Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Empowering Women in Business Life and Its Effect on Family Relationship

Year 2022, , 3129 - 3158, 30.09.2022

Zümrüt Hatun Demirel , Hülya Bakırtaş

https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1009695
Cited By: 2

Abstract

In this study, it is aimed to examine how the empowerment of women has an effect on their economic, social, political and external communication-social network, as well as to reveal the effect of empowerment on the family lives of married women entrepreneurs. The data were collected between January 15 and September 15, 2019 using the survey technique. 421 participants answered the questionnaire. The study was applied to correlation, regression and chi-square analysis. According to the analysis findings; women's empowerment has a significant and positive impact on their economic, social, political and external communication-social network. However, it is another important finding that the empowerment of married women in business life has a negative effect on their marriage. This finding shows that marital status is an effective factor on domestic problems. Although there are many studies on the empowerment of women in social life, the limited number of studies on women's empowerment in business life, the problems experienced by married women entrepreneurs and the inadequacy of studies examining the effect of empowerment on family life in the national literature have been the driving force behind this study. In addition, considering the empowerment of women entrepreneurs on the basis of different perspectives reveals the original value of this study.

Keywords

women empowerment problems experienced within the family problems experienced outside the family women entrepreneur family relationship

References

  • AGARWAL, S. & LENKA, U. (2018). “Why Research Is Needed in Women Entrepreneurship in India: A Viewpoint”, International Journal of Social Economics, 45 (7), 1042-1057.
  • AHMAD, H. M. & NAIMAT, S. (2011). “Networking and Women Entrepreneurs: Beyond Patriarchal Traditions.” African Journal of Business Management, 5 (14), 5784-5791.
  • ALRICH, H., REESE, P. R. & DUBINI, P. (1989). “Women on The Verge of A Berakthrough: Networking among Entrepreneurs in The United States and İtaly”, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 1, 339-356.
  • AL-SHAMI, S., AL MAMUN, A., SIDEK, S. & RASHID, N. (2020). “Causes of Failure among Malaysian Female Entrepreneurs. A Qualitative Case Study of Malaysian Microcredit Borrowers”, Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 12 (1), 43-71.
  • ÅLUND, A. (2003). Ethnic Entrepreneurs and Other Migrants in The Wake of Globalisation. International Review of Sociology, 13 (1), 77- 87.
  • ASFIAH, N., ANSHORI, M. & MAWARDI, I. (2018). “An Analysis of Women Empowerment on Micro Business with Social Entrepreneurship Concept. Advances in Social Science”, Education and Humanities Research, Vol: 231, 67-71.
  • BATI, B. G. & ARMUTLULU, İ. H. (2020). “Work and Family Conflict Analysis of Female Entrepreneurs in Turkey and Classification with Rough Set Theory”, Humanit Soc Sci Commun, 7 (15), https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-0498-0.
  • BAYISSA, F. W., SMITS, J. & RUBEN, R. (2018). “The Multıdımensıonal Nature of Women’s Empowerment: beyond The Economıc Approach”, Journal of International Development, 30, 661–690.
  • BEEGLE, K., FRANKENBERG, E. & THOMAS, D. (2001). “Bargaining power Within Couples and Use of Prenatal and Delivery Care in Indonesia”, Studies in Family Planning, 32 (2), 30-146.
  • BENIHANI, M. (2020). “Empowering Jordanian Women Through Entrepreneurship”, Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 22 (1), 133-144.
  • BENNETT, L. (2002). “Using Empowerment and Social Inclusion For Pro-poor Growth: A Theory of Social Change”, Background Paper for the Social Development Sector Strategy Paper, The World Bank.
  • BIERNACKA, A., QUEDER, S. A. R. & KRESSEL, G. M. (2018). “The Connective Strategies of Bedouin Women Entrepreneurs in The Negev”, Journal of Arid Environments, 149, 62–72.
  • BOATENG, D. A. (2020). “Pathways for The Economic Empowerment of Female Entrepreneurs in Emerging Economies: Implications for Social Work”, International Social Work, 1–17. Doi: 10.1177/0020872819896846.
