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Determination of Production Parameters of CuCrZr Alloy by Selective Laser Melting Process

Year 2025, Volume: 25 Issue: 2, 414 - 422

Burcu Aslı Özkan , Yusuf Dilsiz Cem Özateş Enes Furkan Sevinç , Cantekin Kaykılarlı , Cihan Kaboğlu , Deniz Uzunsoy

Abstract

CuCrZr alloy is a widely preferred material in the space, defense, and electronics industries with its high thermal and electrical conductivity properties. There are limited publications on the investigation of the tribological properties of CuCrZr alloys produced via the selective laser melting (SLM) method. In this study, it was aimed to optimize the process parameters and examine the effect of process parameters on density, hardness, microstructure, and tribological properties of domestically produced CuCrZr powder to be produced by the SLM method, which allows the production of complex structured parts. The optimum process parameters of the CuCrZr alloy were determined as laser power of 435 W, scanning speed of 350 mm/s, layer thickness of 0.02 mm, laser diameter of 0.1 mm, hatch distance of 0.1 mm, and energy density of 621.42 J/mm3. The relative density, hardness, COF, and wear values of the samples produced with the optimized SLM process parameters were obtained as 99% and 96 HV, 0.5520 ±0.1648, and 1.17x 10-4 (mm3/N.m), respectively.

Keywords

CuCrZr Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing Tribological Behaviors

Project Number

121D022

References

  • Aksa, H.C., Hacısalihoğlu, İ., Yıldız, F., Varol, T., Güler, O., Kaya, G., 2022. Effects of Fabrication Parameters and Post-Processing Treatments on the Mechanical and Tribological Behavior of Surface-Enhanced Copper Based Materials by Selective Laser Melting. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 304, 117564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2022.117564
  • Fank, X., Xia, W., Wei, Q., Yiping, W., Lv, W., Guo, W. 2021. Preparation of Cu-Cr-Zr Alloy by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Parameter Optimization, Microstructure, Mechanical and Thermal Properties for Microelectronic Applications. Metals. 11(9), 1410. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11091410
  • Frazier, W. E. 2014., 2024. Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 23 (6): 1917–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-0958-z
  • Gokuldoss, P. K., Kolla S., and Eckert J., 2017. Additive Manufacturing Processes: Selective Laser Melting, Electron Beam Melting and Binder Jetting—Selection Guidelines. Materials 10 (6): 672. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10060672
  • Hu, R., Su, K., Lao, Z., Cai, Y., Fu, B., Yuen, M.M F, Gao Z, Cao M, and Wang, Y., 2023. Process of Pure Copper Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) Technology under Moderate Laser Power with Re-Melting Strategy. Materials 16 (7): 2642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072642
  • Ma, Z., Zhang, K., Ren, Z., Zhang, D., Tao, G., Xu, H., 2020. Selective laser melting of CuCrZr copper alloy: Parameter optimization, microstructure and mechanical properties. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 828 (February) 154350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154350
  • Murugesan S.K., Natarajan J., Yang C.H., 2024. Enhancing the wear resistance by mitigation of defect formations in laser powder bed fusion process of Cu–Cr–Zr alloy. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 133:1845–1864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13883-3
  • Özkan, B., Dilsiz, Y., Küçükelyas, B., Sever, A., Bademlioğlu, A.H., Kaboğlu, C., and Uzunsoy, D. 2024., Comprehensive Optimization of Selective Laser Melting Process Parameters for Microstructure, Density, Hardness, and Tribological Performance of Pure Copper. Science of Sintering. 56 349-365 https://doi.org/10.2298/SOS240215007O
  • Prabu, G., Yang, C.H., Alnaser, İ.A., and Jeyaprakash, N., 2024. Nanowear Characterization of LPBF Fabricated CuCrZr Alloy. Tribology International 194 (June): 109430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2024.109430
  • Prashanth, K.G., Scudino S., Klauss H.J, Surreddi K.B, Löber L., Wang Z, Chaubey A.K., Kühn U., and Eckert J., 2014. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al–12Si Produced by Selective Laser Melting: Effect of Heat Treatment’. Materials Science and Engineering: A 590 (January): 153–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.10.023
  • Raab, S, J., Guschlbauer R., Lodes M.A., and Körner C., 2016. Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of 99.9% Pure Copper Processed via Selective Electron Beam Melting. Advanced Engineering Materials 18 (9): 1661–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201600078.
  • Salvan, C., L. Briottet, T. Baffie, L. Guetaz, and C. Flament., 2022. CuCrZr Alloy Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Microstructure, Nanoscale Strengthening Mechanisms, Electrical and Mechanical Properties. Materials Science and Engineering: A 826 (October): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.141915.
  • Sun, F., Liu P., Chen X., Zhou H., Guan P., and Zhu B., 2020. Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Cu–Cr–Zr Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting Materials 13 (21): 5028. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13215028
  • Tang, X., Chen, X., Sun, F., Li, L., Liu, P., Zhou, H., Fu, S and Li. A., 2022. A Study on the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of High-Strength CuCrZr Alloy Fabricated Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion’. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 924 (November): 166627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.166627
  • Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., Wang, K., Liu, S., Zhang, X and Shao H., 2022. Effect of Process Parameters and Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Properties of CuCrZr Alloy by Selective Laser Melting’. Materials Science and Engineering: A 857: 144054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.144054
  • Xu L., Zhang, Y., Zhao, L., Ren, W and Han, Y., 2024. Performance Improvement for the CuCrZr Alloy Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion Using the Remelting Process. Materials 17 (3): 624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17030624
  • Yang X., Chang C.C., Dong D., Gao S., Ma W., Liu M., Liao H., Yin S., 2020. Microstructure and mechanical properties of pure copper manufactured by selective laser melting. Materials Science & Engineering A 789 139615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139615
  • Yaolong, C., Qiang, H., Linshan, W., Wenqian, G., and Jinhui, Z., 2024. Study on Densification and Defects of Cu-Cr-Zr Alloy Formed by Selective Laser Melting. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2785 012139. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2785/1/012139
  • Yap, C. Y., Chua, C. K., Dong, ZL., Liu, ZH., Zhang, D. Q., Loh, L.E., Sing, SL., 2015. Review of Selective Laser Melting: Materials and Applications’. Applied Physics Reviews 2 (December): 041101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4935926
  • Yunzhe L., Shifeng L., Yan W., Jianyong W., Liangliang Z., Ping Y., Wenbin W., 2024. Effect of electron beam energy density on the microstructure and properties of CuCrZr alloy prepared by electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF), Materials Characterization. 214 114031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114031
  • Zaneta A. M., 2019. Effect of Laser Energy Density, Internal Porosity and Heat Treatment on Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Ti6Al4V Alloy Obtained with DMLS Technology,. Materials, 12, 2331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12142331
  • Zezhou K, Li Z, Liu B, Chen Y, Li H, and Bai P., 2023. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CuCrZr/316L Hybrid Components Manufactured Using Selective Laser Melting’. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 955 (September): 170103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.170103
  • Zhangping, H., Zunfeng, D., Zhenwen, Y., Liming, Y., Zongqing, M., 2022. Preparation of Cu–Cr–Zr alloy by selective laser melting: Role of scanning parameters on densification, microstructure and mechanical properties Materials Science & Engineering A 836 142740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mesa.2022.142740

