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“Red Yurts” as a Method of Sovietization

Year 2024, Volume: 26 Issue: 3, 1332 - 1350, 27.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1210686

Abstract

The ethnic cultures of the Soviet Union were required to be “socialist in content, national in form” as stipulated in Stalin’s slogan for Soviet nationality policies. To educate a Soviet citizen meant not only to teach certain facts, subjects and methods, but also to disseminate norms and values, codes of conduct and worldview. In the case of the Red Yurt, this stood out as a very clear purpose and an expression of Soviet state-building. Red yurt meant a mobile yurt, equipped with a team of personnel employed by Soviet representatives, assigned to travel to the pastures with one or more auls (village). The Red yurts (Russian: krasnye yurty; Kazakh: qyzyl otau) operated from the 1925s. Red Yurts, like “red teahouses” and “red tents” used in other regions to run similar businesses, were considered a key institution for political enlightenment among the communities they served. In addition to enlightenment, reading, writing and some education, this formation aimed to educate people according to the new Soviet worldview and also to eliminate religious and other indigenous traditions that the Soviets considered harmful to the development of local peoples. The focus of activities was mainly women and children, who were seen as the easiest group to educate about the new ideology and social order. In our article, the emergence, aims and activities of the Soviet Red Dormitories will be evaluated in outline.

References

  • Arkhymatayeva, A. (2021). Sovyetler Birliği’nin Kazakistan Politikası (1927-1938) (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Denizli.
  • Bebel, A. (2019). Kadın ve Sosyalizm (Sabiha Sertel, Sevinç Altınçekiç, Çev.). İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
  • Cameron, S. (2018). The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan. Ithaca & Londra: Cornell University Press.
  • Dowler, W. (2001). Classroom and Empire: The Politics of Schooling Russia’s Eastern Nationalities, 1860-1917. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  • Edgar, A. Lynn (2003). Emancipation of the Unveiled: Turkmen Women under Soviet Rule, 1924-29. The Russian Review, 62 (1), 132-149.
  • Edgar, A. Lynn (2004). Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Esenova, S. (2002). Soviet Nationality, Identity, and Ethnicity in Central Asia: Historic Narratives and Kazakh Ethnic Identity. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 22 (1), 11-38.
  • Hughes, C. (2021). Accessible Art and Dialectic Potential: The Soviet Legacy in the Art Community of Kyrgyzstan, Museum Studies Abroad. https://museumstudiesabroad.org/dialectic-soviet-art-kyrgyzstan/ (Erişim tarihi: 05.10.2022)
  • İğmen, A. (2012). Speaking Soviet Peakingsoviet with an Accent: Culture And Power in Kyrgyzstan. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
  • Kamp, M. (2006). The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling under Communism. Seattle & Londra: University of Washington Press.
  • Kenez, P. (1985). The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917-1929. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Khalid, A. (2006). Backwardness and the Quest for Civilization: Early Soviet Central Asia in Comparative Perspective. Slavic Review, 65 (2), 231-251.
  • Khalid, A. (2021). Central Asia: A New History from the Imperial Conquests to the Present. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Loring, Benjamin H. (2008). Building Socialism in Kyrgyzstan: Nation-Making, Rural Development, and Social Change, 1921-1932 (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts.
  • Michaels, Paula A. (1998). Medical traditions, Kazak women, and soviet medical politics to 1941. Nationalities Papers, 26 (3), 493-509.
  • Michaels, Paula A. (2003). Curative Powers: Medicine and Empire in Stalin’s Central Asia. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
  • Neumann, M. (2008). Revolutionizing Mind and Soul? Soviet Youth and Cultural Campaigns during the New Economic Policy (1921-8). Social History, 33 (3), 243-267.
  • Northrop, D. (2004). Veiled Empire: Gender & Power in Stalinist Central Asia. Ithaca & Londra: Cornell University Press.
  • Özdemir, B. (2021). Sovyetler Birliği’nde Komünist Kadın Hareketi (1919-1930). İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
  • Ramsay, R. (2021). Nomadic Hearths of Soviet Culture: ‘Women’s Red Yurt’ Campaigns in Kazakhstan, 1925-1935. Europe-Asia Studies, 73 (10), 1937-1961.
  • Scott, J. (1989). Behind the Urals: An American Worker in Russia’s City of Steel. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Shulman, E. (2008). Stalinism on the Frontier of Empire: Women and State Formation in the Soviet Far East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sundström, O. (2011). Struggling for a New Way of Life: A. P. Putintseva, the Red Yurt, and the Nanai. Sibirica, 10 (1), 78-93.
  • Thomas, A. (2018). Nomads and Soviet Rule: Central Asia under Lenin and Stalin. Londra & New York: I. B. Tauris.
  • Waters, E. (1992). The Modernisation of Russian Motherhood, 1917-1937. Soviet Studies, 44 (1), 123-135. Wedelich, née Tonkobayeva, A. (2020). The Virgin Lands Campaign in Kazakhstan: A Social History, 1954-1964 (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Jacobs University, Bremen.