  • BONGOMIN, G. O. C., WOLDIE, A. & WAKIBI, A. (2020). “Microfinance Accessibility, Social Cohesion and Survival of Women MSMEsin Post-War Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from Northern Uganda”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 27(5), 749-774.
  • CHATTERJEE, S., GUPTA, S. D. & UPADHYAY, P. (2018). “Empowering Women and Stimulating Development at Bottom of Pyramid through Micro-Entrepreneurship”, Management Decision, Vol. 56 Issue: 1, 160-174, https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-04-2017-0296.
  • COSTA, J. & PITA, M. (2020). “Appraising Entrepreneurship in Qatar under A Gender Perspective”, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 12 (3), 233-251.
  • DFID (Department for International Development) (2000). “Poverty Elimination and The Empowerment of Women: Strategies for Achieving”, The International Development Targets.
  • DJANKOV, S., LA PORTA, R., LOPEZ-DE-SILANES, F. & SHLEIFER, A. (2002). “The Regulation of Entry”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 117, No. 1, 1-37.
  • ERTAC, M. & TANOVA, C. (2020) “Flourishing Women through Sustainable Tourism Entrepreneurship”, Sustainability, 12, 5643, 1-17.
  • ETHIOPIA NATIONAL PLAN (2008). “Unpublished National Report on The Growth and Development of Small and Microenterprises”, Addis Ababa.
  • GHOUSE, S., MCELWEE, G. MEATON, J. & DURRAH, O. (2017). “Barriers to rural Women entrepreneurs in Oman”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-02-2017-0070.
  • GIACCONE, M. & BUCALOSSI, G. (2008). “Annual Review of Working Conditions in The EU 2007–2008”, European Foundation for The Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin.
  • GOLZARD, V. (2020). “Economic Empowerment of Iranian Women through The Internet, Gender in Management”, An International Journal, Vol. 35 No. 1, 1-18.
  • GONZÁLEZ, J. M. G., BRETONES, F. D., ZARCO, V. & RODRIGUEZ, A. (2011). “Women, Immigration and Entrepreneurship in Spain: A Confluence of Debates in The Face of a Complex Reality”, Women's Studies International Forum, 34, 360–370.
  • HANSEN E. L. (1995). “Entrepreneurial Networks and New Organization Growth”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19 (4), 7-19.
  • HASHEMI, S. M., SCHULER, S. R. & RILEY, A. P. (1996). “Rural Credit Programs and Women’s Empowerment in Bangladesh”, World Development, 24 (4), 635-653.
  • HAUGH, H. M. & TALWAR, A. (2016). “Linking Social Entrepreneurship and Social Change: The Mediating Role of Empowerment”, Journal of Business Ethics, 133, 643–658.
  • HEILMAN, M. E. (2001). “Description and Prescription: How Gender Stereotypes Prevent Women’s Ascent up The Organizational Ladder”, Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 657-674.
  • HUIS, M. A, HANSEN, N., OTTEN, S. & LENSINK, R. (2017). “A Three-Dimensional Model of Women’s Empowerment: Implications in the Field of Microfinance and Future Directions”, Front. Psychol. 8: 1678, 1-14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01678.
  • JENSSEN, I. J. (2001). “Social Networks: Resources and Entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurshıp and Innovatıon, 2 (2), 103-109.
  • KABEER, N. (1999). “Resources, Agency and Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s Empowerment”, Development and Change, 30, 435-464.
  • KABEER, N. (2001). “Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s Empowerment. in A. Sisask (ed.), Discussing Women’s Empowerment: Theory and Practice”, Sida Studies 3, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Stockholm.
  • KACAR, S. O.& ESSERS, C. (2019). “The Interplay between Identity Construction and Opportunity Structures: Narratives of Turkish Migrant Women Entrepreneurs in The Netherlands”, International Small Business. Researching Entrepreneurship, 37(7) 713–731.
  • KAGİDER (2020) “Türkiye Kadın Girişimcilik Endeksi - 2019 Araştırma Raporu” (Turkey Woman Entrepreneurshıp Index – 2019 Research Report).
  • KARIMI, H. (2018). “The Hijab and Work: Female Entrepreneurship in Response to Islamophobia”, Int. J. Polit. Cult. Soc. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-018-9290-1.
