Viroid-Induced Diseases in Ornamental Plants

Abstract

Viroids are circular, single-stranded RNA molecules which are virus-like pathogen. Up to now, it is mentioned that there are 32 viroid species defined on different host plants. They are divided into two families, Pospiviroidae and Avsunviroidae, depending on the region where they settled in the cell and genome structure. They have a wide host range ranging from perennials to annuals including ornamental plants. Besides they infected ornamental plants, certain viroids can cause latent infections in some of them. In this case, it is possible that the viroids could be spread on larger of areas and transmission to other crops by ornamental plants. This article intends to give information about the viroids identified in the ornamental plants  to the present day.

Keywords

• Viroid,ornamentals,plant,disease

Süs Bitkilerinde Görülen Viroid Kaynaklı Hastalıklar

Öz

Viroidler dairesel biçimli tek iplikçikli RNA molekülünden oluşan virüs benzeri hastalık etmenleridir. Günümüze kadar değişik konukçularda tanımlanmış 32 viroid türünün bulunduğu belirtilmektedir. Viroidler hücrede yerleştikleri bölge ve genom yapısına göre Pospoviroidae ve Avsunviroidae olmak üzere 2 familyaya ayrılmaktadırlar. Viroidler tek yıllıklardan çok yıllık bitkilere kadar değişen, süs bitkilerini de kapsayan geniş bir konukçu dizisine sahiptirler. Süs bitkilerinde hastalık oluşturmalarına ek olarak, bazı viroidler bir kısım süs bitkisinde latent enfeksiyonlar meydana getirmektedir. Bu durumda, viroidlerin süs bitkileri vasıtasıyla daha geniş alanlara yayılması ve diğer kültür bitkilerine taşınabilmesi bu konuyu önemli kılmaktadır. Bu makale ile günümüze kadar süs bitkilerinde belirlenmiş viroidler konusunda bilgiler verilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Viroid,süs bitkileri,bitki,hastalık

References

1. Adams, A.N., Barbara, D.J., Morton, A. and Darby, P. 1996. The experimental transmission of hop latent viroid and its elimination by low temperature treatment and meristem culture. Ann. Appl. Biol., 128, 37-44.
2. Bostan, H., Nie, X. and Singh, R.P. 2004. An RT-PCR primer pair for the detection of pospiviroid and its application in surveying ornamental plants for viroids. J. Virol. Methods, 166, 189-193.
3. Brierley, P. 1953. Some experimental hosts of the chrysanthemum stunt virus. Plant Dis. Reptr., 37, 343–345.
4. Carbonell, A., Martínez de Alba, A.E., Flores, R. and Gago, S. 2008. Double-stranded RNA interferes in a sequence-specific manner with infection of representative members of the two viroid families. Virology, 371, 44-53.
5. Chung, B.N. and Choi, G.S. 2008. Incidence of Coleus blumei viroid 1 in seeds of commercial Coleus in Korea. Plant Pathol. J., 24 (3), 305-308.
6. Diener, T.O. 1972. Potato spindle tuber viroid VIII. Correlation of infectivity with a UV absorbing component and thermal denaturation properties of the RNA. Virology, 50, 606-609.
7. Diener, T.O. and Lawson, R.H. 1973. Chrysanthemum stunt: a viroid disease. Virology, 51, 94-101.
8. Dimock, A.W. 1947. Chrysanthemum stunt. NY State Flower Growers Bull., 26, 2.

