/abdde-elektronik-sigaranin-yol-actigi-gizemli-hastalik-alarma-yol-acti-5296952/ (Erişim tarihi: 06.01.2021)
  • 53) CDC. Smoking and tobacco use: Electronic cigarettes outbreak of lung ınjury associated with the use of e-cigarette, or vaping, products. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease.html (Erişim tarihi: 06.01.2021)
  • 54) Layden JE, Ghinai I, Pray I, Kimball A, Layer M, Tenforde MW et al. Pulmonary illness related to e-cigarette use in Illinois and Wisconsin-final report. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(10): 903-916.
  • 55) Winnicka L, Shenoy MA. EVALI and the pulmonary toxicity of electronic cigarettes: A review. J Gen Intern Med. 2020; 35(7): 2130-2135.
  • 56) Henry TS, Kanne JP, Kligerman SJ. Imaging of vaping-associated lung disease. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381(15): 1486-1487.
  • 57) Butt YM, Smith ML, Tazelaar HD, Vaszar LT, Swanson KL, Cecchini MJ et al. Pathology of vaping-associated lung ınjury. N Engl J Med. 2019; 381(18): 1780-1781.
  • 58) Siegel DA, Jatlaous TC, Koumans EH, Kiernan EA, Layer M, Cates JE et al. Update: Interim guidance for health care providers evaluating and caring for patients with suspected e-cigarette or vaping, product use associated lung ınjury-United States, October 2019. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019; 68(41): 919-927.

Electronic Cigarette and Health Effects

Year 2021, Volume: 30 Issue: 2, 94 - 100, 30.06.2021

Abstract

The electronic cigarette, patented by Hebert A. Gilbert in 1963, typically contains nicotine and other toxic
substances. Although the frequency of use of electronic cigarettes varies among countries, it is thought that the
frequency of use has increased all over the world. There is currently no population-based prevalence study revealing
the frequency of use in our country. Men, individuals with experience with tobacco, adolescents and young adults
are at risk in terms of using electronic cigarettes. The health hazards of electronic cigarettes have been demonstrated
in various studies, but new studies are needed to reveal the long-term results clearly. Although electronic cigarettes
have less health hazards compared to conventional cigarettes, they are not safe. It is not recommended
for use as a smoking cessation aid. Electronic cigarette causes second-hand exposure. The sale and use
of electronic cigarettes, which are prohibited in our country, is free in the United States of America (USA)
and some European countries. In 2019, a lung disease associated with electronic cigarette use emerged in the
USA. This situation affected 2807 people and caused the death of 68 people across the country. The disease, which
manifests itself with complaints such as shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, hemoptysis, nausea, vomiting,
abdominal pain, fever and weakness, has been associated with Vitamin E acetate and tetrahydrocannabinol
contained in electronic cigarettes. This situation in the USA has shown that electronic cigarettes can have
serious and fatal consequences

