Scale Adaptation of Incivility at Organizations

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 780 - 790, 29.09.2025

Hakan Yılmaz

https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1596440

Abstract

Nezaketsizlik ve bunun örgütsel davranış üzerindeki etkileri, huzurlu bir çalışma ortamı inşa edilmesi ihtiyacını karşılamaya yönelik olarak, giderek artan sayıdaki çalışmaya konu olmuştur. Şirketlerin iş gücünü iyi yönetmesi gerekmektedir zira bu kırılgan iş ortamında ayakta kalabilmek çalışanların performansına da bağlıdır. Bu araştırma, 2016 Uluslararası Test Komisyonu (ITC) Kılavuzunun tekniklerine uygun olarak dört farklı anketi kullanarak yeni bir nezaketsizlik ölçeğinin uyarlanmasını ve uygulanmasını amaçlamaktadır. BIST 100 listesinde yer alan Türkiye'deki yerel büyük kurumsal firmalardan veri toplamak amacıyla nitel araştırma yaklaşımı uygulanmıştır. Bu şirketler, kurumsal organizasyon yapıları, çeşitlendirilmiş çok sayıda çalışanı ve çalışılacak en iyi yer olma konusundaki özverileri nedeniyle seçilmiştir. Factor ve SPSS istatistik programları tarafından gerçekleştirilen açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin bulguları, yeni ölçeğin 3 boyut ve 39 maddeden oluştuğunu göstermiştir (CFI = 0,93, AGFI = 0,82, GFI = 0,85, RMSEA = 0,07, p= ,000). Bu sonuçlar çerçevesinde nezaketsizlik ölçeğinin bu yeni versiyonunun güvenilir ve geçerli olduğu; huzurlu bir çalışma ortamı bağlamında nezaketsizliği ölçerek değerlendirebilmek için kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

Nezaketsizlik , İşyeri , Çalışan Refahı , Performans

Scale Adaptation of Incivility at Organizations

Abstract

Incivility and its influences on organizational behavior have been subject of growing number of studies for meeting the need to build healthy workplaces. Companies should manage their workforce well as surviving in this fragile environment also depends on employees’ performance. Accordingly, this research aimed to adapt and apply a scale of incivility by using four different questionnaires, referring to the techniques of the 2016 International Test Commission (ITC) Guidelines. A qualitative research approach was applied to collect data from the local large corporate firms in Türkiye that are ranked on the BIST 100 list. These companies were chosen for their corporate organizational structure, diversified large number of employees and their dedication to be the best place to work. The findings of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, which were performed by Factor and SPSS software, concluded the scale to be comprised of 39 items within 3 dimensions (CFI = 0.93, AGFI = 0.82, GFI = 0.85, RMSEA = 0.07, p= .000). Thus, it can be deduced that new version of the incivility scale is reliable, valid and can be used to measure and assess incivility in the context of healthy workplace.

