Hidrolik Çatlatma Uygulamaları için Gerçek Üç Eksenli Yeraltı Basınç ve Sıcaklık Simülasyon Hücresi Tasarım ve Üretimi
Year 2021,
, 1497 - 1508, 31.12.2021
Feyzullah Ekrem Çonkar
,
Ahmet Yıldız
Abstract
Kızgın kuru kaya jeotermal sistemlerde rezervuar oluşturma uygulamalarının başarısı birçok faktöre bağlıdır. Saha çalışmaları öncesi yapılacak olan simülasyon ve laboratuvar testleri risk faktörlerinin en aza indirilmesi maliyetlerin düşürülmesi ve uygulamanın istenen zamanda başarı ile tamamlanması açısından önemlidir. Kızgın kuru jeotermal sistemlerde rezervuar oluşturma çalışmalarının laboratuvar ortamında test edilebilmesi için sıcaklık ve basıncı üç farklı eksende simüle edebilen bir hücreye ihtiyaç vardır. Söz konusu simülasyon hücresi yardımıyla basınç ve sıcaklık koşulları altında hidrolik kırma işlemini de gerçekleştirebilecek şekilde tasarlamak ve imal etmek gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; gerçek bir üç eksenli basınç ve sıcaklık hücresini tasarlayıp, üretmektir. Aynı zamanda bu cihazla beraber çalışacak olan ve hepsi birlikte hidrolik kaya çatlatma laboratuvarını oluşturacak olan diğer cihazlara da entegrasyonunu gerek mekanik gerekse elektronik olarak sağlamak çalışmanın bir diğer amacıdır. Çalışmada cihazın tasarımı için, önce CAD modeli tasarlaması ve ardından bu modelin CAE analizlerinin yapılması öngörülmüştür. Bu aşamadan sonra ise CAE analizlerine geçilerek mevcut modelin çeşitli koşullar altında maruz kaldığı deformasyonlar ve gerilmeler, basınç koşulları sonlu elemanlar yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Bu analizlerden elde edilen sonuçlar “Toplam Deformasyon” ve “Von-mises” Gerilme Kriterleri olarak ortaya koyulmuştur.
References
- Amadei B., Stephansson O., 1997. Rock stress and its measurments. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. 499.
- Anderson, T.L., 1991. Fracture mechanics: fundamentals and applications. Boston: CRC Press.
- Arop, J.B., 2013. Geomechanical Review of Hydraulic Fracturing Technology. MIT, 291.
- Blackham, M., 2015. Geomechanics of hydraulic fracturing, Environmental effects of hydraulic fracturing, June.
- Burçak, M., 2011. Kızgın Kuru Kaya (Hdr: Hot Dry Rock) Ve Geliştirilebilir Jeotermal Sistemler (Egs: Enhanced Geothermal Systems), Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Enerji Hammadde Etüt ve Arama Dairesi, Ankara.
- Cheng, Y., Zhang Y., Yu, Z., Hu, Z., Yang, Y., 2020. An investigation on hydraulic fracturing characteristics in granite geothermal reservoir, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 237, 107252.
- Frash L.P, Gutierrez M.S,. 2014. Laboratory-scale study of hydraulic fracturing in heterogeneous media for enhanced geothermal systems and general well stimulation. PhD Thesis, Colorado School of Mines, 144.
- Geertsma, J., de Klerk, F., 1969. A rapid method of predicting width and extent of hydraulically induced fractures. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 21(12), 1,571-1,581.
- Geng Y, Hu Yaoqing, Liang W, Wu P. 2013. High temperature and high pressure coal and rock true triaxial fracturing and seepage test device and test method. EPO, CN104655495A.
- Haimson, B. and Fairhurst, C., 1967. Initiation and Extension of hydraulic fracturing in rocks. SPE Third conference on rock mechanics, Society of petroleum engineers journal, 7(3), 310-318.