  • KARKI, T. S. & XHENETI, M. (2018). “Formalising Women Entrepreneurs in The Informal Economy of Kathmandu, Nepal: Pathway Towards Empowerment?”, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 38 (7/8), 526-541.
  • KAWAGUCHI, L., FOUAD, N. A. M., CHIANG, C., ELSHAIR, I. H. H., ABDOU, N. M., EL BANNA, S. R. & AOYAMA, A. (2014). “Dımensıons of Women’s Empowerment and Theır Influence on The Utılızatıon of Maternal Health Servıces In An Egyptıan Vıllage: A Multıvarıate Analysıs Nagoya”, J. Med. Sci. 76, 161-171.
  • KELLEY, D.J., BAUMER, B.S., BRUSH, C., GREENE, P.G., MAHDAVI, M., MAJBOURI, M. & HEAVLOW, R. (2017). “Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Women’s Entrepreneurship 2016/2017 Report”, Retrieved 28.09.2021 from http://www.fundacionmicrofinanzasbbva.org/revistaprogreso/wpcontent/uploads/2017/12/gem-womens-2016-2017-report-v11df-1504758645.pdf.
  • KHAN, M. A., KANWAL, N., NABI, P. G. & SHAH, A. A. (2016). “Empowering Women Entrepreneurs through Microcredit: Assessing the Role of Sarhad Rural Support Program in Pakistan”, Journal of Entrepreneurship. Management and Innovation (JEMI), Volume 12, Issue 1, 91-112.
  • KIMBU, A. N., NGOASONG, M. Z., ADEOLA, O. & AFENYO-AGBE, E. (2018). “Collaborative Networks for Sustainable Human Capital Management in Women’s Tourism Entrepreneurship: The Role of Tourism Policy”, Tourism Planning & Development, 16(2), 161-178.
  • KISHOR, S. (1995). “Autonomy and Egyptian Women: Findings from The 1988 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey”, Occasional Papers 2. Calverton, Md.: Macro International Inc.
  • KOENIG, M. A., AHMED, S., HOSSAIN, M. B. & MOZUMDER, K. A. (2003). “Women’s Status And Domestıc Vıolence In Rural Bangladesh: Indıvıdual- And Communıty Level Effects”, Demography, 40(2), 269–288.
  • KOTHARI, T. (2017). “Women Entrepreneurs’ Path to Building Venture Success: Lessons from India South Asian”, Journal of Business Studies, 6(2), 118-141.
  • KRISHNA, A. (2003). “Social Capital, Community Driven Development and Empowerment: A Short Note on Concepts and Operations”, Retrieved 03.05.2021 from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/511391468765604827/Social-capital-community-driven-development-and-empowerment-a-short-note-on-concepts-and-operations. MADEN, C. (2015). “A Gendered Lens on Entrepreneurship: Women Entrepreneurship in Turkey”, Gender in Management: An International Journal, 30 (4), 312–331.
  • MAHMUD, S, SHAH, N. M. & BECKER, S. (2012). “Measurement of Women’s Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh”, World Development, 40(3), 610–619.
  • MALHOTRA, A. & MATHER, M. (1997). “Do Schooling and Work Empower Women in Developing Country? The Case of Siri Lanka”, Sociological Forum, 12(4), 599–630.
  • MALHOTRA, A., SCHULER, S. R., & BOENDER, C. (2002). “Measuring Women’s Empowerment As A Variable in International Development”, World Bank, Washington, DC.
  • MALHOTRA, A. & SCHULER, S. R. (2005). “Women's Empowerment as A Variable in International Development” Meas. Empower. Cross-Disciplinary Perspect, 71-88. World Bank, Washington, DC.
  • MARKUSSEN, S. & RØED, K. (2017). “The Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship – The Role of Peer Effects”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), 356-373.
  • MARTINEZ DY, A., MARTIN, L. & MARLOW, S. (2018). “Emancipation through Digital Entrepreneurship? A Critical Realist Analysis”, Organization, 25 (5), 585-608. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508418777891.
  • MEZGEBO, G. K., YMESEL, T. & TEGEGNE, G. (2017). “Do Micro and Small Business Enterprises Economically Empower Women in Developing Countries? Evidences from Mekelle City, Tigray”, Ethiopia, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 30(5), 767-778.
  • MOGHADAM, V. M. & SENFTOVA, L. (2005). “Measuring Women’s Empowerment: Participation and Rights in Civil, Political, Social, Economic, and Cultural Domains”, International Social Sicience Journal, 57 (184), 389-412.
  • MOSEDALE, S. (2005). “Polıcy Arena Assessıng Women’s Empowerment: Towards A Conceptual Framework”, Journal of International Development (J. Int. Dev.) 17, 243–257.
  • NETEMEYER, R. G., BRASHEAR-ALEJANDRO, T. & BOLES, J. S. (2004). “A Cross-National Model Of Job-Related Outcomes of Work Role and Family Role Variables: A Retail Sales Context”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 32(1): 49-60.
