The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction in the Effect of Leader-Member Exchange on Burnout: A Study on Physical Education Teachers

Abstract

This research was carried out to examine the mediating role of job satisfaction in the effect of physical education teachers' leader-member exchange on burnout. Liden and Maslyn's (1998a) leader-member exchange, Chang and Chang's (2007) job satisfaction, and Maslach and Jackson's (1981)Maslach burnout scale were used as data collection tools to determine the level of leader-member exchange. The study group of the research consists of a total of 155 physical education teachers, who work in the Malatya and Hatay provinces of Turkey. The study group was selected with the convenience sampling method, one of the non-random sampling methods. A questionnaire was applied to the teachers participating in the research via electronic communication tools. Data from participants were analyzed using SPSS Amos 20.0. In the research, descriptive statistics, correlation and boostrap regression analysis were performed. As a result of this study, it was found that job satisfaction played a mediating role in the effect of leader-member exchange on physical education teachers' burnout levels. It can be stated that increasing physical education teachers' leader-member exchange and improving their relationships with their superiors can be effective in increasing job satisfaction and reducing burnout.

Keywords

• leader-member exchange
• job satisfaction
• burnout
• physical education teacher

References

1. Akkoç, İ., & Faruk, Ç. A. (2016). The mediator role of job satisfaction on the effect of leader- member exchange on burnout: A research in the field of education. International Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 2(2), 193–211.
2. Alev, S. (2020). Leader-member exchange as a predictor of organizational cynicism in schools. Trakya Journal of Education, 10(2), 347–360. https://doi.org/10.24315/tred.618955
3. Ariani, D. W. (2012). Leader-member exchanges as a mediator of the effect of job satisfaction on affective organizational commitment: An empirical test. International Journal of Management, 29(1), 46.
4. Aslan, H. (2019). The mediating role of leader-member exchange in the effect of transformational leadership on employee performance and job satisfaction. In E. Kara (Ed.), Business and economics researches (pp. 201–214). Ankara: Academican Publishing.
5. Bağcı, B. (2018). The effect of person-organization fit on job satisfaction: A research on health institution. MANAS Journal of Social Studies, 7(4), 307–328.
6. Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., Cuevas, R., & Lonsdale, C. (2014). Job pressure and ill-health in physical education teachers: The mediating role of psychological need thwarting. Teaching and Teacher Education, 37, 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2013.10.006
7. Baş, T., Keskin, N., & Mert, İ. S. (2010). Leader member exchange (LMX) model and validity and reliability of its instrument in Turkish. Ege Academic Review, 10(3), 1013–1013. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.2010319626
8. Bauer, Talya N, Erdogan, B., Liden, R. C., & Wayne, S. J. (2006). A longitudinal study of the moderating role of extraversion: Leader-member exchange, performance, and turnover during new executive development. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 298–310. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.298