CuCrZr Alaşımının Seçici Lazer Ergitme Prosesi ile Üretim Parametrelerinin Belirlenmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 25 Issue: 2, 414 - 422

Burcu Aslı Özkan , Yusuf Dilsiz Cem Özateş Enes Furkan Sevinç , Cantekin Kaykılarlı , Cihan Kaboğlu , Deniz Uzunsoy

Abstract

CuCrZr alloy is a widely preferred material in the space, defense, and electronics industries with its high thermal and electrical conductivity properties. There are limited publications on the investigation of the tribological properties of CuCrZr alloys produced via the selective laser melting (SLM) method. In this study, it was aimed to optimize the process parameters and examine the effect of process parameters on density, hardness, microstructure, and tribological properties of domestically produced CuCrZr powder to be produced by the SLM method, which allows the production of complex structured parts. The optimum process parameters of the CuCrZr alloy were determined as laser power of 435 W, scanning speed of 350 mm/s, layer thickness of 0.02 mm, laser diameter of 0.1 mm, hatch distance of 0.1 mm, and energy density of 621.42 J/mm3. The relative density, hardness, COF, and wear values of the samples produced with the optimized SLM process parameters were obtained as 99% and 96 HV, 0.5520 ±0.1648, and 1.17x 10-4 (mm3/N.m), respectively.

Keywords

CuCrZr Selective Laser Melting Additive Manufacturing Tribological Behaviors

Ethical Statement

The authors declare that the article complied with all ethical rules.