  • QUAGRAINIE, F. A., ADAMS, S., KABALAN, A. A. M. & DANKWA A. D. (2020). “Micro Entrepreneurship, Sustainable Development Goal One and Cultural Expectations of Ghanaian Women”, Retrieved 03.05.2021 from https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-11-2019-0174.
  • RIFKIN, S. B. (2003). “A Framework Linking Community Empowerment and Health Equity: It Is a Matter of Choıce”, J Health Popul Nutr, Sep, 21(3),168-180.
  • RIPOLLES M & BLESA A (2005). “Personal Networks as Fosterers of Entrepreneurial Orientation in New Ventures”, Int. J. Entrepreneurshıp and Innovatıon, 6(4), 239-248.
  • ROWLANDS, J. (1997). “Questioning Empowerment”, Oxfam, Oxford.
  • SALIA, S., HUSSAIN, J., TINGBANI, I & KOLADE, O. (2018). “Is Women Empowerment A Zero Sum Game? Unintended Consequences of Microfinance for Women’s Empowerment in Ghana”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Vol. 24 Issue: 1, 273-289. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-04-2017-0114
  • SARRI, K. & TRIHOPOULOU, A. (2005). “Female Entrepreneurs’ Personal Characteristics and Motivation: A Review of The Greek Situation, Women in Management Review, 20 (1), 24-36.
  • SCHULER, S. R. & HASHEMİ, S. M. (1994). “Credit Programs, Women's Empowerment, and Contraceptive Use in Rural Bangladesh”, Stud. Fam. Plan, 65-76.
  • SCHULER, S. R., ISLAM, F. & ROTTACH, E. (2010). “Women's Empowerment Revisited: A Case Study from Bangladesh”, Development in Practice, 20(7), 840-854.
  • SECK, A., ARAAR, A., CAMARA, K., DIALLO, F. L., DIOP, N. K & FALL, F. A. (2020). “Female Entrepreneurship, Access to Credit, and Firms’ Productivity in Senegal”, Journal of African Business, DOI: 10.1080/15228916.2020.1826859.
  • SEN, A. (1993). “Does Business Ethics Make Economic Sense?”, Business Ethics Quarterly, 3(1), 45–54.
  • SIMON, D., ADAMS, A. M. & MADHAVAN, S. (2002). “Women’s Social Power, Child Nutrıtıon and Poverty In Mali”, Journal of Biosocial Science, 34, 193-213.
  • STABER, U. (2001). “The Structure of Networks in Industrial Districts”, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Volume 25(3), 537-552.
  • STAVREVSKA, E. B. (2018). “The Mother, The Wife, The Entrepreneur? Women’s Agency and Microfinance in a Disappearing Post-Conflict Welfare State Context”, Civil Wars, 20 (2), 193-216.
  • STROMQUIST, N.P. (2002). “Education as A Means for Empowering Women. Rethinking Empowerment: Gender and Development in a Global/Local World”. 2nd.Chapter,22-38, Rouledge, London.
  • QUAGRAINIE, F. A., ADAMS, S., KABALAN, A. A. M. & DANKWA A. D. (2020). “Micro Entrepreneurship, Sustainable Development Goal One and Cultural Expectations of Ghanaian Women”, Retrieved 05.05.2021 from https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-11-2019-0174. THOMAS, P. V. & JOSE, S. (2018). “Engaging and Promoting Young Women’s Entrepreneurship: A Challenge To Social Work”, International Social Work, 63(1) 69–75.
  • TORNHILL, S. (2016). “A Bulletin Board of Dreams: Corporate Empowerment Promotion and Feminist Implications”, Internatıonal Femınıst Journal of Politics, 18(4), 528-543.
  • UGHETTO, E., MARIACRISTINA, R. AUDRETSCH, D. & LEHMANN, E. E.(2019). “Female Entrepreneurship in The Digital Era”, Small Business Economics, 55, 305-312.
  • UNİTED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP) (2008). “Innovative Approaches to Promoting Women’s Economic Empowerment”, UNDP, New York.
  • VÉRAS, E. Z. (2015). “Female Entrepreneurship: from Women’s Empowerment to Shared Value Creation”, RISUS – Journal on Innovation and Sustainability, 6 (2), 109-123.
  • VOYDANOFF, P. (2005). “Work Demands and Work-To-Family and Family-To-Work Conflict”, Journal of Family Issues, 26(6), 707-726.
  • WALTER, F. & KAUTONEN, T. (2005). “Trust, Social Networks and Enterprise Development: Exploring Evidence from East and West Germany”, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1, 367–379.
  • https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.MPYR.MA.ZS Erişim tarihi 05.07.2021
  • https://legaljobsite.net/women-entrepreneurs-statistics Male_vs_Female_Entrepreneurs_Statistics_in_2020 Erişim tarihi 07.07.2021
  • https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=83119 Erişim tarihi 07.07.2021
  • https://tuik.gov.tr. Erişim tarihi 07.07.2021