9. Bauer, Tayla N., & Green, S. G. (1996). Development of leader-member exchange: A longitudinal test. Academy of Management Journal, 39(6), 1538–1567. https://doi.org/10.2307/257068
10. Bitmiş, M. G., & Ergeneli, A. (2012). The moderating effect of work stress on the relationships between dimensions of leader- member exchange and job satisfaction. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 1(6), 112–112. https://doi.org/10.20460/jgsm.2012615791
11. Blau, P. M. (1964). Justice in Social Exchange. Sociological Inquiry, 34(2), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-682X.1964.tb00583.x
12. Bolat, O. İ. (2011a). Lider-Üye Etkileşimi ve Tükenmişlik İlişkisi. ISGUC, The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 13(2), 63–80. https://doi.org/10.4026/1303-2860.2011.0173.x
13. Bolat, O. İ. (2011b). The relationships between self-efficacy and burnout: Mediating effects of leader-member exchange. Ege Academic Review, 11(2), 255–255. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.2011219569
14. Breevaart, K., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Van Den Heuvel, M. (2015). Leader-member exchange, work engagement, and job performance. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 30(7), 754–770. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-03-2013-0088
15. Buch, R., Kuvaas, B., Dysvik, A., & Schyns, B. (2014). If and when social and economic leader-member exchange relationships predict follower work effort: The moderating role of work motivation. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 35(8), 725–739. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-09-2012-0121
16. Bursal, M. (2017). SPSS ile temel veri analizleri. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
17. Capone, V., & Petrillo, G. (2020). Mental health in teachers: Relationships with job satisfaction, efficacy beliefs, burnout and depression. Current Psychology, 39(5), 1757–1766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9878-7
18. Chang, C.-S., & Chang, H.-H. (2007). Effects of internal marketing on nurse job satisfaction and organizational commitment: Example of medical centers in Southern Taiwan. The Journal of Nursing Research, 15(4), 265–274.
19. Colakoglu, F. F., & Yılmaz, T. (2014). Burnout levels of physical education teachers according to personal factors. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152(2014), 409–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.221
20. D’Elia, G. P. (1979). The determinants of job satisfaction among beginning librarians. The Library Quarterly, 49(3), 283–302.
21. Dansereau, F., Graen, G., & Haga, W. J. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations: A longitudinal investigation of the role making process. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13(1), 46–78.
22. Demir, S. (2019). The role of leader-member exchange in teacher stress, burnout, and depression. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 20(1), 291–304. https://doi.org/10.12984/egeefd.512319
23. Dienesch, R. M., & Liden, R. C. (1986). Leader-member exchange model of leadership: A critique and further development. Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 618–634. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1986.4306242
24. Dulebohn, J. H., Bommer, W. H., Liden, R. C., Brouer, R. L., & Ferris, G. R. (2012). A meta-analysis of antecedents and consequences of leader-member exchange: Integrating the past with an eye toward the future. Journal of Management, 38(6), 1715–1759. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311415280
25. Duyan, M., & Yıldız, S. M. (2018). The effect of leader-member exchange on job performance of academic staff: An empirical evidence from higher education institutions. Journal of Human Sciences, 15(2), 1129-1136. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v15i2.5162
26. Eckleberry-Hunt, J., Kirkpatrick, H., & Barbera, T. (2018). The problems with burnout research. Academic Medicine, 93(3), 367–370.
27. Ergin, C. (1992). ‘Doktor ve hemşirelerde tükenmişlik ve maslach tükenmişlik ölçeginin uyarlanması’. VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi Bilimsel Çalışmaları, 22-25 Eylül 1992, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, VII. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi Düzenleme Kurulu ve Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayını, Ankara.
28. Eryılmaz, İ., Dirik, D., & Altın Gülova, A. (2017). İş tatmininin belirleyicisi olarak lider-üye etkileşimi ve politik yetinin düzenleyici rolü. International Journal of Economic and Administrative Studies, 16. ICC Special Issue, 167–182. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.323704
29. Eşitti, B., & Kasap, M. (2020). The impact of leader–member exchange on lodging employees’ dynamic capacities: The mediating role of job satisfaction. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 20(2), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358419826397
30. Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burn‐out. Journal of Social Issues, 30(1), 159–165.
31. Gabriel, K. P., & Aguinis, H. (2021). How to prevent and combat employee burnout and create healthier workplaces during crises and beyond. Business Horizons, February, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2021.02.037