Project Number

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References

  • 1) WHO. Tobacco overwiev. https://www.who.int/health-topics/tobacco#tab=tab_1 (Erişim tarihi: 09.12.2020)
  • 2) O'Connor RJ, Cummings KM, Rees VW, Connolly GN, Norton KJ, Sweanor D et al. Surveillance methods for identifying, characterizing, and monitoring tobacco products: Potential reduced exposure products as an example. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009; 18(12): 3334-3348.
  • 3) Goniewicz ML, Knysak J, Gawron M, Kosmider L, Sobczak A, Kurek J et al. Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tobacco Control. 2014; 23(2): 133-139.
  • 4) WHO. Tobacco: E-cigarettes. https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/tobacco-e-cigarettes (Erişim tarihi: 09.12.2020)
  • 5) CDC. Smoking and tobacco use: Electronic cigarettes. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/about-e-cigarettes.html (Erişim tarihi: 09.12.2020)
  • 6) Gilbert HA. Smokeless non-tobacco cigarette. Google Patents; 1965. https://patents.google.com/patent/US3200819A/en (Erişim tarihi: 11.12.2020)
  • 7) Brozek GM, Jankowski M, Lawson JA, Shpakou A, Poznanski M, Zielonka TM et al. The prevalence of cigarette and e-cigarette smoking among students in Central and Eastern Europe-results of the YUPESS Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2019; 16: 2297.
  • 8) Vardavas CI, Filippidis FT, Agaku IT. Determinants and prevalence of e-cigarette use throughout the European Union: A secondary analysis of 26.566 youth and adults from 27 Countries. Tob. Control. 2015; 24: 442-448.
  • 9) Laverty AA, Filippidis FT, Vardavas CI. Patterns, trends and determinants of e-cigarette use in 28 European Union Member States 2014–2017. Prev. Med. 2018; 116: 13-18.
  • 10) Kapan A, Stefanac S, Sandner I, Haider S, Grabovac I, Dorner TE. Use of electronic cigarettes in European populations: A narrative review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020; 17: 1971.
  • 11) Azagba S, Kah K, Latham K. Frequency of e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking among Canadian students. Preventive Medicine. 2019; 126: 105769.
  • 12) Hammond D, Reid JL, Cole AG, Leatherdale ST. Electronic cigarette use and smoking initiation among youth: A longitudinal cohort study. CMAJ. 2017; 189 (43): E1328-E1336.
  • 13) de Oliveira WJC, Zobiole AF, de Lima CB, Zurita RM, Flores PEM, Rodrigues LGV et al. Electronic cigarette awareness and use among students at the Federal University of Mato Grosso, Brazil. J Bras Pneumol. 2018; 44(5): 367-369.
  • 14) Bertoni N, Szklo A, De Boni R, Coutinho C, Vasconcellos M, Silva PN et al. Electronic cigarettes and narghile users in Brazil: Do they differ from cigarettes smokers? Addict Behav. 2019; 98: 106007.
  • 15) Urrutia-Pereiraa M, Solé D, Chong Netoc HJ, Badellino H, Acosta V, Castro-Almarales RL et al. Youth tobacco use in Latin America: What is the real extent of the problem? Allergol Immunopathol. 2019; 47(4): 328-335.
  • 16) Gravely S, Driezen P, Ouimet J, Quah ACK, Cummings KM, Thompson ME et al. Prevalence of awareness, ever-use and current use of nicotine vaping products (NVPs) among adult current smokers and ex-smokers in 14 countries with differing regulations on sales and marketing of NVPs: crosssectional findings from the ITC Project. Addiction. 2019; 114(6): 1060-1073.
  • 17) Farsalinos KE, Niaura R. E-cigarettes and Smoking Cessation in the United States According to Frequency of E-cigarette Use and Quitting Duration: Analysis of the 2016 and 2017 National Health Interview Surveys. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2020; 22(5): 655-662.
  • 18) Galimov A, Shahawy OE, Unger JB, Masagutov R, Sussman S. Hookah use among Russian adolescents: Prevalence and correlates. Addictive Behaviors. 2019; 90: 258-264.
  • 19) Wang W, He Z, Feng N, Cai Y. Electronic cigarette use in China: Awareness, prevalence and regulation. Tob Induc Dis. 2019; 17: 30.
  • 20) Xiao L, Parascandola M, Wang C, Jiang Y. Perception and current use of e-cigarettes among youth in China. Nicotine&Tobacco Research. 2019; 21(10): 1401-1407.
  • 21) Asma S, Mackay J, Song SY, Zhao L, Morton J, Palipudi KM. The GATS Atlas. 2015. Atlanta, GA: CDC Foundation; 2018. http://gatsatlas.org/# (Erişim tarihi: 17.12.2020)
  • 22) Habib E, Helaly M, Elshaer A, Sriwi D, Ahmad MS, Mohamed MI et al. Prevalence and perceptions of e-cigarette use among medical students in a Saudi University. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020; 9(6): 3070–3075.
  • 23) Font-Mayolas S, Sullman MJM, Gras ME. Sex and polytobacco use among Spanish and Turkish university students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2019: 16; 5038.
  • 24) Özdemir S, Yaman Üzümcü L. Elektronik sigara kullanımı ve sağlık üzerine etkileri. J Tradit Complem Med. 2019; 2(3): 142-150.
  • 25) Etter JF. Electronic cigarettes: A survey of users. BMC Public Health. 2010; 10: 231.
  • 26) Etter JF, Bullen C. A longitudinal study of electronic cigarette users. Addictive Behaviors. 2014; 39(2): 491-494.
  • 27) Etter JF, Bullen C. Electronic cigarette: Users profile, utilization, satisfaction and perceived efficacy. Addiction. 2011; 106: 2017-2028.