9. Di Serio, F. 2007. Identification and characterization of Potato spindle tuber viroid infecting Solanum jasminoides and S. rantonneti in Italy. J. Plant Pathol., 89, 297-300.
10. Flores, R. 2011. Viroids in Ornamentals. Acta Hortic., 901, 23-34.
11. Flores, R., Delgado, S., Gas, M.E., Carbonell, A., Molina, D., Gaco, S. and De la Pena, M., 2004. Viroids: the minimum noncoding RNAs with autonomous replication. FEBS Letters, 567, 42-48.
12. Fonseca, M.E.N., Boitteux, L.S., Singh, R.P. and Kitajima, E.W. 1989. A small viroid in Coleus species from Brazil. Fitopatol. Bras., 14, 94-96.
13. Gross, H.J., Domdey, H., Lossow, C., Jank, P., Raba, M., Alberty, H. and Sänger, H.L. 1978. Nucleotide sequence and secondary structure of potato spindle tuber viroid, Nature, 273, 203-208.
14. Haseloff, J. and Symons, R.H. 1981. Chrysanthemum stunt viroid: primary sequence and secondary structure. Nucl. Acids Res., 12, 2741-2752.
15. Hammond, R., Smith, D.R. and Diener, T.O. 1989. Nucleotide sequence and proposed secondary structure of Columnea latent viroid: a natural mosaic of viroid sequences. Nucl. Acids Res., 17: 10083-10094.
16. Henkel, J. and Sanger, H.L. 1995. GenBank Accession Z68201.
17. Hou, W.Y., Sano, T., Li, S.F., Li, F., Li, L. and Wu, Z.J. 2009a. Identification and characterization of a new Coleviroid (CbVd-5). Arch. Virol., 154, 315–320.
18. Hou, W.Y., Li, S.F., Wu, Z.J., Jiang, D.M. and Sano, T. 2009b. Coleus blumei viroid 6: a new tentative member of the genus Coleviroid derived from natural genome shuffling. Arch. Virol., 154, 993–997.
19. Hutchins, C., Rathjen, P.D., Forster, A.C. and Symons, R.H. 1986. Self-cleavage of plus and minus RNA transcripts of avocado sunblotch viroid. Nucl. Acids Res., 14, 3627-3640.
20. ICTV 2014. İnternational Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release. Erişim: [http://www.ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp] Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2016
21. Lizárraga, R.E., Salazar, L.F., Roca, W.M. and Schilde-Rentschler, L. 1980. Elimination of potato spindle tuber viroid by low-temperature and meristem culture. Phytopathology, 70, 754-755.
22. Luigi, M., Luison, D., Tomassoli, L. and Faggioli, F. 2011. Short communication natural spread and molecular analysis of pospiviroids infecting ornamentals in Italy. J. Plant Pathol., 93(2), 1-5.
23. Matsushita, Y. 2013. Chrysanthemum Stunt Viroid. Japan Agric.Res.Quarterly, 47 (3), 237-242.
24. Menzel, W. and Maiss, E. 2000. Detection of Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) in cultivars of Argyranthemum frutescens by RT-PCR-ELISA. J. Plant Disease Protect. 107, 548-522.
25. Mertelik, J., Kloudova, K., Cervena, G., Necekalova, J., Mikulkova, H., Levkanicova, Z., Dedic, P. and Ptacek, J. 2009. First report of Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) in Brugmansia spp., Solanum jasminoides, Solanum muricatum and Petunia spp. in the Czech Republic. New Disease Reports 19 (February-August).
26. Nakashima, A., Hosokawa, M., Maeda, S. and Yazawa, S. 2007. Natural infection of Chrysanthemum stunt viroid in dahlia plants. J. Gen Plant Pathol., 73, 225-227.
27. Navarro, B. and Flores, R. 1997. Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid: unusual structural properties of a subgroup of self-cleaving viroids with hammerhead ribozymes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 94, 11262-11267.
28. Nie, X., Singh, R.P. and Bostan, H. 2005. Molecular cloning, secondary structure, and phylogeny of three pospiviroids from ornamental plants. Can J. Plant Pathol., 27, 592-602.
29. Nielsen, S.L. and Nicolaisen, M. 2010. First report of Columnea latent viroid (CLVd) in Gloxinia gymnostoma, G. nematanthodes and G. purpurascens in a botanical garden in Denmark. New Disease Reports, 22, 4.
30. Olivier, T., Demonty, E., Govers, J., Belkheir, K. and Steyer, S. 2011. First report of a Brugmansia sp. infected by Tomato apical stunt viroid in Belgium. Plant Dis., 95, 495.