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK TEYDEB

Project Number

121D022

Thanks

This research was supported by TÜBİTAK TEYDEB (Project No: 121D022)

References

  • Aksa, H.C., Hacısalihoğlu, İ., Yıldız, F., Varol, T., Güler, O., Kaya, G., 2022. Effects of Fabrication Parameters and Post-Processing Treatments on the Mechanical and Tribological Behavior of Surface-Enhanced Copper Based Materials by Selective Laser Melting. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 304, 117564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2022.117564
  • Fank, X., Xia, W., Wei, Q., Yiping, W., Lv, W., Guo, W. 2021. Preparation of Cu-Cr-Zr Alloy by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Parameter Optimization, Microstructure, Mechanical and Thermal Properties for Microelectronic Applications. Metals. 11(9), 1410. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11091410
  • Frazier, W. E. 2014., 2024. Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 23 (6): 1917–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-014-0958-z
  • Gokuldoss, P. K., Kolla S., and Eckert J., 2017. Additive Manufacturing Processes: Selective Laser Melting, Electron Beam Melting and Binder Jetting—Selection Guidelines. Materials 10 (6): 672. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10060672
  • Hu, R., Su, K., Lao, Z., Cai, Y., Fu, B., Yuen, M.M F, Gao Z, Cao M, and Wang, Y., 2023. Process of Pure Copper Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) Technology under Moderate Laser Power with Re-Melting Strategy. Materials 16 (7): 2642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072642
  • Ma, Z., Zhang, K., Ren, Z., Zhang, D., Tao, G., Xu, H., 2020. Selective laser melting of CuCrZr copper alloy: Parameter optimization, microstructure and mechanical properties. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 828 (February) 154350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.154350
  • Murugesan S.K., Natarajan J., Yang C.H., 2024. Enhancing the wear resistance by mitigation of defect formations in laser powder bed fusion process of Cu–Cr–Zr alloy. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 133:1845–1864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13883-3
  • Özkan, B., Dilsiz, Y., Küçükelyas, B., Sever, A., Bademlioğlu, A.H., Kaboğlu, C., and Uzunsoy, D. 2024., Comprehensive Optimization of Selective Laser Melting Process Parameters for Microstructure, Density, Hardness, and Tribological Performance of Pure Copper. Science of Sintering. 56 349-365 https://doi.org/10.2298/SOS240215007O
  • Prabu, G., Yang, C.H., Alnaser, İ.A., and Jeyaprakash, N., 2024. Nanowear Characterization of LPBF Fabricated CuCrZr Alloy. Tribology International 194 (June): 109430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2024.109430
  • Prashanth, K.G., Scudino S., Klauss H.J, Surreddi K.B, Löber L., Wang Z, Chaubey A.K., Kühn U., and Eckert J., 2014. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al–12Si Produced by Selective Laser Melting: Effect of Heat Treatment’. Materials Science and Engineering: A 590 (January): 153–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.10.023
  • Raab, S, J., Guschlbauer R., Lodes M.A., and Körner C., 2016. Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of 99.9% Pure Copper Processed via Selective Electron Beam Melting. Advanced Engineering Materials 18 (9): 1661–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201600078.
  • Salvan, C., L. Briottet, T. Baffie, L. Guetaz, and C. Flament., 2022. CuCrZr Alloy Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion: Microstructure, Nanoscale Strengthening Mechanisms, Electrical and Mechanical Properties. Materials Science and Engineering: A 826 (October): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2021.141915.
  • Sun, F., Liu P., Chen X., Zhou H., Guan P., and Zhu B., 2020. Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Cu–Cr–Zr Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting Materials 13 (21): 5028. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13215028
  • Tang, X., Chen, X., Sun, F., Li, L., Liu, P., Zhou, H., Fu, S and Li. A., 2022. A Study on the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of High-Strength CuCrZr Alloy Fabricated Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion’. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 924 (November): 166627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.166627
  • Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., Wang, K., Liu, S., Zhang, X and Shao H., 2022. Effect of Process Parameters and Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Properties of CuCrZr Alloy by Selective Laser Melting’. Materials Science and Engineering: A 857: 144054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2022.144054
  • Xu L., Zhang, Y., Zhao, L., Ren, W and Han, Y., 2024. Performance Improvement for the CuCrZr Alloy Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion Using the Remelting Process. Materials 17 (3): 624. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17030624
  • Yang X., Chang C.C., Dong D., Gao S., Ma W., Liu M., Liao H., Yin S., 2020. Microstructure and mechanical properties of pure copper manufactured by selective laser melting. Materials Science & Engineering A 789 139615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.139615
  • Yaolong, C., Qiang, H., Linshan, W., Wenqian, G., and Jinhui, Z., 2024. Study on Densification and Defects of Cu-Cr-Zr Alloy Formed by Selective Laser Melting. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2785 012139. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2785/1/012139
  • Yap, C. Y., Chua, C. K., Dong, ZL., Liu, ZH., Zhang, D. Q., Loh, L.E., Sing, SL., 2015. Review of Selective Laser Melting: Materials and Applications’. Applied Physics Reviews 2 (December): 041101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4935926
  • Yunzhe L., Shifeng L., Yan W., Jianyong W., Liangliang Z., Ping Y., Wenbin W., 2024. Effect of electron beam energy density on the microstructure and properties of CuCrZr alloy prepared by electron beam powder bed fusion (EB-PBF), Materials Characterization. 214 114031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2024.114031
  • Zaneta A. M., 2019. Effect of Laser Energy Density, Internal Porosity and Heat Treatment on Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Ti6Al4V Alloy Obtained with DMLS Technology,. Materials, 12, 2331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12142331
  • Zezhou K, Li Z, Liu B, Chen Y, Li H, and Bai P., 2023. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CuCrZr/316L Hybrid Components Manufactured Using Selective Laser Melting’. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 955 (September): 170103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.170103
  • Zhangping, H., Zunfeng, D., Zhenwen, Y., Liming, Y., Zongqing, M., 2022. Preparation of Cu–Cr–Zr alloy by selective laser melting: Role of scanning parameters on densification, microstructure and mechanical properties Materials Science & Engineering A 836 142740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mesa.2022.142740
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Material Characterization, Material Production Technologies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Burcu Aslı Özkan 0000-0001-8601-5745