- Hubbert, M.K. and Willis, D.G., 1957. Mechanics of hydraulic fracturing. Transactions of Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, 210, 153-168.
- Ishida, T., Chen, Q., Mizuta, Y., Roegiers, J.C., 2004. Influence of fluid viscosity on the hydraulic fracturing mechanism. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 126, 190-200.
- Mertoğlu, O., Basarır, N. and Saraçoğlu, B., 2015. Turkey’s Geothermal Potential on EGS - Enhanced Geothermal System, Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015, Melbourne, Australia.
- Nordgren, R.P., 1972. Propagation of a vertical hydraulic fracture. Society of petroleum engineers journal, 12(4), 306-314.
- Perkins, T.W., Kern, L.R., 1961. Widths of hydraulic fractures. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 13(9), 937-949.
- Romero, J., Mack M.G., Elbel, J.L., 1995. Theoretical model and numerical investigation of near-wellbore effects in hydraulic fracturing. In: Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference & Exhibition, Dallas, TX, 22-25 October.
- Safari, M., Gandikota, R. and Mutlu, U., 2013. Pulsed fracturing in shale reservoirs: geomechanical aspects, ductile-brittle transition and field implications. In: Proceedings of the Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Denver, Colorado, 12-14 August.
- Taleghani, A.D., Olson, J.E., 2014. How natural fractures could affect hydraulic-fracture geometry. Society of petroleum engineers journal, 19(1), 161-171.
- Warpinski, N.R., Clark J.A., Schmidt R.A., Huddle C.W., 1982. Laboratory Investigation on the Effect of In-Situ Stresses on Hydraulic Fracture Containment. Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, 22(3), 333-340.
- Warpinski, N.R., Brangan, P. ve Wİlmer, R., 1982. In-Situ Stress Measurements at U. S. DOE's Multiwell Experiment Site, Mesaverde Group, Rifle. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 37(3), 527-536.
- Zhang, Q-İ, Fan T., 2013. A high-stress tri-axial cell with pore pressure for measuringrock properties and simulating hydraulic fracturing, Measurement, 49, 236–245.
- Zoback,M.L., Zoback, M.D. ve diğerleri, 1989. Global patterns of tectonic stress. Nature, 341, 291-298.
- Zoback,M.L., Zoback, M.D, 2002. Stress in the earth’s lithosphere. Encyclopedia of pyhscial science and technology, third edition, 16, 143-154.
Design and Production of True Triaxial Underground Compression and Heat Cell for Hydraulic Fracturing Applications
Year 2021,
, 1497 - 1508, 31.12.2021
Feyzullah Ekrem Çonkar
,
Ahmet Yıldız
Abstract
The success of reservoir creating applications in hot dry rock geothermal systems have been related to many factors. Simulation and laboratory tests are important both for minimizing risk factors and for time. Also it is important for minimizing investment and operating expenses. For such a laboratory work, there is a need for a simulation cell that can simulate the temperature and pressure in three different axes, while also allowing for hydraulic fracturing activities in it. The aim of this study is; To make a CAD design of a true triaxial stress and heat simulation cell which will allow the application of the hydraulic fracturing method under the true underground conditions and also to make CAE analysis of this CAD design in computer environment. This cell is designed to be compatible with many additional devices because it forms the heart of a hydraulic fracturing simulation laboratory. Hydraulic fracturing pump, acoustic gap analysis system, fracturing fluid mixing tank and permeability testing device will be developed with this device. In CAE analyzes, the deformations and stresses that the current model was subjected to under various pressure conditions were examined by finite element method. The results obtained from these analyzes are presented as ”Total Deformation” and “ Von-mises“ Stress Criteria.
References
- Amadei B., Stephansson O., 1997. Rock stress and its measurments. Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. 499.
- Anderson, T.L., 1991. Fracture mechanics: fundamentals and applications. Boston: CRC Press.
- Arop, J.B., 2013. Geomechanical Review of Hydraulic Fracturing Technology. MIT, 291.