İş Hayatında Kadınların Güçlendirilmesi ve Aile İlişkisine Etkisi

Year 2022, , 3129 - 3158, 30.09.2022

Zümrüt Hatun Demirel , Hülya Bakırtaş

https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1009695
Cited By: 2

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, kadınların güçlendirilmesinin onların ekonomik, sosyal, politik ve dışsal iletişim-sosyal ağı üzerinde nasıl bir etkiye sahip olduğunu incelemenin yanı sıra evli kadın girişimcilerin aile yaşamları üzerinde güçlendirmenin yarattığı etkiyi ortaya çıkarmak amaçlanmıştır. Veriler, 15 Ocak-15 Eylül 2019 tarihleri arasında anket tekniğiyle toplanmıştır. 421 katılımcı anketi yanıtlamıştır. Çalışmada, korelasyon, regresyon ve ki-kare analizleri ile uygulanmıştır. Analiz bulgularına göre; kadınların güçlendirilmesi, onların ekonomik, sosyal, politik ve dışsal iletişim-sosyal ağı üzerinde anlamlı ve pozitif bir etkiye sahiptir. Bununla birlikte evli kadınların iş yaşamında güçlendirilmesinin, evlilikleri üzerinde olumsuz etki oluşturduğu ulaşılan diğer önemli bir bulgudur. Bu bulgu, medeni durumun aile içi yaşanılan sorunlar üzerinde etkili bir unsur olduğunu göstermektedir. Kadının toplumsal yaşamda güçlendirilmesi üzerine yapılmış birçok çalışma olmakla birlikte, iş yaşamında kadın güçlendirilmesi üzerine yapılan çalışmaların sınırlı olması, evli kadın girişimcilerin aile içi yaşadıkları sorunlar ve aile yaşamı üzerinde güçlendirmenin etkisini inceleyen çalışmaların ulusal yazında yeterli olmaması bu çalışmanın yapılmasındaki itici güç olmuştur. Ayrıca, kadının girişimcilerin güçlendirilmesinin farklı perspektifler temelinde ele alınması bu çalışmanın özgün değerini ortaya koymaktadır.

Keywords

kadının güçlendirilmesi aile içi yaşanan sorunlar aile dışı yaşanan sorunlar kadın girişimci aile ilişkisi

