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Antik Roma Beslenme Kültüründe Öğle Yemeği (Prandium)

Year 2024, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 772 - 784, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1195404

Abstract

Öğün, bireyin gün içerisinde düzenli olarak belli aralıklarla yediği yemektir. Kişilerin veya milletlerin öğün zamanı, şekli, tüketilen gıdalar yaşanılan coğrafya ve yaşam tarzına bağlı olarak farklılıklar göstermektedir. Örneğin sıcak Akdeniz iklimine yakın yerlerde yaşayanların beslenme alışkanlıkları ile soğuk kuzey kesimlerde yaşayanlarınki birbirinden farklıdır, bu durum hayatı devam ettirebilmek için bir zorunluluktur. Beslenme alışkanlıklarına göre farklılık gösteren bir diğer unsur ise öğünlerdir. Kimi yerlerde tek ya da iki öğün beslenme yaygınken kimi yerlerde üç hatta, belki ara öğünler de dâhil, daha fazla öğünden bahsedilebilir. Dolayısıyla, siyasi hayatı, savaşları, anlaşmaları bir kenara bırakırsak, insanların beslenme alışkanlıkları, tarımsal faaliyetleri, hangi hayvanları yetiştirdikleri ve onlardan nasıl yararlandıkları gibi bir dizi özellik milletleri tanıma ve kültürlerini anlamada önemli ipuçları sağlar. Tüm bu düşüncelerden yola çıkarak bu çalışmamızda Antik Çağ’ın en büyük ve en etkili imparatorluklarından biri olan Roma İmparatorluğu’nun beslenme kültüründe öğle yemeğinin (prandium) yeri ve önemini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktayız. Çalışma yürütülürken hem klasik hem de modern yazarların eserlerinden yararlanılmış, öncelikli olarak “ne?”, “ne zaman?”, “nerede?”, “nasıl?” ve “kiminle?” sorularının cevapları aranmıştır. Bu sorular, Roma beslenme kültüründe prandiumun yeri ve öneminin tespitinde önemli sonuçlar sağlarken, Romalıların karakteri ve yaşam rutinleri ile ilgili de bilgiler vermiştir. Elde edilen veriler öğle yemeğinin Antik Roma beslenme kültüründe büyük bir değerinin olmadığını göstermiştir.