  • 28) CDC. Smoking and tobacco use: Electronic cigarettes quick facts on the risks of e-cigarettes for kids, teens, and young adults. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/Quick-Facts-on-the-Risks-of-E-cigarettes-for-Kids-Teens-and-Young-Adults.html (Erişim tarihi: 23.12.2020)
  • 29) Bold KW, Kong G, Cavallo DA, Camenga DR, Krishnan-Sarin S. Reasons for trying e-cigarettes and risk of continued use. Pediatrics. 2016; 138 (3) e20160895.
  • 30) Pepper JK, Ribisl KM, Emery SL, Brewer NT. Reasons for starting and stopping electronic cigarette use. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11(10), 10345-10361.
  • 31) Li J, Newcombe R, Walton D. The prevalence, correlates and reasons for using electronic cigarettes among New Zealand adults. Addictive Behaviors. 2015; 45: 245-251.
  • 32) Sapru S, Vardhan M, Li Q, Guo Y, Li X, Saxena D. E-cigarettes use in the United States: reasons for use, perceptions, and effects on health. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20: 1518.
  • 33) Pisinger C, Dossing M. A systematic review of health effects of electronic cigarettes. Preventive Medicine. 2014; 69: 248-260.
  • 34) McConnell R, Barrington-Trimis JL, Wang K, Urman R, Hong H, Unger J et al. Electronic cigarette use and respiratory symptoms in adolescents. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017; 195(8): 1043-1049.
  • 35) Alzahrani T, Pena I, Temesgen N, Glantz SA. Association between electronic cigarette use and myocardial infarction. Am J Prev Med. 2018; 55(4): 455-461.
  • 36) Callahan-Lyon P. Electronic cigarettes: Human health effects. Tob Control. 2014; 23: ii36-ii40.
  • 37) Hua M, Talbot P. Potential health effects of electronic cigarettes: A systematic review of case reports. Preventive Medicine Reports. 2016; 4: 169-178.
  • 38) WHO Home News E-cigarettes are harmful to health. https://www.who.int/news/item/05-02-2020-e-cigarettes-are-harmful-to-health (Erişim tarihi: 31.12.2020)
  • 39) Farsalinos KE, Polosa R. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: A systematic review. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2014; 5(2): 67-86.
  • 40) Kalkhoran S, Glantz SA. E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2016; 4(2): 116-128.
  • 41) Malas M, Tempel JVD, Schwartz R, Minichiello A, Lightfoot C, Noormohamed A et al. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: A systematic review. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016; 18(10): 1926-1936.
  • 42) Rahman MA, Hann N, Wilson A, Mnatzaganian G, Worrall-Carter L. E-cigarettes and smoking cessation: Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015; 10(3): e0122544.
  • 43) Lee SH, Ahn SH, Cheong YS. Effect of electronic cigarettes on smoking reduction and cessation in Korean male smokers: A randomized controlled study. J Am Board Fam Med. 2019; 32(4): 567-574.
  • 44) Hessa IMR, Lachireddya K, Capon A. A systematic review of the health risks from passive exposure to electronic cigarette vapour. Public Health Research&Practice. 2016; 26(2): e2621617.
  • 45) Göktaş S, Önsüz MF, Işıklı B, Metintaş S. Elektronik sigara (e-sigara). ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi. 2018; 3: 55-62.
  • 46) 5727 sayılı Tütün mamüllerinin zararlarının önlenmesine dair kanunda değişiklik yapılması hakkında kanun. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2008/01/20080119-1.htm (Erişim tarihi: 02.01.2021)
  • 47) 4207 sayılı Tütün ürünlerinin zararlarının önlenmesi ve kontrolü hakkında kanun. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.4207-20130524.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 02.01.2021)
  • 48) Aktuna A, Hassoy H. E-sigara ile ilgili web sayfalarının ve e-sigara satışı yapılan web sitelerinin değerlendirilmesi. 3.Uluslararası 21. Ulusal Halk Sağlığı Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı. 2019: 654-655.
  • 49) T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. E-sigara. https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/kanser-db/yayinlar/raporlar/e-sigara.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 02.01.2021)
  • 50) Kennedy RD, Awopegba A, León ED, Cohen JE. Global approaches to regulating electronic cigarettes. Tob Control. 2017; 26: 440-445.
  • 51) 23.08.2019 tarihli Sabah gazetesi haberi. https://www.sabah.com.tr/galeri/amerika/abdde-elektronik-sigaranin-yol-actigi-gizemli-hastalik-alarma-yol-acti (Erişim tarihi: 06.01.2021)
  • 52) 23.08.2019 tarihli Sözcü gazetesi haberi. https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2019/dunya/abdde-elektronik-sigaranin-yol-actigi-gizemli-hastalik-alarma-yol-acti-5296952/ (Erişim tarihi: 06.01.2021)
  • 53) CDC. Smoking and tobacco use: Electronic cigarettes outbreak of lung ınjury associated with the use of e-cigarette, or vaping, products. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease.html (Erişim tarihi: 06.01.2021)
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There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Review
Authors

Elif Nur Yıldırım Öztürk 0000-0003-1447-9756

Mehmet Uyar 0000-0002-3954-7471

Mustafa Öztürk 0000-0002-4514-2729

Project Number yok
Publication Date June 30, 2021
Acceptance Date May 6, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 30 Issue: 2

Cite

AMA Yıldırım Öztürk EN, Uyar M, Öztürk M. Elektronik Sigara ve Sağlığı Etkileri. aktd. June 2021;30(2):94-100.