Coğrafya Öğretiminde Mekânsal Düşünme Beceri Testi Geliştirme
Year 2025,
Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 280 - 301, 25.04.2025
Atakan Yalçın
,
Cennet Şanlı
,
Adnan Pınar
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, üniversite öğrencilerinin mekânsal düşünme becerilerini ölçmek amacıyla bir test geliştirmek hedeflenmiştir. Araştırma, coğrafya öğretmenliği ve coğrafya bölümlerinden 260 lisans öğrencisiyle, tarama deseni kullanılarak yürütülmüştür. CBS yazılımı kullanılarak teste harita ve uydu görüntüleri eklenmiş ve mekânsal temsil güçlendirilmiştir. Test çevrim içi olarak uygulanmıştır. Soru maddelerinin her birine madde analizi yapılmıştır. Madde güçlüğü 0.70’in üzerinde olan soru maddeleri ve madde ayırt ediciliği 0.19’un altında olan soru maddeleri testten çıkarılmıştır. Ayrıca, alt ve üst grupların puanları bağımsız örneklem t-testi ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Testin yapı geçerliğini değerlendirmek için tetrakorik korelasyon katsayısına dayalı açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA) yapılmıştır. Bu analiz, toplam varyansın %30'unu açıklayan tek faktörlü bir yapı ortaya koymuştur. Düşük faktör yüküne sahip maddeler testten çıkarılmıştır. Testin iç tutarlılığı KR20 formülü ile hesaplanmış ve 0.83 bulunmuştur. Testin kararlılığı test-tekrar test yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiş ve kararlı bir yapıda olduğu doğrulanmıştır. 31 madde olarak tasarlanan testten yapılan istatistiksel analizler sonunda toplam 5 madde çıkarılmıştır. Testin son hali 26 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Araştırma sonucunda, geliştirilen testin coğrafya ve coğrafya öğretmenliği lisans öğrencilerinin mekânsal düşünme becerilerini ölçmede geçerli ve güvenilir bir araç olduğunu sonucuna varılmıştır.
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Developing a Spatial Thinking Skills Test in Geography Teaching
Year 2025,
Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 280 - 301, 25.04.2025
Atakan Yalçın
,
Cennet Şanlı
,
Adnan Pınar
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a test to measure university students’ spatial thinking skills. The research was conducted using a survey design, with a sample of 260 undergraduate students from geography teaching and geography departments. GIS software was used to incorporate maps and satellite images, enhancing the spatial representation in the test. The test was administered online.. Item analysis was conducted for each question item, and items with a difficulty index above 0.70 and a discrimination index below 0.19 were removed from the test. Additionally, the scores of the lower and upper groups were compared using an independent samples t-test. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) based on the tetrachoric correlation coefficient was performed to assess the construct validity of the test. This analysis yielded a single-factor structure that accounted for 30% of the total variance. Items with unsatisfactory factor loadings were also removed. The internal consistency coefficient calculated using the KR20 formula yielded a value of 0.83. . The stability of the test was assessed using the test-retest method, confirming its stable structure. With these refinements, the test was finalized with 26 items. The study concluded that the developed test is a valid and reliable tool for measuring spatial thinking skills among undergraduate students studying geography or geography teaching.
References
- Albert, W. S., & Golledge, R. G. (1999). The use of spatial cognitive abilities in geographical information systems: The map overlay operation. Transactions in GIS, 3(1), 7–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9671.00003
- Arıkan, A. (2023). Kuantum öğrenme modeli’nin ortaokul öğrencilerinin mekânsal beceri öz yeterliklerine ve mekânsal becerilerine etkisinin incelenmesi [Doctoral dissertation]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
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- Baykul, Y., & Güzeller, C. (2022). Sosyal bilimler için istatistik (9th ed.). Pegem Akademi.
- Baykul, Y., & Turgut, M. F. (2019). Eğitimde ölçme ve değerlendirme (8th ed.). Pegem Akademi. https://doi.org/10.14527/9786053640875
- Bednarz, R., & Lee, J. (2011). The components of spatial thinking: Empirical evidence. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 21, 103–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.07.048
- Bodenhamer, D. J., Corrigan, J., & Harris, T. M. (2010). The spatial humanities: GIS and the future of humanities scholarship. Indiana University Press.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel kavramlar ve ölçek geliştirmede kullanımı. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32(32), 470-483.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem Akademi.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş., & Demirel, F. (2020). Eğitimde bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi.
- Charcharos, C., Tomai, E., & Kokla, M. (2015, October). Assessing spatial thinking ability in geospatial thinking. Paper presented at the Educating the Future Spatial Citizen: GEOTHNK International Closing Conference, Pallini, Greece.
- Cohen, L. M., & Manion, L. (1998). Research methods in education. Routledge.
- Creswell, J. W. (2017). Nicel yöntemler: Nitel, nicel ve karma yöntem yaklaşımları (S. B. Demir, Trans.; 3rd ed.). Eğiten Kitap Yayıncılık.
- Cutter, S. L., Golledge, R., & Graf, W. L. (2002). The big questions in Geography. The Professional Geographer, 54(3), 305–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.00332
- Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (6th ed.). Pegem Akademi.