References

  • Abuagla A. C. (2017). Antik Kaynaklar Işığında Megalesia Festivali. Phaselis, III(27), 271-279.
  • Alcock, J. P. (2006). Food in The Ancient World. Westport: Greenwood Press.
  • Alcock, Joan P. (2000). Milk and its Products in Ancient Rome, H. Walker (Ed), Oxford Symposium Food & Cookery: Milk: Beyond the Dairy içinde (ss. 31-38). London: Prospect Books.
  • Alova, E. (2013). Latince Türkçe Sözlük, İstanbul:Sosyal Yayınlar.
  • Bruni, M. G. (2009). The Monumental Villa at Palazzi di Casignana and The Roman Elite in Calabria (Italy) During The Fourth Century AD, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley.
  • Carcopino, J. (1962). Daily Life in Ancient Rome. (E. O. Lorimer, Trans.). London: Penguin Books.
  • Cato, M. P. (2010). On Farming (De Agricultura), LVII, (Andrew Dalby, Trans.). Exeter: Prospect Books (ebook).
  • Cato, M. P. (2022). Tarım Üzerine (De Agricultura), (Mehmet Seferbay, Çev.). Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Civitello, L. (2008). Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People, Toronto: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Civitello, L. (2019). Mutfak & Kültür: İnsanın Beslenme Tarihi, (Z. Nilüfer Nahya ve Saim Örnek, Çev.), Ankara: Bilim Sanat Yayınları.
  • Columella, L. I. M. (1954). On Agriculture (De Re Rustica), Vol. II, VII/VIII, H. Boyd Ash (Ed), London: Harvard University Press.
  • Cooley, A. E. ve Cooley, M.G.L. (2014). Pompeii and Herculaneum: A Sourcebook. New York: Routledge.
  • Curtis, R. I. (2001). Ancient Food Technology. Leiden: Brill.
  • Dalby, A. (2003). Food in the Ancient World from A to Z. London: Routledge.
  • Dalby, A. (2009). Cheese: A Global History. London: Reaktion Books.
  • Dalby, A. (2013). The Breakfast Book. London: Reaktion Books.
  • Dalby, A. (2016). Ancient Civilizations. Catherine Donnelly (Ed), The Oxford Companion to Cheese içinde, (ss. 25-27). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Dalby, A. 2015). Men, Women, and Slaves. A Companion to Food in The Ancient World içinde, (ss. 195-205). John Wilkins and Robin Nadeau (Ed.), London: John Wiley & Sons.
  • De Vaan, M. (2008). Etymological Dictionary of Latin and The Other Italic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
  • Deighton, H. J. (2012). Eski Roma Yaşantısında Bir Gün (Hande Kökten Ersoy Çev.). İstanbul: Homer Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Delemen, İ. (2003). Antik Dönemde Beslenme. İstanbul: Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yayınları.
  • Donahue, J. F. (1996). Epula Publica: The Roman Community at Table During The Principate, (Unpublished PhD Thesis). University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
  • Donahue, J. F. (2015). Food and Drink in Antiquity: Readings from the Graeco-Roman World A Sourcebook. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Donahue, J. F. (2016). Culinary and Medicinal Uses of Wine and Olive Oil, A Companion to Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome içinde, (ss. 605-617). Georgia L. Irby (Ed.), Toronto: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Donahue, J. F. (2019). Roman Meals in Their Domestic and Wider Settings, The Routledge Handbook of Diet and Nutrition in the Roman World içinde, (ss. 93-100). Paul Erdkamp ve Claire Holleran (Ed.). New York: Routledge.
  • Dunbabin, K. M. D. (1991). Triclinium and Stibadium. Dining in a Classical Context içinde, William J. Slater (Ed.), Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.
  • Dunbabin, K. M. D. (1996). Convivial Spaces: Dining and Entertainment in the Roman Villa. Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 9, 66–80.
  • Dunbabin, K. M. D. (1999). Mosaics of The Greek and Roman World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ermatinger, J. W. (2015). The World of Ancient Rome: A Daily Life Encylopedia, Vol. II, California: Greenwood Publishing.
  • Faas, P. (2003). Around The Roman Table. New York:Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Giacosa, I. G. (1992). A Taste Of Ancient Rome. (Anna Herklotz Trans.). London:The University of Chicago Press.
  • Glare, P. G. W. (Ed.). (2012). Oxford Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Grainger, S. (2006). Cooking Apicius: Roman Recipes for Today. London: Prospect Books.
  • Grant, M. (2015). Roman Cookery Ancient Recipes For Modern Kitchens. London: Serif Books.
  • Hippokrates (2018). Hippokrates Külliyatı. (Nur Nirven Çev.). İstanbul: Pinhan Yayıncılık.
  • Horace (1942). Saturae, Horace, Satires, Epistles, Ars Poetica, II/IV, H. Rushton Fairclough (Ed.), Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Kelsey, M. W. (1991). Dining Out in Ancient Rome. Proceedings of The Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery: Public Eating içinde, (ss. 166-170). Harlen Walker (Ed.). London : Prospect Books.
  • Maniatis, G. C. (2014). The Byzantine Cheesemaking Industry. Byzantion, Vol. 84, 258.
  • Martial, (1919). Epigrams, Vol. I-II. (Walter C. A. Ker Trans.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Matz, D. (2002). Daily Life of The Ancient Romans. London: Greenwood Press.
  • Pan, B. ve Logi, F. ve Riu L. (Ed.). (2013). Compact Oxford Italian Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Plinius, (2018). Genç Plinius’un Mektupları (I-IV), (Levent Keskin Çev.). Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Pliny the Younger, (1991). Epistulae (Letters). Vol. I. (William Melmoth Trans.) V. M. Hutchinson (Ed.). London.
  • Pliny, (1967a). Natural History. Vol. I, I/XIX. (H. Rackham Trans.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Pliny, (1967b). Natural History. Vol. III, XI/XCVII. (H. Rackham Trans.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Pliny, (2006). Complete Letters. (P.G. Walsh Trans.). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Razionale, V. (2016). Luna Cheese, The Oxford Companion to Cheese içinde, Catherine Donnelly (Ed.). (ss. 446-447). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Scheidel, W. ve Morris I. ve Saller R. (Ed.). (2008). The Cambridge Economic History of The Greco-Roman World, Cambrdige: Cambridge University Press.
  • Solomon, J. ve Solomon, J. (1950). Ancient Roman Feasts and Recipes Adapted for Modern Cooking. Florida: E. A. Seeman Publishing.
  • Spaeth, J. W. (1924). The Daily Life of a Roman Gentleman in the First Century A.D. The Classical Weekly, 17(12), 90-95.
  • Suetonius, (2017). On İki Caesar’ın Yaşam Öyküsü. (Güngör Varınlıoğlu Çev.). İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Varro, M. T. (1912). On Farming (Rerum Rusticarum). (Lloyd Storr-Best Trans.). London: G. Bell and Sons.
  • Virgil, (1960). Aeneid (VII-XII), The Minor Poems. (H. Rushton Fairclough, Trans.), London: Harvard University Press.
  • Wilkins, J. ve Nadeau, R. (Ed.). (2015). A Companion to Food in The Ancient World. London: John Wiley & Sons.