32. Gökalp, S., Kaya, O., Angay, A., & Akgün, F. (2015). The mediating role of leader-member exchange on the relationship between trust in school principals and job satisfaction according to the teachers ’ perceptions. BEU. SBE. Derg., 4(2), 45–70.
33. Gonzales, G., Gonzales, R., Costan, F., & Himang, C. (2020). Dimensions of motivation in teaching: Relations with social support climate, teacher efficacy, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction. Education Research International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8820259
34. Graen, G., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership : Development of leader-member exchange (LMX ) over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. Management Department Faculty Publications, 6(2), 219–247.
35. Gürbüz, S. (2019). AMOS ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
36. Han, G. H., & Jekel, M. (2011). The mediating role of job satisfaction between leader-member exchange and turnover intentions. Journal of Nursing Management, 19(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01184.x
37. Hombrados-Mendieta, I., & Cosano-Rivas, F. (2013). Burnout, workplace support, job satisfaction and life satisfaction among social workers in Spain: A structural equation model. International Social Work, 56(2), 228–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872811421620
38. Hoppock, R. (1935). Job satisfaction. In Job satisfaction. Harper.
39. Huang, Y. H., He, Y., Lee, J., & Hu, C. (2021). Key drivers of trucking safety climate from the perspective of leader-member exchange: Bayesian network predictive modeling approach. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 150(2021 105850), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105850
40. Kang, J. (2013). Relationship among leader-member exchange (LMX), burnout and career turnover intention in social workers using SEM. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 14(8), 3739–3747. https://doi.org/10.5762/kais.2013.14.8.3739
41. Kara, S. (2020). Investigation of job satisfaction and burnout of visual arts teachers. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 6(1), 160–171. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijres.v6i1.817
42. Kim, B. C. (Peter), Lee, G., & Carlson, K. D. (2010). An examination of the nature of the relationship between Leader-member-exchange (LMX) and turnover intent at different organizational levels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(4), 591–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.10.025
43. Kurtessis, J. N., Eisenberger, R., Ford, M. T., Buffardi, L. C., Stewart, K. A., & Adis, C. S. (2017). Perceived organizational support: A meta-analytic evaluation of organizational support theory. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1854–1884. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315575554
44. Kuvaas, B., Buch, R., Dysvik, A., & Haerem, T. (2012). Economic and social leader-member exchange relationships and follower performance. Leadership Quarterly, 23(5), 756–765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.12.013
45. Lee, E. K., & Ji, E. J. (2018). The moderating role of leader-member exchange in the relationships between emotional labor and burnout in clinical nurses. Asian Nursing Research, 12(1), 56–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2018.02.002
46. Liden, R. C., & Maslyn, J. M. (1998a). Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management, 24(1), 43–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639802400105
47. Liden, R. C., & Maslyn, J. M. (1998b). Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management, 24(1), 43–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639802400105
48. Liden, R. C., Sparrowe, R. T., & Wayne, S. J. (1997). Leader-member exchange theory: The past and potential for the future. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 15(October 2014), 47–119.
49. Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Stilwell, D. (1993). A longitudinal study on the early development of leader-member exchanges. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 662–674. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.4.662
50. Liu, S., Lin, X., & Hu, W. (2013). How Followers’ Unethical Behavior is Triggered by Leader-member Exchange: the Mediating Effect of Job Satisfaction. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 41(3), 357–366. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2013.41.3.357
51. Locke, E. A. (1970). Job satisfaction and job performance: A theoretical analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 5(5), 484–500.
52. MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99–128. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
53. Malik, M., Wan, D., Ahmad, M. I., Naseem, M. A., & ur Rehman, R. (2015). The role of LMX in employee’s job motivation, satisfaction, empowerment, stress and turnover: Cross country analysis. Journal of Applied Business Research, 31(5), 1987–2000. https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v31i5.9413
54. Mardanov, I., Sterrett, J., & Baker, J. (2007). Satisfaction with supervision and member job satisfaction in leader-member exchange: An empirical study in the restaurant industry. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 12(3), 37-56.
55. Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113.
56. Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 52, 397–422.