References

  • AGARWAL, S. & LENKA, U. (2018). “Why Research Is Needed in Women Entrepreneurship in India: A Viewpoint”, International Journal of Social Economics, 45 (7), 1042-1057.
  • AHMAD, H. M. & NAIMAT, S. (2011). “Networking and Women Entrepreneurs: Beyond Patriarchal Traditions.” African Journal of Business Management, 5 (14), 5784-5791.
  • ALRICH, H., REESE, P. R. & DUBINI, P. (1989). “Women on The Verge of A Berakthrough: Networking among Entrepreneurs in The United States and İtaly”, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 1, 339-356.
  • AL-SHAMI, S., AL MAMUN, A., SIDEK, S. & RASHID, N. (2020). “Causes of Failure among Malaysian Female Entrepreneurs. A Qualitative Case Study of Malaysian Microcredit Borrowers”, Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, 12 (1), 43-71.
  • ÅLUND, A. (2003). Ethnic Entrepreneurs and Other Migrants in The Wake of Globalisation. International Review of Sociology, 13 (1), 77- 87.
  • ASFIAH, N., ANSHORI, M. & MAWARDI, I. (2018). “An Analysis of Women Empowerment on Micro Business with Social Entrepreneurship Concept. Advances in Social Science”, Education and Humanities Research, Vol: 231, 67-71.
  • BATI, B. G. & ARMUTLULU, İ. H. (2020). “Work and Family Conflict Analysis of Female Entrepreneurs in Turkey and Classification with Rough Set Theory”, Humanit Soc Sci Commun, 7 (15), https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-0498-0.
  • BAYISSA, F. W., SMITS, J. & RUBEN, R. (2018). “The Multıdımensıonal Nature of Women’s Empowerment: beyond The Economıc Approach”, Journal of International Development, 30, 661–690.
  • BEEGLE, K., FRANKENBERG, E. & THOMAS, D. (2001). “Bargaining power Within Couples and Use of Prenatal and Delivery Care in Indonesia”, Studies in Family Planning, 32 (2), 30-146.
  • BENIHANI, M. (2020). “Empowering Jordanian Women Through Entrepreneurship”, Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship, 22 (1), 133-144.
  • BENNETT, L. (2002). “Using Empowerment and Social Inclusion For Pro-poor Growth: A Theory of Social Change”, Background Paper for the Social Development Sector Strategy Paper, The World Bank.
  • BIERNACKA, A., QUEDER, S. A. R. & KRESSEL, G. M. (2018). “The Connective Strategies of Bedouin Women Entrepreneurs in The Negev”, Journal of Arid Environments, 149, 62–72.
  • BOATENG, D. A. (2020). “Pathways for The Economic Empowerment of Female Entrepreneurs in Emerging Economies: Implications for Social Work”, International Social Work, 1–17. Doi: 10.1177/0020872819896846.
  • BONGOMIN, G. O. C., WOLDIE, A. & WAKIBI, A. (2020). “Microfinance Accessibility, Social Cohesion and Survival of Women MSMEsin Post-War Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons from Northern Uganda”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 27(5), 749-774.
  • CHATTERJEE, S., GUPTA, S. D. & UPADHYAY, P. (2018). “Empowering Women and Stimulating Development at Bottom of Pyramid through Micro-Entrepreneurship”, Management Decision, Vol. 56 Issue: 1, 160-174, https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-04-2017-0296.
  • COSTA, J. & PITA, M. (2020). “Appraising Entrepreneurship in Qatar under A Gender Perspective”, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 12 (3), 233-251.
  • DFID (Department for International Development) (2000). “Poverty Elimination and The Empowerment of Women: Strategies for Achieving”, The International Development Targets.
  • DJANKOV, S., LA PORTA, R., LOPEZ-DE-SILANES, F. & SHLEIFER, A. (2002). “The Regulation of Entry”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 117, No. 1, 1-37.
  • ERTAC, M. & TANOVA, C. (2020) “Flourishing Women through Sustainable Tourism Entrepreneurship”, Sustainability, 12, 5643, 1-17.
  • ETHIOPIA NATIONAL PLAN (2008). “Unpublished National Report on The Growth and Development of Small and Microenterprises”, Addis Ababa.
  • GHOUSE, S., MCELWEE, G. MEATON, J. & DURRAH, O. (2017). “Barriers to rural Women entrepreneurs in Oman”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-02-2017-0070.
  • GIACCONE, M. & BUCALOSSI, G. (2008). “Annual Review of Working Conditions in The EU 2007–2008”, European Foundation for The Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin.
  • GOLZARD, V. (2020). “Economic Empowerment of Iranian Women through The Internet, Gender in Management”, An International Journal, Vol. 35 No. 1, 1-18.
  • GONZÁLEZ, J. M. G., BRETONES, F. D., ZARCO, V. & RODRIGUEZ, A. (2011). “Women, Immigration and Entrepreneurship in Spain: A Confluence of Debates in The Face of a Complex Reality”, Women's Studies International Forum, 34, 360–370.
  • HANSEN E. L. (1995). “Entrepreneurial Networks and New Organization Growth”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19 (4), 7-19.
  • HASHEMI, S. M., SCHULER, S. R. & RILEY, A. P. (1996). “Rural Credit Programs and Women’s Empowerment in Bangladesh”, World Development, 24 (4), 635-653.
  • HAUGH, H. M. & TALWAR, A. (2016). “Linking Social Entrepreneurship and Social Change: The Mediating Role of Empowerment”, Journal of Business Ethics, 133, 643–658.
  • HEILMAN, M. E. (2001). “Description and Prescription: How Gender Stereotypes Prevent Women’s Ascent up The Organizational Ladder”, Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 657-674.
  • HUIS, M. A, HANSEN, N., OTTEN, S. & LENSINK, R. (2017). “A Three-Dimensional Model of Women’s Empowerment: Implications in the Field of Microfinance and Future Directions”, Front. Psychol. 8: 1678, 1-14. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01678.