Title Lunch (Prandium) in Ancient Roman Diet Culture

Year 2024, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 772 - 784, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1195404

Abstract

A meal is a meal that an individual eats at regular intervals throughout the day. The meal time of people or nations, their shape, the foods consumed vary depending on the geography and lifestyle. For example, the eating habits of those living close to the warm Mediterranean climate are different from those of those living in the cold northern regions, this is a necessity in order to sustain life. Another factor that differs according to nutritional habits is meals. In some places, one or two meals is common, while in some places, three or even more meals, including snacks, can be mentioned. Therefore, if we leave aside the political life, wars and agreements, a number of features such as people's dietary habits, agricultural activities, which animals they raise and how they benefit from them provide important clues in recognizing nations and understanding their cultures. Based on all these considerations, in this study, we aimed to reveal the place and importance of lunch (prandium) in the nutritional culture of the Roman Empire, one of the largest and most influential empires of the Ancient Age. While conducting the study, the works of both classical and modern authors were used, primarily "what?", "when?", "where?", "how?" and “with whom?” searched for answers to questions. While these questions provided important results in determining the place and importance of the prandium in Roman nutrition culture, they also gave information about the character and life routines of the Romans. The data obtained showed that lunch did not have a great value in the Ancient Roman nutrition culture.

References

  • Abuagla A. C. (2017). Antik Kaynaklar Işığında Megalesia Festivali. Phaselis, III(27), 271-279.
  • Alcock, J. P. (2006). Food in The Ancient World. Westport: Greenwood Press.
  • Alcock, Joan P. (2000). Milk and its Products in Ancient Rome, H. Walker (Ed), Oxford Symposium Food & Cookery: Milk: Beyond the Dairy içinde (ss. 31-38). London: Prospect Books.
  • Alova, E. (2013). Latince Türkçe Sözlük, İstanbul:Sosyal Yayınlar.
  • Bruni, M. G. (2009). The Monumental Villa at Palazzi di Casignana and The Roman Elite in Calabria (Italy) During The Fourth Century AD, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley.
  • Carcopino, J. (1962). Daily Life in Ancient Rome. (E. O. Lorimer, Trans.). London: Penguin Books.
  • Cato, M. P. (2010). On Farming (De Agricultura), LVII, (Andrew Dalby, Trans.). Exeter: Prospect Books (ebook).
  • Cato, M. P. (2022). Tarım Üzerine (De Agricultura), (Mehmet Seferbay, Çev.). Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Civitello, L. (2008). Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People, Toronto: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Civitello, L. (2019). Mutfak & Kültür: İnsanın Beslenme Tarihi, (Z. Nilüfer Nahya ve Saim Örnek, Çev.), Ankara: Bilim Sanat Yayınları.
  • Columella, L. I. M. (1954). On Agriculture (De Re Rustica), Vol. II, VII/VIII, H. Boyd Ash (Ed), London: Harvard University Press.
  • Cooley, A. E. ve Cooley, M.G.L. (2014). Pompeii and Herculaneum: A Sourcebook. New York: Routledge.
  • Curtis, R. I. (2001). Ancient Food Technology. Leiden: Brill.
  • Dalby, A. (2003). Food in the Ancient World from A to Z. London: Routledge.
  • Dalby, A. (2009). Cheese: A Global History. London: Reaktion Books.
  • Dalby, A. (2013). The Breakfast Book. London: Reaktion Books.
  • Dalby, A. (2016). Ancient Civilizations. Catherine Donnelly (Ed), The Oxford Companion to Cheese içinde, (ss. 25-27). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Dalby, A. 2015). Men, Women, and Slaves. A Companion to Food in The Ancient World içinde, (ss. 195-205). John Wilkins and Robin Nadeau (Ed.), London: John Wiley & Sons.
  • De Vaan, M. (2008). Etymological Dictionary of Latin and The Other Italic Languages. Leiden: Brill.
  • Deighton, H. J. (2012). Eski Roma Yaşantısında Bir Gün (Hande Kökten Ersoy Çev.). İstanbul: Homer Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Delemen, İ. (2003). Antik Dönemde Beslenme. İstanbul: Türk Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yayınları.
  • Donahue, J. F. (1996). Epula Publica: The Roman Community at Table During The Principate, (Unpublished PhD Thesis). University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