57. Meydan, C. H., & Şeşen, H. (2011). Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi AMOS uygulamaları. Detay Yayıncılık.
58. Montani, F., Courcy, F., & Vandenberghe, C. (2017). Innovating under stress: The role of commitment and leader-member exchange. Journal of Business Research, 77, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.03.024
59. Nagar, K. (2012). Organizational commitment and job satisfaction among teachers during times of burnout. Vikalpa, 37(2), 43–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090920120205
60. Navajas-Romero, V., Díaz-Carrión, R., & Casas-Rosal, J. C. (2020). Comparing working conditions and job satisfaction in hospitality workers across Europe. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 90(May 2019), 102631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102631
61. Öztürk, Ö. T., & Soytürk, M. (2021). Examination of relationships between communication satisfaction and organizational identification of sport science students. Physical Culture and Sport, Studies and Research, 89(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2021-0001
62. Pan, J. L., Chiu, C. Y., & Wu, K. S. (2021). Leader-member exchange fosters nurses’ job and life satisfaction: The mediating effect of job crafting. PLOS ONE, 16(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250789
63. Papasotiriou, E., Sidiropoulos, G., Ntanos, S., Chalikias, M., Skordoulis, M., & Drosos, D. (2019). Burnout and job satisfaction: The case of physical education teachers in local sports organizations. In Smart Tourism as a Driver for Culture and Sustainability (pp. 503–514). Springer.
64. Safari, I. (2020). A study on the relationship between burnout and job satisfaction of iranian EFL teachers working in universities and schools. Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science, 13(4), 164–173. https://doi.org/10.7160/ERIESJ.2020.130401
65. Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., & Maslach, C. (2009). Burnout: 35 years of research and practice. Career Development International, 14(3), 204–220. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430910966406
66. Shaikh, G. M., Thebo, J. A., Jamali, M., Sangi, F., Sangi, S. A., & Sheikh, G. M. (2019). The impact of quality leader member exchange on job satisfaction Mediating effect of organizational commitment. Sociology International Journal, 3(5). https://doi.org/10.15406/sij.2019.03.00206
67. Sökmen, A. (2020). The relationship between leader-member exchange, job satisfaction and organizational identification: An empirical study in hotel businesses in Ankara. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 8(3), 2132–2143. https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2020.652
68. Song, X., Xiang, M., Liu, Y., & Yu, C. (2020). Relationship between job satisfaction and burnout based on a structural equation model. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62(12), e725–e731. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000002040
69. Sürücü, L. (2021). Leader member exchange : Literature review. International Journal of Management Economics and Business, 17(1), 257–277.
70. Tarcan, G. Y., Tarcan, M., & Top, M. (2017). An analysis of relationship between burnout and job satisfaction among emergency health professionals. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 28(11–12), 1339–1356. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2016.1141659
71. Tsigilis, N., Zachopoulou, E., & Grammatikopoulos, V. (2006). Job satisfaction and burnout among greek early educators: A comparison between public and private sector employees. Educational Research and Reviews, 1(8), 256–261.
72. Uğurluoğlu, Ö., Şantaş, F., & Demirgil, B. (2013). The relationship between leader-member exchange and burnout: An application in hospitals. Hacettepe Health Administration Journal, 16(1), 1–21.
73. Van Breukelen, W., Schyns, B., & le Blanc, P. (2006). Leader-member exchange theory and research: Accomplishments and future challenges. Leadership, 2(3), 295–316. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742715006066023
74. Vousiopoulos, S., Kouli, O., Kourtessis, T., Tsitskari, E., & Dimoulas, D. (2019). Job satisfaction and burnout among greek teachers and physical education teachers: A comparison in minority and public sector schools in thrace. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 7(4), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.29252/aassjournal.786
75. Yildiz, S. M. (2011). Relationship between leader–member exchange and burnout in professional footballers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(14), 1493–1502. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.605165
76. Yildiz, S. M. (2014). The role of internal marketing on job satisfaction and turnover intention: An empirical investigation of sport and physical activity organizations. Ege Academic Review, 14(1), 137–146.
77. Yildiz, S. M. (2015). The relationship between bullying and burnout: An empirical investigation of Turkish professional football players. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 5(1), 6–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-09-2012-0034
78. Yılmaz, A., Tonga, Z., & Esentürk, O. K. (2020). Examination of emotional labor levels and occupational burnout of physical education teachers. İnönü University Journal of the Faculty of Education, 21(2), 487–502. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.456683