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Investigation of Asymmetric Relationship Between Consumer and Producer Prices in Turkey: Evidence from Hidden Cointegration and Asymmetric Causality Analyses

Year 2022, , 2051 - 2067, 31.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1008222

Abstract

The continuity of price stability is a necessity for the successful management of economic policy, especially monetary policy. Considering that price instability will lead to policy failure, it is extremely important that the general level of prices be accurate and predictable. When the interaction of prices within its own internal mechanism is considered within the scope of the production chain, an evaluation can be made with the distinction of producer and consumer prices. In this regard, the literature has two different views as supply-side and demand-side price transmission. In this study, it is aimed to determine which view is dominant between producer and consumer prices in Turkey. In addition, asymmetric techniques were used while investigating long and short-term relationships based on the idea that there may be an asymmetric structure in price transmission. In the analysis process, the interaction of domestic, agricultural and service producer prices with consumer prices was investigated. According to the results, although supply-side price transmission is valid in the long run, it is seen that the demand-side effect is more significant. In the short run, it can be stated that there is a supply-side price transmission. It is thought that the obtained findings will make significant contributions to the authorities and researchers in the formation of policies based on the inflation targeting regime in terms of the variables used and the analysis technique.

References

  • Abdioğlu, Z., & Korkmaz, Ö. (2012). “Tüketici ve Üretici Fiyat Endekslerinde Fiyat Geçişkenliği: Alt Sektörler”. Çukurova Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 16(2), 65-81.
  • Akcay, S. (2011). “The Causal Relationship Between Producer Price Index and Consumer Price Index: Empirical Evidence from Selected European Countries”. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(6), 227-232.
  • Alemu, Z. G. (2012). “Causality Links Between Consumer and Producer Price Inflation in South Africa”. Applied Economics Letters, 19(1), 13-18.
  • Belton, W. J., & Nair-Reichert, U. (2007). “Inflation Regimes, Core Inflation Measures and The Relationship Between Producer and Consumer Price Inflation”. Applied Economics, 39(10), 1295-1305.
  • Blomberg, S. B., & Harris, E. S. (1995). “The Commodity-Consumer Price Connection: Fact or Fable?”. Economic Policy Review, 1(3).
  • Caporale, G. M., Katsimi, M., & Pittis, N. (2002). “Causality Links Between Consumer and Producer Prices: Some Empirical Evidence”. Southern Economic Journal, 703-711.
  • Clark, T. E. (1995). “Do Producer Prices Lead Consumer Prices?”. Economic Review-Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 80, 25-25.
  • Colclough, W. G., & Lange, M. D. (1982). “Empirical Evidence of Causality from Consumer to Wholesale Prices”. Journal of Econometrics, 19(2-3), 379-384.
  • Cushing, M. J., & McGarvey, M. G. (1990). “Feedback Between Wholesale and Consumer Price Inflation: A Reexamination of The Evidence”. Southern Economic Journal, 1059-1072.
  • Dickey, D. A. and Fuller, W. A. (1979). “Distribution of The Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with A Unit Root”. Journal of the American statistical association, 74(366a), 427-431.
  • Dickey, D. A. and Fuller, W. A. (1981). “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with A Unit Root”. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1057-1072.
  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. (1987). “Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, And Testing”. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 251-276.
  • Erdem, H. F., & Yamak, R. (2014). “Üretici Fiyat Endeksi Ve Tüketici Fiyat Endeksi Arasındaki Geçişkenliğin Derecesi”. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(4), 1-13.
  • Gang, F. A. N., Liping, H. E., & Jiani, H. U. (2009). “CPI vs. PPI: Which Drives Which?”. Frontiers of Economics in China, 4(3), 317-334.
  • Ghazali, M. F., Yee, O. A., & Muhammad, M. Z. (2008). “Do Producer Prices Cause Consumer Prices? Some Empirical Evidence”. International Journal of Business and Management, 3(11), 78-82.
  • Granger, C. W., & Newbold, P. (1974). “Spurious Regressions in Econometrics”. Journal of econometrics, 2(2), 111-120.
  • Granger, C. W., & Yoon, G. (2002). “Hidden Cointegration”. U of California, Economics Working Paper, (2002-02).
  • Guthrie, R. S. (1981). “The Relationship Between Wholesale and Consumer Prices”. Southern Economic Journal, 1046-1055.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2012). “Asymmetric Causality Tests with An Application”. Empirical economics, 43(1), 447-456.
  • Jones, J. D. (1986). “Consumer Prices, Wholesale Prices, And Causality”. Empirical Economics, 11(1), 41-55.
  • Katsouli, E., Vogiatzis, A., & Manitsaris, A. (2002). “Linking Consumer Prices to Wholesale Prices: Error Correction Models for The Case of Greece”. Agricultural Economics Review, 3(389-2016-23393), 12-22.
  • Koçak, N. A. (2021). “Türkiye'de Tüketici ve Üretici Fiyatları Arasındaki İlişkinin Alternatif Tahmin Yöntemleri Kullanılarak Analizi”. Business and Economics Research Journal, 12(1), 33-47.
  • MacKinnon, J. G. (1991). Critical values for cointegration tests. In Eds., Long-Run Economic Relationship: Readings in Cointegration.