  • Donahue, J. F. (2015). Food and Drink in Antiquity: Readings from the Graeco-Roman World A Sourcebook. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Donahue, J. F. (2016). Culinary and Medicinal Uses of Wine and Olive Oil, A Companion to Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome içinde, (ss. 605-617). Georgia L. Irby (Ed.), Toronto: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Donahue, J. F. (2019). Roman Meals in Their Domestic and Wider Settings, The Routledge Handbook of Diet and Nutrition in the Roman World içinde, (ss. 93-100). Paul Erdkamp ve Claire Holleran (Ed.). New York: Routledge.
  • Dunbabin, K. M. D. (1991). Triclinium and Stibadium. Dining in a Classical Context içinde, William J. Slater (Ed.), Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.
  • Dunbabin, K. M. D. (1996). Convivial Spaces: Dining and Entertainment in the Roman Villa. Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 9, 66–80.
  • Dunbabin, K. M. D. (1999). Mosaics of The Greek and Roman World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ermatinger, J. W. (2015). The World of Ancient Rome: A Daily Life Encylopedia, Vol. II, California: Greenwood Publishing.
  • Faas, P. (2003). Around The Roman Table. New York:Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Giacosa, I. G. (1992). A Taste Of Ancient Rome. (Anna Herklotz Trans.). London:The University of Chicago Press.
  • Glare, P. G. W. (Ed.). (2012). Oxford Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Grainger, S. (2006). Cooking Apicius: Roman Recipes for Today. London: Prospect Books.
  • Grant, M. (2015). Roman Cookery Ancient Recipes For Modern Kitchens. London: Serif Books.
  • Hippokrates (2018). Hippokrates Külliyatı. (Nur Nirven Çev.). İstanbul: Pinhan Yayıncılık.
  • Horace (1942). Saturae, Horace, Satires, Epistles, Ars Poetica, II/IV, H. Rushton Fairclough (Ed.), Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Kelsey, M. W. (1991). Dining Out in Ancient Rome. Proceedings of The Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery: Public Eating içinde, (ss. 166-170). Harlen Walker (Ed.). London : Prospect Books.
  • Maniatis, G. C. (2014). The Byzantine Cheesemaking Industry. Byzantion, Vol. 84, 258.
  • Martial, (1919). Epigrams, Vol. I-II. (Walter C. A. Ker Trans.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Matz, D. (2002). Daily Life of The Ancient Romans. London: Greenwood Press.
  • Pan, B. ve Logi, F. ve Riu L. (Ed.). (2013). Compact Oxford Italian Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Plinius, (2018). Genç Plinius’un Mektupları (I-IV), (Levent Keskin Çev.). Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Pliny the Younger, (1991). Epistulae (Letters). Vol. I. (William Melmoth Trans.) V. M. Hutchinson (Ed.). London.
  • Pliny, (1967a). Natural History. Vol. I, I/XIX. (H. Rackham Trans.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Pliny, (1967b). Natural History. Vol. III, XI/XCVII. (H. Rackham Trans.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Pliny, (2006). Complete Letters. (P.G. Walsh Trans.). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Razionale, V. (2016). Luna Cheese, The Oxford Companion to Cheese içinde, Catherine Donnelly (Ed.). (ss. 446-447). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Scheidel, W. ve Morris I. ve Saller R. (Ed.). (2008). The Cambridge Economic History of The Greco-Roman World, Cambrdige: Cambridge University Press.
  • Solomon, J. ve Solomon, J. (1950). Ancient Roman Feasts and Recipes Adapted for Modern Cooking. Florida: E. A. Seeman Publishing.
  • Spaeth, J. W. (1924). The Daily Life of a Roman Gentleman in the First Century A.D. The Classical Weekly, 17(12), 90-95.
  • Suetonius, (2017). On İki Caesar’ın Yaşam Öyküsü. (Güngör Varınlıoğlu Çev.). İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Varro, M. T. (1912). On Farming (Rerum Rusticarum). (Lloyd Storr-Best Trans.). London: G. Bell and Sons.
  • Virgil, (1960). Aeneid (VII-XII), The Minor Poems. (H. Rushton Fairclough, Trans.), London: Harvard University Press.
  • Wilkins, J. ve Nadeau, R. (Ed.). (2015). A Companion to Food in The Ancient World. London: John Wiley & Sons.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section History
Authors

Emine Kapka 0000-0002-7192-8151

Özlem Genç 0000-0002-2564-7447

Publication Date June 28, 2024
Submission Date October 27, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 26 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kapka, E., & Genç, Ö. (2024). Antik Roma Beslenme Kültüründe Öğle Yemeği (Prandium). Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 26(2), 772-784. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1195404

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