- DiBiase, D. (2013). There’s more to spatial thinking than you think. Essays in geography and GIS (Report No. 6, pp. 3–4). Esri. https://www.esri.com/content/dam/esrisites/sitecore-archive/Files/Pdfs/library/bestpractices/essays-on-geography-gis-vol6.pdf
- Dokumacı Sütçü, N., & Oral, B. (2019). Uzamsal görselleştirme testinin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 27(3), 1179–1195. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.2826
- French, J. W., Ekstrom, R. B., & Price, L. A. (1963). Manual for kit of reference tests for cognitive factors (Rev. ed.). Educational Testing Service.
- Gersmehl, P., & Gersmehl, C. A. (2006). Wanted: A concise list of neurologically defensible and assessable spatial-thinking skills. Research in Geographic Education, 8(1), 5-38.
- Gersmehl, P., & Gersmehl, C. (2007). Spatial thinking by young children: Neurologic evidence for early development and “educability.” Journal of Geography, 106(5), 181–191.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00221340701809108
- Gilmartin, P. P., & Patton, J. C. (1984). Comparing the sexes on spatial abilities: Map-use skills. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 74(4), 605–619. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-8306.1984.TB01477.X
- Goldstein, D., Haldane, D., & Mitchell, C. (1990). Sex differences in visual-spatial ability: The role of performance factors. Memory & Cognition, 18(5), 546–550. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03198487
- Golledge, R. G. (1993). Geographical perspectives on spatial cognition. Advances in Psychology, 96, 16–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4115(08)60038-2
- Golledge, R. G. (2002). The nature of geographic knowledge. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 92(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.00276
- Golledge, R. G., Dougherty, V., & Bell, S. (1995). Acquiring spatial knowledge: Survey versus route-based knowledge in unfamiliar environments. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 85(1), 134-158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1995.tb01798.x
- Golledge, R. G., & Stimson, R. J. (1997). Spatial behavior: A geographic perspective. Guilford Press.
- Golledge, R., Marsh, M., & Battersby, S. (2008). Matching geospatial concepts with geographic educational needs. Geographical Research, 46(1), 85-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2007.00494.x
- Hambleton, R., & Swaminathan, H. (1985). Item response theory. Kluwer Nijhoff Publishing.
Hanson, S. (2004). Who are “we”? An important question for geography’s future. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94(4), 715–722. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.00425.x
- Hasançebi, B., Terzi, Y., & Küçük, Z. (2020). Madde güçlük indeksi ve madde ayırt edicilik indeksine dayalı çeldirici analizi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1), 224–240. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.615465
- Heale, R., & Twycross, A. (2015). Validity and reliability in quantitative studies. Evidence-Based Nursing, 18(3), 66–67. https://doi.org/10.1136/EB-2015-102129
- Huynh, N. T., & Sharpe, B. (2013). An assessment instrument to measure geospatial thinking expertise. Journal of Geography, 112(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221341.2012.682227
- Jo, I., & Bednarz, S. (2009). Evaluating geography textbook questions from a spatial perspective: Using concepts of space, tools of representation, and cognitive processes to evaluate spatiality. Journal of Geography, 108(1), 4–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221340902758401
- Kerski, J. J. (2008). The role of GIS in digital earth education. International Journal of Digital Earth, 1(4), 326–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538940802420879
- Köroğlu, M. N., Karaca, M., & Bektaş, O. (2023). Maddenin yapısı ve özellikleri konusunda başarı testi geliştirme: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Anadolu Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.34056/aujef.997764
- Lee, J., & Bednarz, R. (2009). Effect of GIS learning on spatial thinking. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 33(2), 183–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/03098260802276714
- Lee, J., & Bednarz, R. (2012). Components of spatial thinking: Evidence from a spatial thinking ability test. Journal of Geography, 111(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221341.2011.583262
- Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2021). Factor (Version 12.04.05) [Computer software]. Universitat Rovira i Virgili. https://psico.fcep.urv.cat/utilitats/factor/
- Montello, D. R. (1993). Scale and multiple psychologies of space. In A. U. Frank & I. Campari (Eds.), Spatial information theory: A theoretical basis for GIS (pp. 312–321). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57207-4_21
- Montello, D. R., Grossner, K., & Janelle, D. G. (2014). Space in mind: Concepts for spatial learning and education. The MIT Press.
- National Research Council. (2006). Learning to think spatially: GIS as a support system in the K–12 curriculum. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/11019
- Newcombe, N., & Dubas, J. S. (1992). A longitudinal study of predictors of spatial ability in adolescent females. Child Development, 63(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb03593.x
- Olsson, U. (1979). Maximum likelihood estimation of the polychoric correlation coefficient. Psychometrika, 44(4), 443–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296207/
- Özçelik, D. (2010). Test hazırlama kılavuzu. Pegem Akademi.
- Özkılıç, G., Bektaş, O., & Karaca, M. (2023). Sindirim sistemi ünitesine yönelik başarı testi geliştirme: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Araştırma ve Deneyim Dergisi, 8(1), 115–154. https://doi.org/10.47214/adeder.1267535
- Pallant, J. (2007). SPSS survival manual: A step-by-step guide to data analysis using SPSS for Windows (3rd ed.). Open University Press.
- Salar, R., & Uğurel, E. (2020). Developing a measurement tool for the tenth class physics course electricity unit and determining the prior knowledge of the students. Necatibey Eğitim Fakültesi Elektronik Fen ve Matematik Eğitimi Dergisi, 14(1), 217–239.
- Şanlı, C. (2021). Mekansal düşünme beceri testinin geliştirilmesi. International Journal Of Eurasia Social Sciences (IJOESS), 12(43), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.35826/ijoess.2858
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