Relation Between Earthquake and the Troposphere: Chile Example

Year 2020, Volume: 20 Issue: 6, 1014 - 1023, 31.12.2020

Gökhan Gürbüz , Kübra Koçyiğit

https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.823640

Cited By: 1

Abstract

In studies related to earthquakes, many ground and satellite-based techniques are used and subjects such as surface displacements, fault characteristics, stress transfers are investigated. In addition, earthquake warning systems are established and steps are taken all over the world about earthquake prediction. As an example, changes in the upper layer of the atmosphere (ionosphere), which is one of the important error sources for GNSS studies, are continuously examined before, during, and after the earthquakes. In this regard, the changes in the ionosphere before the earthquake have been frequently examined and anomalies have been found before some of the earthquakes. However, there is a limited number of studies on the changes in the lower layer of the atmosphere (troposphere), which causes less amount of error in GNSS measurements than the ionosphere. In this study, the changes in the troposphere following the 2010 Maule and 2015 Illapel earthquakes, using zenith tropospheric delays (ZTD) calculated from GNSS observations, were investigated. The results showed that the GNSS stations closest to the epicenter of the earthquakes experienced severe tropospheric anomalies during and after the mainshock. Further investigations carried out using atmospheric parameters before and after the earthquake, it was found that these changes in ZTD values were directly related to changes in atmospheric pressure. Finding similar results in two different earthquakes in Chile has revealed the importance of tropospheric parameters in studies related to earthquakes that affect the study area vertically as a result of fault rupture.

Keywords

GNSS, Chile Earthquakes, Troposphere, Zenith Tropospheric Delay

Deprem ve Troposfer İlişkisi: Şili Örneği

Abstract

Depremler ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalarda yer ve uydu tabanlı birçok teknik kullanılmakta ve deplasman miktarları, fay karakteristikleri, gerilim aktarımları gibi konular araştırılmaktadır. Ayrıca, deprem uyarı sistemleri kurulmakta ve deprem tahmini konusunda tüm Dünya’da adımlar atılmaktadır. Örnek olarak; GNSS çalışmaları için önemli hata kaynaklarından biri olan atmosferin üst katmanındaki (iyonosfer) değişimler, deprem öncesi, deprem sırası ve deprem sonrası sürekli incelenmektedir. Ancak, GNSS ölçümlerinde oluşturduğu hata miktarı iyonosfere göre daha az olan atmosferin alt katmanındaki (troposfer) değişimler ile ilgili sınırlı sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 2010 Maule ve 2015 Illapel depremlerinin ardından troposferdeki değişimler, GNSS gözlemlerinden hesaplanan troposferik zenit gecikmeleri (Zenith Total Delay - ZTD) kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, depremlerin merkez üssüne en yakın GNSS istasyonlarında, ana şok sırasında ve sonrasında ciddi troposferik anomaliler olduğunu göstermektedir. Deprem öncesi ve deprem sonrasındaki günlerde atmosferik parametreler incelendiğinde, ZTD değerlerindeki bu değişimlerin atmosferik basınçtaki değişimlerle doğrudan ilişkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Nazca tektonik plakasının Güney Amerika plakasının altına doğru hareketi sonucu oluşan fay kırılması, atmosferde ölçülen basınç değerlerinde değişime sebep olmuş ve dolayısı ile ZTD değişimlerini tetiklemiştir. Şili’de gerçekleşen iki farklı depremde de benzer sonuçlara rastlanması, fay kırılması sonucu çalışma bölgesini düşeyde etkileyen depremler ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalarda, troposferik parametrelerin incelenmesinin önemini ortaya çıkarmıştır.

Keywords

GNSS, Şili Depremleri, Troposfer, Troposferik Zenit Gecikmesi

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• İnternet kaynakları 1-https://weatherspark.com/h/d/147252/2015/9/17/ Historical-Weather-on-Thursday-September-17-2015-at-La-Florida-Airport-Chile#Figures-Pressure, (05/11/2020)