- Blackham, M., 2015. Geomechanics of hydraulic fracturing, Environmental effects of hydraulic fracturing, June.
- Burçak, M., 2011. Kızgın Kuru Kaya (Hdr: Hot Dry Rock) Ve Geliştirilebilir Jeotermal Sistemler (Egs: Enhanced Geothermal Systems), Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Müdürlüğü, Enerji Hammadde Etüt ve Arama Dairesi, Ankara.
- Cheng, Y., Zhang Y., Yu, Z., Hu, Z., Yang, Y., 2020. An investigation on hydraulic fracturing characteristics in granite geothermal reservoir, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 237, 107252.
- Frash L.P, Gutierrez M.S,. 2014. Laboratory-scale study of hydraulic fracturing in heterogeneous media for enhanced geothermal systems and general well stimulation. PhD Thesis, Colorado School of Mines, 144.
- Geertsma, J., de Klerk, F., 1969. A rapid method of predicting width and extent of hydraulically induced fractures. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 21(12), 1,571-1,581.
- Geng Y, Hu Yaoqing, Liang W, Wu P. 2013. High temperature and high pressure coal and rock true triaxial fracturing and seepage test device and test method. EPO, CN104655495A.
- Haimson, B. and Fairhurst, C., 1967. Initiation and Extension of hydraulic fracturing in rocks. SPE Third conference on rock mechanics, Society of petroleum engineers journal, 7(3), 310-318.
- Hubbert, M.K. and Willis, D.G., 1957. Mechanics of hydraulic fracturing. Transactions of Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, 210, 153-168.
- Ishida, T., Chen, Q., Mizuta, Y., Roegiers, J.C., 2004. Influence of fluid viscosity on the hydraulic fracturing mechanism. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 126, 190-200.
- Mertoğlu, O., Basarır, N. and Saraçoğlu, B., 2015. Turkey’s Geothermal Potential on EGS - Enhanced Geothermal System, Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015, Melbourne, Australia.
- Nordgren, R.P., 1972. Propagation of a vertical hydraulic fracture. Society of petroleum engineers journal, 12(4), 306-314.
- Perkins, T.W., Kern, L.R., 1961. Widths of hydraulic fractures. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 13(9), 937-949.
- Romero, J., Mack M.G., Elbel, J.L., 1995. Theoretical model and numerical investigation of near-wellbore effects in hydraulic fracturing. In: Proceedings of the SPE Annual Technical Conference & Exhibition, Dallas, TX, 22-25 October.
- Safari, M., Gandikota, R. and Mutlu, U., 2013. Pulsed fracturing in shale reservoirs: geomechanical aspects, ductile-brittle transition and field implications. In: Proceedings of the Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Denver, Colorado, 12-14 August.
- Taleghani, A.D., Olson, J.E., 2014. How natural fractures could affect hydraulic-fracture geometry. Society of petroleum engineers journal, 19(1), 161-171.
- Warpinski, N.R., Clark J.A., Schmidt R.A., Huddle C.W., 1982. Laboratory Investigation on the Effect of In-Situ Stresses on Hydraulic Fracture Containment. Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, 22(3), 333-340.
- Warpinski, N.R., Brangan, P. ve Wİlmer, R., 1982. In-Situ Stress Measurements at U. S. DOE's Multiwell Experiment Site, Mesaverde Group, Rifle. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 37(3), 527-536.
- Zhang, Q-İ, Fan T., 2013. A high-stress tri-axial cell with pore pressure for measuringrock properties and simulating hydraulic fracturing, Measurement, 49, 236–245.
- Zoback,M.L., Zoback, M.D. ve diğerleri, 1989. Global patterns of tectonic stress. Nature, 341, 291-298.
- Zoback,M.L., Zoback, M.D, 2002. Stress in the earth’s lithosphere. Encyclopedia of pyhscial science and technology, third edition, 16, 143-154.