Keywords

Incivility , Workplace , Employee Wellbeing , Performance

References

• Afthanorhan, W. M. A. (2013). A comparison of partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and covariance based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) for confirmatory factor analysis. International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology, 2(5), 198-205. ISSN: 2319-5967.
• Akella, D., & Lewis, V. J. (2019). The modern face of workplace incivility. Organization Management Journal, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/15416518.2019.1604202.
• Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25, 3186-3191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014.
• Bennett, R. J., & Robinson, S. L. (2000). Development of a measure of workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 349–360. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.3.349.
• Bhandari, P. (2023). What is qualitative research? Methods & examples. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/qualitative-research/
• Borsboom, D., Mellenbergh, G., & Heerden, J. (2004). The concept of validity. Psychological review, 111(4). 1061-1071. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.111.4.1061.
• Bunk, J. A., & Magley, V. J. (2013). The role of appraisals and emotions in understanding experiences of workplace incivility. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18(1), 87-105. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030987.
• Burdick, R. K. et al. (2017). Analytical comparability and similarity. In: statistical applications for chemistry, manufacturing and controls (CMC) in the pharmaceutical industry. Statistics for Biology and Health. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50186-4_9.
• Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, application, and programming (3rd edition.). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
• Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 219-260. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5.
• Cortina, L. M., Magley, V. J., Williams, J. H., & Langhout, R. D. (2001). Incivility in the workplace: Incidence and impact. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6, 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.6.1.64.
• Cortina L. M. (2008). Unseen injustice: Incivility as modern discrimination in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 33, 55-75. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159376.
• Cortina, L. M., Kabat-Farr, D., Leskinen, E. A., Huerta, M., & Magley, V. J. (2013). Selective incivility as modern discrimination in organizations: Evidence and impact. Journal of Management, 39(6), 1579-1605. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311418835.
• Crede, M., & Harms, P. (2019). Questionable research practices when using confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 34(1), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-06-2018-0272.
• De Vet, H., Mokkink, L., Mosmuller, D. & Terwee, C. (2017). Spearman-Brown prophecy formula and Cronbach's alpha: Different faces of reliability and opportunities for new applications. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 85. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.01.013.
• Dikko, M. (2016). Establishing Construct Validity and Reliability: Pilot Testing of a Qualitative Interview for Research in Takaful (Islamic Insurance). The Qualitative Report, 21(3), 521-528. https://doi.org/10.46743/ 2160-3715/2016.2243.
• Doshy, P. V., & Wang, J. (2014). Workplace incivility: what do targets say about it? American Journal of Management, 14(1-2), 30-42.
• Edwards, A. A., Joyner, K. J., & Schatschneider, C. (2021). A simulation study on the performance of different reliability estimation methods. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 81(6), 1089-1117. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164421994 184.
• Eid, R. (2012). Successful customer relationship management programs and technologies: Issues and trends. Business Science Reference. IGI Global.
• Estes, B., & Wang, J. (2008). Integrative literature review: Workplace incivility: Impacts on individual and organizational performance. Human Resource Development Review, 7(2), 218-240. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484308315565.
• Etymology Dictionary. (2020). Incivility. www.dictionary.references.com/browse/incivility. Google Scholar
• Febriana, S. K. T., & Fajrianthi, F. (2022). Adaptation of cyber incivility scale Indonesia version, Jurnal Psikologi, 21(1), 35-50.
• Gillespie, G., Grubb, P., Brown, K., Boesch, M., & Ulrich, D. (2017). Nurses eat their young: A novel bullying educational program for student nurses. Journal of Nursing Education Practice, 7(7), 11-21. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v7n7P11.
• Giumetti, G. W., Saunders, L. A., Brunette, J. P., Di Francesco, F. M., & Graham, P. G. (2016). Linking cyber incivility with job performance through job satisfaction: The buffering role of positive affect. Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research, 21(4), 230-240. https://doi.org/10.24839/2164- 8204.JN21.4.230.
• Gjersing, L., Caplehorn, J. R. M., & Clausen, T. (2010). Cross-cultural adaptation of research instruments language, setting, time and statistical considerations. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 10(13), 1-10. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-10-13.
• Heale, R., & Twycross, A. (2015). Validity and reliability in quantitative studies. Evidence Based Nursing, 18(3), 66-67. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2015-102129.
• Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8.
• International Test Commission. (2017). ITC guidelines for translating and adapting tests international (second edition). International Journal of Testing. https://doi.org/10.1080/15305058.2017.1 398166.
• Işıkay, Ç., & Taslak, S. (2021). İşyeri nezaketsizliği: Ulusal literatür üzerine bir içerik analizi. OPUS–Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18(39), 521-552. DOI: 10.26466/opus.839745.
• Kalkbrenner, M. T. (2023). Alpha, omega, and h internal consistency reliability estimates: Reviewing these options and when to use them. Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation, 14(1), 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/21501378.2021.1940118.