  • Martinez, W. O., Caicedo, E. G., & Tique, E. J. (2013). “Exploring the Relationship Between the CPI And The PPI: The Colombian Case”. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(17), 142.
  • Mohanty, D. (2010). Measures of Inflation in India: Issues and Perspectives. In IARNIW Conference Speech, Thiruvananthapuram.
  • Öner, H. (2018). “Tüketici ve Üretici Fiyat Endeksleri Arasındaki İlişkinin Granger Nedensellik Testi Yoluyla İncelenmesi”. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(1), 318-327.
  • Özpolat, A. (2020). “Causal Link Between Consumer Prices Index and Producer Prices Index: An Evidence from Central and Eastern European Countries (Ceecs)”. Adam Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 319-332.
  • Phillips, P. C., & Perron, P. (1988). “Testing for A Unit Root in Time Series Regression”. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
  • Rao, Nasir Hamid and Bukhari, Syed Kalim Hyder (2010). “Asymmetric Shocks and Co-Movement of Price Indices”. Published in: State Bank of Pakistan Working Paper Series (4 February 2011): pp. 1-26.
  • Saatçioğlu, C., & Karaca, O. (2017). “Türkiye’de Üretici Fiyatları ile Tüketici Fiyatları Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: 2005-2016”. Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, 6(2), 1-16.
  • Samanta, G. P., & Mitra, S. (1998). “Recent Divergence Between Wholesale and Consumer Prices in India-A Statistical Exploration”. RBI occasional papers, 19(4), 329-344.
  • Saraç, T. B., & Karagöz, K. (2010). “Türkiye’de Tüketici ve Üretici Fiyatları Arasındaki Ilişki: Yapısal Kırılma ve Sınır Testi”. Maliye Dergisi, 159, 220-232.
  • Shahbaz, M., Awan, R. U., & Nasir, N. M. (2009). “Producer & Consumer Prices Nexus: ARDL Bounds Testing Approach”. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 1(2), 78.
  • Shahbaz, M., Tiwari, A. K., & Tahir, M. I. (2012). “Does CPI Granger-Cause WPI? New Extensions from Frequency Domain Approach in Pakistan”. Economic Modelling, 29(5), 1592-1597.
  • Shahbaz, M., Wahid, A. N., & Haider, A. (2010). “Empirical Psychology Between Wholesale Price and Consumer Price Indices: The Case of Pakistan”. The Singapore Economic Review, 55(03), 537-551.
  • Sidaoui, J., Capistrán, C., Chiquiar, D., & Ramos-Francia, M. (2009). “A Note on the Predictive Content of PPI over CPI Inflation: The Case of Mexico”. No. 2009-14, Working Papers.
  • Silver, J. L., & Wallace, T. D. (1980). “The Lag Relationship Between Wholesale and Consumer Prices: An Application of the Hatanaka-Wallace Procedure”. Journal of Econometrics, 12(3), 375-387.
  • Su, C. W., Khan, K., Lobont, O. R., & Sung, H. C. (2016). “Is There Any Relationship Between Producer Price Index and Consumer Price Index in Slovakia? A Bootstrap Rolling Approach”. Ekonomicky Casopis, 64(7), 611.
  • Sui, J., & Li, Y. (2019). “Internal Driving Mechanism Between CPI and PPI on the View of Regime Switching Causality”. Systems Engineering-Theory & Practice, 39(4), 1001-1017.
  • Taban, S., & Şengür, M. (2016). “Türkiye’de Enflasyonun Kaynağının Belirlenmesine Yönelik Ekonometrik Bir Analiz”. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (47), 47-64.
  • Tarı, R., Abasız, T., & Pehlivanoğlu, F. (2012). “TEFE (ÜFE)-TÜFE Fiyat Endeksleri Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: Frekans Alanı Yaklaşımı”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 12(24), 1-15.
  • Terzi̇, H., & Tütüncü, A. (2017). “Türkiye'de Üretici Fiyat Endeksi ve Tüketici Fiyat Endeksi Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”. Sosyoekonomi, 25.
  • Tiwari, A. K. (2012). “An Empirical Investigation of Causality Between Producers' Price and Consumers' Price Indices in Australia in Frequency Domain”. Economic Modelling, 29(5), 1571-1578.
  • Tiwari, A. K., Mutascu, M. ve Andries, M. A. (2012). “An Empirical Investigation of Causality between Producers' Price and Consumers' Price Indices in Australia in Frequency Domain”. Economic Modelling, 29, No. 5, pp. 1571 – 1578.
  • Tiwari, A. K., & Shahbaz, M. (2013). “Modelling the Relationship Between Whole Sale Price and Consumer Price Indices: Cointegration And Causality Analysis for India”. Global Business Review, 14(3), 397-411.
  • Tiwari, A. K., Suresh, K. G., Arouri, M., & Teulon, F. (2014). “Causality Between Consumer Price and Producer Price: Evidence from Mexico”. Economic Modelling, 36, 432-440.
  • Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). “Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions With Possibly Integrated Processes”. Journal of econometrics, 66(1-2), 225-250.
  • Topuz, Y. V., Yazdifar, H., & Sahadev, S. (2018). “The Relation Between the Producer and Consumer Price Indices: A Two-Country Study”. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 17(3), 122-130.
  • TURKSTAT (2014). “Yurt İçi Üretici Fiyat Endeksi (Yİ-ÜFE) Kullanıcıları için Rehber”. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/DownloadFile?p=V6l5eFnB05pUiSfO8aojGW6264DE/3qF/SgTTIKpMyhOyrfJ457XjFqRP54xUSHjumb10LhUInS0ddJVIOx8dE0L/y2DP25csy4FqwydWl0= (Date of access: 08.09.2021)
  • Ülke, V., & Ergun, U. (2014). “The Relationship Between Consumer Price and Producer Price Indices in Turkey”. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 3(1), 205-222.
  • Zortuk, M. (2008). “Türkiye'de Tüketici ve Toptan Eşya Fiyat İndeksleri Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: 1986-2004”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (20).