Bir Sovyetleştirme Metodu Olarak “Kızıl Yurtlar”

Year 2024, Volume: 26 Issue: 3, 1332 - 1350, 27.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1210686

Abstract

Sovyetler Birliği’nin etnik kültürlerinin, Stalin’in Sovyet milliyet politikalarına yönelik sloganında şart koştuğu gibi “içerik olarak sosyalist, biçim olarak ulusal” olması isteniyordu. Bir Sovyet vatandaşını eğitmek, sadece belirli gerçekleri, konuları ve yöntemleri öğretmek değil, aynı zamanda normları ve değerleri, davranış kurallarını ve dünya görüşünü yaymak anlamına geliyordu. Kızıl Yurt örneğinde bu oldukça açık bir amaçtı ve Sovyet devlet inşasının bir ifadesi olarak dikkat çekiyordu. Kızıl Yurt, Sovyet temsilcileri tarafından istihdam edilen bir personel ekibiyle donatılmış, bir veya daha fazla aul (köy) ile birlikte yazlık otlaklara seyahat etmek üzere görevlendirilen mobil bir yurt anlamına geliyordu. Kızıl Yurtlar (Rusça: krasnye yurty; Kazakça: qyzyl otau) 1925’li yıllardan başlayarak faaliyet gösterdi. Diğer bölgelerde benzer işleri yürütmek için kullanılan “kızıl çayevleri” ve “kızıl çadırlar” gibi Kızıl Yurtlar da hizmet ettikleri topluluklar arasında siyasi aydınlanma için kilit bir kurum olarak kabul edildi. Bu oluşum, aydınlanma, okuma-yazma ve birtakım eğitimlere ek olarak, insanları yeni Sovyet dünya görüşüne göre eğitmeyi ve ayrıca Sovyetlerin yerel halkların gelişimi için zararlı olduğunu düşündüğü dini ve diğer yerli gelenekleri ortadan kaldırmayı amaçlıyordu. Faaliyetlerin odak noktası, esas olarak yeni ideoloji ve toplumsal düzen hakkında eğitilmesi en kolay grup olarak görülen kadınlar ve çocuklardı. Makalemizde Sovyet Kızıl Yurtlarının ortaya çıkışı, amaçları ve faaliyetleri ana hatlarıyla değerlendirilecektir.

References

  • Arkhymatayeva, A. (2021). Sovyetler Birliği’nin Kazakistan Politikası (1927-1938) (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Denizli.
  • Bebel, A. (2019). Kadın ve Sosyalizm (Sabiha Sertel, Sevinç Altınçekiç, Çev.). İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
  • Cameron, S. (2018). The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan. Ithaca & Londra: Cornell University Press.
  • Dowler, W. (2001). Classroom and Empire: The Politics of Schooling Russia’s Eastern Nationalities, 1860-1917. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  • Edgar, A. Lynn (2003). Emancipation of the Unveiled: Turkmen Women under Soviet Rule, 1924-29. The Russian Review, 62 (1), 132-149.
  • Edgar, A. Lynn (2004). Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Esenova, S. (2002). Soviet Nationality, Identity, and Ethnicity in Central Asia: Historic Narratives and Kazakh Ethnic Identity. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 22 (1), 11-38.
  • Hughes, C. (2021). Accessible Art and Dialectic Potential: The Soviet Legacy in the Art Community of Kyrgyzstan, Museum Studies Abroad. https://museumstudiesabroad.org/dialectic-soviet-art-kyrgyzstan/ (Erişim tarihi: 05.10.2022)
  • İğmen, A. (2012). Speaking Soviet Peakingsoviet with an Accent: Culture And Power in Kyrgyzstan. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
  • Kamp, M. (2006). The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling under Communism. Seattle & Londra: University of Washington Press.
  • Kenez, P. (1985). The Birth of the Propaganda State: Soviet Methods of Mass Mobilization, 1917-1929. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Khalid, A. (2006). Backwardness and the Quest for Civilization: Early Soviet Central Asia in Comparative Perspective. Slavic Review, 65 (2), 231-251.
  • Khalid, A. (2021). Central Asia: A New History from the Imperial Conquests to the Present. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press.
  • Loring, Benjamin H. (2008). Building Socialism in Kyrgyzstan: Nation-Making, Rural Development, and Social Change, 1921-1932 (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts.
  • Michaels, Paula A. (1998). Medical traditions, Kazak women, and soviet medical politics to 1941. Nationalities Papers, 26 (3), 493-509.
  • Michaels, Paula A. (2003). Curative Powers: Medicine and Empire in Stalin’s Central Asia. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
  • Neumann, M. (2008). Revolutionizing Mind and Soul? Soviet Youth and Cultural Campaigns during the New Economic Policy (1921-8). Social History, 33 (3), 243-267.
  • Northrop, D. (2004). Veiled Empire: Gender & Power in Stalinist Central Asia. Ithaca & Londra: Cornell University Press.
  • Özdemir, B. (2021). Sovyetler Birliği’nde Komünist Kadın Hareketi (1919-1930). İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
  • Ramsay, R. (2021). Nomadic Hearths of Soviet Culture: ‘Women’s Red Yurt’ Campaigns in Kazakhstan, 1925-1935. Europe-Asia Studies, 73 (10), 1937-1961.
  • Scott, J. (1989). Behind the Urals: An American Worker in Russia’s City of Steel. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Shulman, E. (2008). Stalinism on the Frontier of Empire: Women and State Formation in the Soviet Far East. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sundström, O. (2011). Struggling for a New Way of Life: A. P. Putintseva, the Red Yurt, and the Nanai. Sibirica, 10 (1), 78-93.
  • Thomas, A. (2018). Nomads and Soviet Rule: Central Asia under Lenin and Stalin. Londra & New York: I. B. Tauris.
  • Waters, E. (1992). The Modernisation of Russian Motherhood, 1917-1937. Soviet Studies, 44 (1), 123-135. Wedelich, née Tonkobayeva, A. (2020). The Virgin Lands Campaign in Kazakhstan: A Social History, 1954-1964 (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Jacobs University, Bremen.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section History
Authors

Coşkun Kumru 0000-0001-5852-6855

Publication Date September 27, 2024
Submission Date November 27, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 26 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kumru, C. (2024). Bir Sovyetleştirme Metodu Olarak “Kızıl Yurtlar”. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 26(3), 1332-1350. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1210686

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