Yusuf Dilsiz This is me 0009-0004-0913-5478

Cem Özateş This is me 0000-0001-6949-7818

Enes Furkan Sevinç 0009-0000-9069-797X

Cantekin Kaykılarlı 0000-0002-2380-3258

Cihan Kaboğlu 0000-0002-6249-0565

Deniz Uzunsoy 0000-0002-2515-7624

Project Number 121D022
Early Pub Date March 28, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date May 20, 2024
Acceptance Date November 14, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 25 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özkan, B. A., Dilsiz, Y., Özateş, C., Sevinç, E. F., et al. (2025). Determination of Production Parameters of CuCrZr Alloy by Selective Laser Melting Process. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(2), 414-422.
AMA Özkan BA, Dilsiz Y, Özateş C, Sevinç EF, Kaykılarlı C, Kaboğlu C, Uzunsoy D. Determination of Production Parameters of CuCrZr Alloy by Selective Laser Melting Process. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. March 2025;25(2):414-422.
Chicago Özkan, Burcu Aslı, Yusuf Dilsiz, Cem Özateş, Enes Furkan Sevinç, Cantekin Kaykılarlı, Cihan Kaboğlu, and Deniz Uzunsoy. “Determination of Production Parameters of CuCrZr Alloy by Selective Laser Melting Process”. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 25, no. 2 (March 2025): 414-22.
EndNote Özkan BA, Dilsiz Y, Özateş C, Sevinç EF, Kaykılarlı C, Kaboğlu C, Uzunsoy D (March 1, 2025) Determination of Production Parameters of CuCrZr Alloy by Selective Laser Melting Process. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 25 2 414–422.
IEEE B. A. Özkan, Y. Dilsiz, C. Özateş, E. F. Sevinç, C. Kaykılarlı, C. Kaboğlu, and D. Uzunsoy, “Determination of Production Parameters of CuCrZr Alloy by Selective Laser Melting Process”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 414–422, 2025.
ISNAD Özkan, Burcu Aslı et al. “Determination of Production Parameters of CuCrZr Alloy by Selective Laser Melting Process”. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 25/2 (March 2025), 414-422.
JAMA Özkan BA, Dilsiz Y, Özateş C, Sevinç EF, Kaykılarlı C, Kaboğlu C, Uzunsoy D. Determination of Production Parameters of CuCrZr Alloy by Selective Laser Melting Process. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2025;25:414–422.
MLA Özkan, Burcu Aslı et al. “Determination of Production Parameters of CuCrZr Alloy by Selective Laser Melting Process”. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 25, no. 2, 2025, pp. 414-22.
Vancouver Özkan BA, Dilsiz Y, Özateş C, Sevinç EF, Kaykılarlı C, Kaboğlu C, Uzunsoy D. Determination of Production Parameters of CuCrZr Alloy by Selective Laser Melting Process. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2025;25(2):414-22.
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