Investigation of Asymmetric Relationship Between Consumer and Producer Prices in Turkey: Evidence from Hidden Cointegration and Asymmetric Causality Analyses

Year 2022, , 2051 - 2067, 31.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1008222

Abstract

The continuity of price stability is a necessity for the successful management of economic policy, especially monetary policy. Considering that price instability will lead to policy failure, it is extremely important that the general level of prices be accurate and predictable. When the interaction of prices within its own internal mechanism is considered within the scope of the production chain, an evaluation can be made with the distinction of producer and consumer prices. In this regard, the literature has two different views as supply-side and demand-side price transmission. In this study, it is aimed to determine which view is dominant between producer and consumer prices in Turkey. In addition, asymmetric techniques were used while investigating long and short-term relationships based on the idea that there may be an asymmetric structure in price transmission. In the analysis process, the interaction of domestic, agricultural and service producer prices with consumer prices was investigated. According to the results, although supply-side price transmission is valid in the long run, it is seen that the demand-side effect is more significant. In the short run, it can be stated that there is a supply-side price transmission. It is thought that the obtained findings will make significant contributions to the authorities and researchers in the formation of policies based on the inflation targeting regime in terms of the variables used and the analysis technique.

References

  • Abdioğlu, Z., & Korkmaz, Ö. (2012). “Tüketici ve Üretici Fiyat Endekslerinde Fiyat Geçişkenliği: Alt Sektörler”. Çukurova Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 16(2), 65-81.
  • Akcay, S. (2011). “The Causal Relationship Between Producer Price Index and Consumer Price Index: Empirical Evidence from Selected European Countries”. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(6), 227-232.
  • Alemu, Z. G. (2012). “Causality Links Between Consumer and Producer Price Inflation in South Africa”. Applied Economics Letters, 19(1), 13-18.
  • Belton, W. J., & Nair-Reichert, U. (2007). “Inflation Regimes, Core Inflation Measures and The Relationship Between Producer and Consumer Price Inflation”. Applied Economics, 39(10), 1295-1305.
  • Blomberg, S. B., & Harris, E. S. (1995). “The Commodity-Consumer Price Connection: Fact or Fable?”. Economic Policy Review, 1(3).
  • Caporale, G. M., Katsimi, M., & Pittis, N. (2002). “Causality Links Between Consumer and Producer Prices: Some Empirical Evidence”. Southern Economic Journal, 703-711.
  • Clark, T. E. (1995). “Do Producer Prices Lead Consumer Prices?”. Economic Review-Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 80, 25-25.
  • Colclough, W. G., & Lange, M. D. (1982). “Empirical Evidence of Causality from Consumer to Wholesale Prices”. Journal of Econometrics, 19(2-3), 379-384.
  • Cushing, M. J., & McGarvey, M. G. (1990). “Feedback Between Wholesale and Consumer Price Inflation: A Reexamination of The Evidence”. Southern Economic Journal, 1059-1072.
  • Dickey, D. A. and Fuller, W. A. (1979). “Distribution of The Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with A Unit Root”. Journal of the American statistical association, 74(366a), 427-431.
  • Dickey, D. A. and Fuller, W. A. (1981). “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with A Unit Root”. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 1057-1072.
  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. (1987). “Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, And Testing”. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 251-276.