  • JENSSEN, I. J. (2001). “Social Networks: Resources and Entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurshıp and Innovatıon, 2 (2), 103-109.
  • KABEER, N. (1999). “Resources, Agency and Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s Empowerment”, Development and Change, 30, 435-464.
  • KABEER, N. (2001). “Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s Empowerment. in A. Sisask (ed.), Discussing Women’s Empowerment: Theory and Practice”, Sida Studies 3, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Stockholm.
  • KACAR, S. O.& ESSERS, C. (2019). “The Interplay between Identity Construction and Opportunity Structures: Narratives of Turkish Migrant Women Entrepreneurs in The Netherlands”, International Small Business. Researching Entrepreneurship, 37(7) 713–731.
  • KAGİDER (2020) “Türkiye Kadın Girişimcilik Endeksi - 2019 Araştırma Raporu” (Turkey Woman Entrepreneurshıp Index – 2019 Research Report).
  • KARIMI, H. (2018). “The Hijab and Work: Female Entrepreneurship in Response to Islamophobia”, Int. J. Polit. Cult. Soc. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-018-9290-1.
  • KARKI, T. S. & XHENETI, M. (2018). “Formalising Women Entrepreneurs in The Informal Economy of Kathmandu, Nepal: Pathway Towards Empowerment?”, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 38 (7/8), 526-541.
  • KAWAGUCHI, L., FOUAD, N. A. M., CHIANG, C., ELSHAIR, I. H. H., ABDOU, N. M., EL BANNA, S. R. & AOYAMA, A. (2014). “Dımensıons of Women’s Empowerment and Theır Influence on The Utılızatıon of Maternal Health Servıces In An Egyptıan Vıllage: A Multıvarıate Analysıs Nagoya”, J. Med. Sci. 76, 161-171.
  • KELLEY, D.J., BAUMER, B.S., BRUSH, C., GREENE, P.G., MAHDAVI, M., MAJBOURI, M. & HEAVLOW, R. (2017). “Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: Women’s Entrepreneurship 2016/2017 Report”, Retrieved 28.09.2021 from http://www.fundacionmicrofinanzasbbva.org/revistaprogreso/wpcontent/uploads/2017/12/gem-womens-2016-2017-report-v11df-1504758645.pdf.
  • KHAN, M. A., KANWAL, N., NABI, P. G. & SHAH, A. A. (2016). “Empowering Women Entrepreneurs through Microcredit: Assessing the Role of Sarhad Rural Support Program in Pakistan”, Journal of Entrepreneurship. Management and Innovation (JEMI), Volume 12, Issue 1, 91-112.
  • KIMBU, A. N., NGOASONG, M. Z., ADEOLA, O. & AFENYO-AGBE, E. (2018). “Collaborative Networks for Sustainable Human Capital Management in Women’s Tourism Entrepreneurship: The Role of Tourism Policy”, Tourism Planning & Development, 16(2), 161-178.
  • KISHOR, S. (1995). “Autonomy and Egyptian Women: Findings from The 1988 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey”, Occasional Papers 2. Calverton, Md.: Macro International Inc.
  • KOENIG, M. A., AHMED, S., HOSSAIN, M. B. & MOZUMDER, K. A. (2003). “Women’s Status And Domestıc Vıolence In Rural Bangladesh: Indıvıdual- And Communıty Level Effects”, Demography, 40(2), 269–288.
  • KOTHARI, T. (2017). “Women Entrepreneurs’ Path to Building Venture Success: Lessons from India South Asian”, Journal of Business Studies, 6(2), 118-141.
  • KRISHNA, A. (2003). “Social Capital, Community Driven Development and Empowerment: A Short Note on Concepts and Operations”, Retrieved 03.05.2021 from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/511391468765604827/Social-capital-community-driven-development-and-empowerment-a-short-note-on-concepts-and-operations. MADEN, C. (2015). “A Gendered Lens on Entrepreneurship: Women Entrepreneurship in Turkey”, Gender in Management: An International Journal, 30 (4), 312–331.
  • MAHMUD, S, SHAH, N. M. & BECKER, S. (2012). “Measurement of Women’s Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh”, World Development, 40(3), 610–619.
  • MALHOTRA, A. & MATHER, M. (1997). “Do Schooling and Work Empower Women in Developing Country? The Case of Siri Lanka”, Sociological Forum, 12(4), 599–630.
  • MALHOTRA, A., SCHULER, S. R., & BOENDER, C. (2002). “Measuring Women’s Empowerment As A Variable in International Development”, World Bank, Washington, DC.
  • MALHOTRA, A. & SCHULER, S. R. (2005). “Women's Empowerment as A Variable in International Development” Meas. Empower. Cross-Disciplinary Perspect, 71-88. World Bank, Washington, DC.
  • MARKUSSEN, S. & RØED, K. (2017). “The Gender Gap in Entrepreneurship – The Role of Peer Effects”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 134(C), 356-373.
  • MARTINEZ DY, A., MARTIN, L. & MARLOW, S. (2018). “Emancipation through Digital Entrepreneurship? A Critical Realist Analysis”, Organization, 25 (5), 585-608. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508418777891.
  • MEZGEBO, G. K., YMESEL, T. & TEGEGNE, G. (2017). “Do Micro and Small Business Enterprises Economically Empower Women in Developing Countries? Evidences from Mekelle City, Tigray”, Ethiopia, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 30(5), 767-778.
  • MOGHADAM, V. M. & SENFTOVA, L. (2005). “Measuring Women’s Empowerment: Participation and Rights in Civil, Political, Social, Economic, and Cultural Domains”, International Social Sicience Journal, 57 (184), 389-412.
  • MOSEDALE, S. (2005). “Polıcy Arena Assessıng Women’s Empowerment: Towards A Conceptual Framework”, Journal of International Development (J. Int. Dev.) 17, 243–257.