• Kane, M. T. (2006). Validation in R. Brennan (Ed), Educational Measurement (4 b.). American council on education. Praeger.
• Keçeci, M., & Turgut, T. (2018). Workplace incivility: Scale development and validation. Third Sector Social Economic Review, 53(2), 450-462 DOI: 10.15659/3.sektor-sosyal-ekonomi.18.06.949.
• Kent Business School. (2021). Can sustainability action improve employee wellbeing? https://blogs.kent.ac.uk/kbs-news-events/2021/11/can-sustainability-action-improve-employee-wellbeing
• Kline, B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications.
• Lim, S., Cortina, L. M., & Magley, V. J. (2008). Personal and workgroup incivility: Impact on work and health outcome. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 95-107. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.95.
• Lim, V. K. G., & Teo, T. S. H. (2009). Mind our E-manners: Impact of cyber incivility on employees‘ work attitude and behavior. Journal Information & Management, 46, 419-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2009.06.006.
• Liu, W., Chi, SCS., Friedman, R., & Tsai, MH. (2009) Explaining incivility in the workplace: the effects of personality and culture. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 2, 164-184. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-4716.2009.00035.
• Logan, T. R. (2016). Influence of teamwork behaviours on workplace incivility as it applies to nurses. Creighton Journal of Interdisciplinary Leadership, 2(1), 47-53. DOI: 10.17062/cjil.v2i1.28.
• Loh, J. M. I., Thorsteinsson, E. B., & Loi, N. M. (2021). Workplace incivility and work outcomes: Cross-cultural comparison between Australian and Singaporean employees. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 59(2), 305–329. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12233.
• Mostert, M. (2022). Face validity. In Frey B. (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of research design (Vol. 1, pp. 558-561). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071812082.n207.
• Mueller, R. O., & Hancock G. R. (2001). Factor analysis and latent structure, confirmatory, Editor(s): Neil J. Smelser, Paul B. Baltes, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, Pergamon, 5239-5244. ISBN 9780080430768, https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/00426-5.
• Ophoff, J., Machaka, T., & Stander, A. (2015). Exploring the impact of cyber incivility in the workplace. Proceedings of Informing Science & IT Education Conference (InSITE), 493-504. http://Proceedings.InformingScience. org/InSITE2015/InSITE15p493504Opho ff1565.pdf
• Pearson, C. M., Andersson, L. M. & Porath, C. L. (2000). Assessing and attacking workplace incivility. Organizational Dynamics, 29(2), 123-137. DOI:10.1016/S0090-2616(00)00019-X.
• Porath, C., & Pearson, C. (2013). The price of incivility. Harvard Business Review, 91, 114-146. https://hbr.org/2013/01/the-price-of-incivility.
• Rahman, A., Iqbal, Z., Waheed, W., & Hussain, N. (2003). Translation and cultural adaptation of health questionnaires. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 53(4), 142-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12776898.
• Raykov, T., & Marcoulides, G. (2011). Introduction to item response theory. Introduction to psychometric theory. Routledge, 247-268. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203841624.
• Ricciotti, N. A. (2016). Emotional intelligence and instigation of workplace incivility in a business organization. (Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies), Walden University, USA.
• Rosen, C. C., Koopman, J., Gabriel, A. S., & Johnson, R. E. (2016). Who strikes back? A daily investigation of when and why incivility begets incivility. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(11), 1620-1634. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000140.
• Rutledge, P., & Hogg, J. L. (2020). In‐Depth Interviews. International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology, 1-7. DOI: 10.1002/9781119011071.iemp0019.
• Samman, E. (2021). The Origins of Incivility in Nursing: How Reconstruction-Era Policies and Organizations Impacted Social Behavior Within the Nursing Profession. Creative Nursing, 27(1), 66-70. https://doi.org/10.1891/CRNR-D-20-00085.
• Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2016). Research methods for business students (7th Edition). Pearson.
• Schilpzand, P., De Pater, I., & Erez, A. (2016). Workplace incivility: A review of the literature and agenda for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(4). DOI:10.1002/job.1976.
• Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative content analysis in practice. Sage.
• Schumaker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Seidman I. (2013). Interviewing as qualitative research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Sciences (3rd edition). Teachers College Press.
• Shaheen, M., & Pradhan, S. (2019). Sampling in qualitative research. In Qualitative techniques for workplace data analysis (pp. 25-51). IGI Global. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5366-3.ch002.
• Tiberius, R., & Flak, E. (1999). Incivility in dyadic teaching and learning. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 77, 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.7701.
• Vagharseyyedin, A. S. (2015). Workplace incivility: a concept analysis. Contemporary Nurse, 50(1), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2015.1010262
• Vogel, R. M., Mitchell, M. S., Tepper, B. J., Restubog, S. L., Hu, C., Hua, W., & Huang, J. C. (2015). A cross-cultural examination of subordinates’ perceptions of and reactions to abusive supervision. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36, 720-745. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1984.
• Yanmaz Arpaci, O., & Gulel, F. E. (2023). Scale adaptation of innovation-outsourcing in companies. Istanbul Business Research. Advanced Online Publication. http://doi.org/10.26650/ibr.2023.52.870245.
• Yuniasanti, R., & Abas, N. A. H. (2019). Translation and Adaptation Culture: Experience Workplace Incivility Scale in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Assessment in Teaching and Learning, 9(1), 1-15. ISSN2232-1926/eISSN 2600-870X. DOI:10.37134/ajatel.vol9.no1.1.2019.
• Ziegler, M. (2014). Stop and state your intentions!: Let’s not forget the ABC of test construction. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 30, 239–242. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000228.