  • Erdem, H. F., & Yamak, R. (2014). “Üretici Fiyat Endeksi Ve Tüketici Fiyat Endeksi Arasındaki Geçişkenliğin Derecesi”. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(4), 1-13.
  • Gang, F. A. N., Liping, H. E., & Jiani, H. U. (2009). “CPI vs. PPI: Which Drives Which?”. Frontiers of Economics in China, 4(3), 317-334.
  • Ghazali, M. F., Yee, O. A., & Muhammad, M. Z. (2008). “Do Producer Prices Cause Consumer Prices? Some Empirical Evidence”. International Journal of Business and Management, 3(11), 78-82.
  • Granger, C. W., & Newbold, P. (1974). “Spurious Regressions in Econometrics”. Journal of econometrics, 2(2), 111-120.
  • Granger, C. W., & Yoon, G. (2002). “Hidden Cointegration”. U of California, Economics Working Paper, (2002-02).
  • Guthrie, R. S. (1981). “The Relationship Between Wholesale and Consumer Prices”. Southern Economic Journal, 1046-1055.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2012). “Asymmetric Causality Tests with An Application”. Empirical economics, 43(1), 447-456.
  • Jones, J. D. (1986). “Consumer Prices, Wholesale Prices, And Causality”. Empirical Economics, 11(1), 41-55.
  • Katsouli, E., Vogiatzis, A., & Manitsaris, A. (2002). “Linking Consumer Prices to Wholesale Prices: Error Correction Models for The Case of Greece”. Agricultural Economics Review, 3(389-2016-23393), 12-22.
  • Koçak, N. A. (2021). “Türkiye'de Tüketici ve Üretici Fiyatları Arasındaki İlişkinin Alternatif Tahmin Yöntemleri Kullanılarak Analizi”. Business and Economics Research Journal, 12(1), 33-47.
  • MacKinnon, J. G. (1991). Critical values for cointegration tests. In Eds., Long-Run Economic Relationship: Readings in Cointegration.
  • Martinez, W. O., Caicedo, E. G., & Tique, E. J. (2013). “Exploring the Relationship Between the CPI And The PPI: The Colombian Case”. International Journal of Business and Management, 8(17), 142.
  • Mohanty, D. (2010). Measures of Inflation in India: Issues and Perspectives. In IARNIW Conference Speech, Thiruvananthapuram.
  • Öner, H. (2018). “Tüketici ve Üretici Fiyat Endeksleri Arasındaki İlişkinin Granger Nedensellik Testi Yoluyla İncelenmesi”. Finans Ekonomi ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(1), 318-327.
  • Özpolat, A. (2020). “Causal Link Between Consumer Prices Index and Producer Prices Index: An Evidence from Central and Eastern European Countries (Ceecs)”. Adam Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), 319-332.
  • Phillips, P. C., & Perron, P. (1988). “Testing for A Unit Root in Time Series Regression”. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
  • Rao, Nasir Hamid and Bukhari, Syed Kalim Hyder (2010). “Asymmetric Shocks and Co-Movement of Price Indices”. Published in: State Bank of Pakistan Working Paper Series (4 February 2011): pp. 1-26.
  • Saatçioğlu, C., & Karaca, O. (2017). “Türkiye’de Üretici Fiyatları ile Tüketici Fiyatları Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: 2005-2016”. Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, 6(2), 1-16.
  • Samanta, G. P., & Mitra, S. (1998). “Recent Divergence Between Wholesale and Consumer Prices in India-A Statistical Exploration”. RBI occasional papers, 19(4), 329-344.
  • Saraç, T. B., & Karagöz, K. (2010). “Türkiye’de Tüketici ve Üretici Fiyatları Arasındaki Ilişki: Yapısal Kırılma ve Sınır Testi”. Maliye Dergisi, 159, 220-232.
  • Shahbaz, M., Awan, R. U., & Nasir, N. M. (2009). “Producer & Consumer Prices Nexus: ARDL Bounds Testing Approach”. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 1(2), 78.
  • Shahbaz, M., Tiwari, A. K., & Tahir, M. I. (2012). “Does CPI Granger-Cause WPI? New Extensions from Frequency Domain Approach in Pakistan”. Economic Modelling, 29(5), 1592-1597.
  • Shahbaz, M., Wahid, A. N., & Haider, A. (2010). “Empirical Psychology Between Wholesale Price and Consumer Price Indices: The Case of Pakistan”. The Singapore Economic Review, 55(03), 537-551.