  • NETEMEYER, R. G., BRASHEAR-ALEJANDRO, T. & BOLES, J. S. (2004). “A Cross-National Model Of Job-Related Outcomes of Work Role and Family Role Variables: A Retail Sales Context”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 32(1): 49-60.
  • QUAGRAINIE, F. A., ADAMS, S., KABALAN, A. A. M. & DANKWA A. D. (2020). “Micro Entrepreneurship, Sustainable Development Goal One and Cultural Expectations of Ghanaian Women”, Retrieved 03.05.2021 from https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-11-2019-0174.
  • RIFKIN, S. B. (2003). “A Framework Linking Community Empowerment and Health Equity: It Is a Matter of Choıce”, J Health Popul Nutr, Sep, 21(3),168-180.
  • RIPOLLES M & BLESA A (2005). “Personal Networks as Fosterers of Entrepreneurial Orientation in New Ventures”, Int. J. Entrepreneurshıp and Innovatıon, 6(4), 239-248.
  • ROWLANDS, J. (1997). “Questioning Empowerment”, Oxfam, Oxford.
  • SALIA, S., HUSSAIN, J., TINGBANI, I & KOLADE, O. (2018). “Is Women Empowerment A Zero Sum Game? Unintended Consequences of Microfinance for Women’s Empowerment in Ghana”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, Vol. 24 Issue: 1, 273-289. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-04-2017-0114
  • SARRI, K. & TRIHOPOULOU, A. (2005). “Female Entrepreneurs’ Personal Characteristics and Motivation: A Review of The Greek Situation, Women in Management Review, 20 (1), 24-36.
  • SCHULER, S. R. & HASHEMİ, S. M. (1994). “Credit Programs, Women's Empowerment, and Contraceptive Use in Rural Bangladesh”, Stud. Fam. Plan, 65-76.
  • SCHULER, S. R., ISLAM, F. & ROTTACH, E. (2010). “Women's Empowerment Revisited: A Case Study from Bangladesh”, Development in Practice, 20(7), 840-854.
  • SECK, A., ARAAR, A., CAMARA, K., DIALLO, F. L., DIOP, N. K & FALL, F. A. (2020). “Female Entrepreneurship, Access to Credit, and Firms’ Productivity in Senegal”, Journal of African Business, DOI: 10.1080/15228916.2020.1826859.
  • SEN, A. (1993). “Does Business Ethics Make Economic Sense?”, Business Ethics Quarterly, 3(1), 45–54.
  • SIMON, D., ADAMS, A. M. & MADHAVAN, S. (2002). “Women’s Social Power, Child Nutrıtıon and Poverty In Mali”, Journal of Biosocial Science, 34, 193-213.
  • STABER, U. (2001). “The Structure of Networks in Industrial Districts”, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Volume 25(3), 537-552.
  • STAVREVSKA, E. B. (2018). “The Mother, The Wife, The Entrepreneur? Women’s Agency and Microfinance in a Disappearing Post-Conflict Welfare State Context”, Civil Wars, 20 (2), 193-216.
  • STROMQUIST, N.P. (2002). “Education as A Means for Empowering Women. Rethinking Empowerment: Gender and Development in a Global/Local World”. 2nd.Chapter,22-38, Rouledge, London.
  • QUAGRAINIE, F. A., ADAMS, S., KABALAN, A. A. M. & DANKWA A. D. (2020). “Micro Entrepreneurship, Sustainable Development Goal One and Cultural Expectations of Ghanaian Women”, Retrieved 05.05.2021 from https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-11-2019-0174. THOMAS, P. V. & JOSE, S. (2018). “Engaging and Promoting Young Women’s Entrepreneurship: A Challenge To Social Work”, International Social Work, 63(1) 69–75.
  • TORNHILL, S. (2016). “A Bulletin Board of Dreams: Corporate Empowerment Promotion and Feminist Implications”, Internatıonal Femınıst Journal of Politics, 18(4), 528-543.
  • UGHETTO, E., MARIACRISTINA, R. AUDRETSCH, D. & LEHMANN, E. E.(2019). “Female Entrepreneurship in The Digital Era”, Small Business Economics, 55, 305-312.
  • UNİTED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP) (2008). “Innovative Approaches to Promoting Women’s Economic Empowerment”, UNDP, New York.
  • VÉRAS, E. Z. (2015). “Female Entrepreneurship: from Women’s Empowerment to Shared Value Creation”, RISUS – Journal on Innovation and Sustainability, 6 (2), 109-123.
  • VOYDANOFF, P. (2005). “Work Demands and Work-To-Family and Family-To-Work Conflict”, Journal of Family Issues, 26(6), 707-726.
  • WALTER, F. & KAUTONEN, T. (2005). “Trust, Social Networks and Enterprise Development: Exploring Evidence from East and West Germany”, International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1, 367–379.
  • https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.EMP.MPYR.MA.ZS Erişim tarihi 05.07.2021
  • https://legaljobsite.net/women-entrepreneurs-statistics Male_vs_Female_Entrepreneurs_Statistics_in_2020 Erişim tarihi 07.07.2021
  • https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=83119 Erişim tarihi 07.07.2021
  • https://tuik.gov.tr. Erişim tarihi 07.07.2021
There are 79 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Operation
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Zümrüt Hatun Demirel 0000-0003-0300-6988

Hülya Bakırtaş 0000-0003-3473-0098

Publication Date September 30, 2022
Acceptance Date June 20, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Demirel, Z. H., & Bakırtaş, H. (2022). İş Hayatında Kadınların Güçlendirilmesi ve Aile İlişkisine Etkisi. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 6(3), 3129-3158. https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1009695

Cited By

KADININ GÜÇLENMESİNİN TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET ALGISINA ETKİSİ
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1460869
Girişimcilikte Dijitalleşme: Kadın Girişimciler Üzerinde Nitel Bir Araştırma
Cankiri Karatekin Universitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakultesi Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.18074/ckuiibfd.1309846