  • Sidaoui, J., Capistrán, C., Chiquiar, D., & Ramos-Francia, M. (2009). “A Note on the Predictive Content of PPI over CPI Inflation: The Case of Mexico”. No. 2009-14, Working Papers.
  • Silver, J. L., & Wallace, T. D. (1980). “The Lag Relationship Between Wholesale and Consumer Prices: An Application of the Hatanaka-Wallace Procedure”. Journal of Econometrics, 12(3), 375-387.
  • Su, C. W., Khan, K., Lobont, O. R., & Sung, H. C. (2016). “Is There Any Relationship Between Producer Price Index and Consumer Price Index in Slovakia? A Bootstrap Rolling Approach”. Ekonomicky Casopis, 64(7), 611.
  • Sui, J., & Li, Y. (2019). “Internal Driving Mechanism Between CPI and PPI on the View of Regime Switching Causality”. Systems Engineering-Theory & Practice, 39(4), 1001-1017.
  • Taban, S., & Şengür, M. (2016). “Türkiye’de Enflasyonun Kaynağının Belirlenmesine Yönelik Ekonometrik Bir Analiz”. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (47), 47-64.
  • Tarı, R., Abasız, T., & Pehlivanoğlu, F. (2012). “TEFE (ÜFE)-TÜFE Fiyat Endeksleri Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: Frekans Alanı Yaklaşımı”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 12(24), 1-15.
  • Terzi̇, H., & Tütüncü, A. (2017). “Türkiye'de Üretici Fiyat Endeksi ve Tüketici Fiyat Endeksi Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”. Sosyoekonomi, 25.
  • Tiwari, A. K. (2012). “An Empirical Investigation of Causality Between Producers' Price and Consumers' Price Indices in Australia in Frequency Domain”. Economic Modelling, 29(5), 1571-1578.
  • Tiwari, A. K., Mutascu, M. ve Andries, M. A. (2012). “An Empirical Investigation of Causality between Producers' Price and Consumers' Price Indices in Australia in Frequency Domain”. Economic Modelling, 29, No. 5, pp. 1571 – 1578.
  • Tiwari, A. K., & Shahbaz, M. (2013). “Modelling the Relationship Between Whole Sale Price and Consumer Price Indices: Cointegration And Causality Analysis for India”. Global Business Review, 14(3), 397-411.
  • Tiwari, A. K., Suresh, K. G., Arouri, M., & Teulon, F. (2014). “Causality Between Consumer Price and Producer Price: Evidence from Mexico”. Economic Modelling, 36, 432-440.
  • Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). “Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions With Possibly Integrated Processes”. Journal of econometrics, 66(1-2), 225-250.
  • Topuz, Y. V., Yazdifar, H., & Sahadev, S. (2018). “The Relation Between the Producer and Consumer Price Indices: A Two-Country Study”. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 17(3), 122-130.
  • TURKSTAT (2014). “Yurt İçi Üretici Fiyat Endeksi (Yİ-ÜFE) Kullanıcıları için Rehber”. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/DownloadFile?p=V6l5eFnB05pUiSfO8aojGW6264DE/3qF/SgTTIKpMyhOyrfJ457XjFqRP54xUSHjumb10LhUInS0ddJVIOx8dE0L/y2DP25csy4FqwydWl0= (Date of access: 08.09.2021)
  • Ülke, V., & Ergun, U. (2014). “The Relationship Between Consumer Price and Producer Price Indices in Turkey”. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 3(1), 205-222.
  • Zortuk, M. (2008). “Türkiye'de Tüketici ve Toptan Eşya Fiyat İndeksleri Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi: 1986-2004”. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (20).
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Fatih Demir 0000-0002-6787-3960

Publication Date May 31, 2022
Acceptance Date March 23, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Demir, F. (2022). Investigation of Asymmetric Relationship Between Consumer and Producer Prices in Turkey: Evidence from Hidden Cointegration and Asymmetric Causality Analyses. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 6(2), 2051-2067. https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1008222