31. Owens, R.A. and Verhoeven, J.Th.J. 2009. Potato spindle tuber. The Plant Health Instructor, DOI:10.1094/PHI-I-2009-0804-01.
32. Romaine, C.P. and Horst, R.K. 1975. Suggested evidence for viroid etiology of chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle disease. Virology, 64, 86.
33. Runia, W.T. and Peters, D. 1979. The response of plant species used in agriculture and horticulture to viroid infections. J. Plant Pathol., 86, 135-146.
34. Sänger, H.L. and Ramm, K. 1975. Radioactive labeling of viroid RNA. "Alınmıştır: Modification of the Information Content of Plant Cells. (eds.) Markham R., Davies D.R., Hopwood D.A., and Horne R.W., North Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 299-252.
35. Semancik, J.S. and Weathers, L.G. 1972. Exocortis disease: evidence for a new species of “infectious” low molecular weight RNA in plants. Nature New Biol., 237, 242-244.
36. Singh, R.P. and Dilworth, A.D. 2009. Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid in the ornamental plant Vinca minor and its transmission through tomato seed. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 123, 111-116.
37. Singh, R.P., Lakshman, D.K., Boucher, A. and Tavantzis, S.M. 1992. A Viroid from Nematanthus wettsteinii plants closely related to Columnea latent viroid. J. Gen. Virol., 73, 2769-2774.
38. Singh, R.P., Dilworth, A.D., Baranwal, V.K. and Gupta, K.N. 2006. Detection of Citrus exocortis viroid, Iresine viroid and Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid in new ornamental host plants in India. Plant Dis., 90, 1457.
39. Spieker, R.L. 1996a. A viroid from Brunfelsia undulata closely related to the Columnea latent viroid. Arch. Virol. 141, 1823–1832.
40. Spieker, R.L. 1996b. In vitro-generated ‘inverse’ chimeric Coleus blumei viroids evolve in vivo into infectious RNA replicons. J. Gen. Virol., 77, 2839-2846.
41. Owens, R.A. and Verhoeven, J.Th.J. 2009. Potato spindle tuber. The Plant Health Instructor, DOI:10.1094/PHI-I-2009-0804-01.
42. Romaine, C.P. and Horst, R.K. 1975. Suggested evidence for viroid etiology of chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle disease. Virology, 64, 86.
43. Runia, W.T. and Peters, D. 1979. The response of plant species used in agriculture and horticulture to viroid infections. J. Plant Pathol., 86, 135-146.
44. Sänger, H.L. and Ramm, K. 1975. Radioactive labeling of viroid RNA. "Alınmıştır: Modification of the Information Content of Plant Cells. (eds.) Markham R., Davies D.R., Hopwood D.A., and Horne R.W., North Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 299-252.
45. Semancik, J.S. and Weathers, L.G. 1972. Exocortis disease: evidence for a new species of “infectious” low molecular weight RNA in plants. Nature New Biol., 237, 242-244.
46. Singh, R.P. and Dilworth, A.D. 2009. Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid in the ornamental plant Vinca minor and its transmission through tomato seed. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 123, 111-116.
47. Singh, R.P., Lakshman, D.K., Boucher, A. and Tavantzis, S.M. 1992. A Viroid from Nematanthus wettsteinii plants closely related to Columnea latent viroid. J. Gen. Virol., 73, 2769-2774.
48. Singh, R.P., Dilworth, A.D., Baranwal, V.K. and Gupta, K.N. 2006. Detection of Citrus exocortis viroid, Iresine viroid and Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid in new ornamental host plants in India. Plant Dis., 90, 1457.
49. Spieker, R.L. 1996a. A viroid from Brunfelsia undulata closely related to the Columnea latent viroid. Arch. Virol. 141, 1823–1832.
50. Spieker, R.L. 1996b. In vitro-generated ‘inverse’ chimeric Coleus blumei viroids evolve in vivo into infectious RNA replicons. J. Gen. Virol., 77, 2839-2846.
51. Spieker, R.L. 1996c. The molecular structure of Iresine viroid, a new viroid species from Iresine herbstii (‘beefsteak plant’). J. Gen. Virol., 77, 2631-2635.
52. Spieker, R.L., Haas, B., Charng, Y.C., Freimuller, K. and Sanger, H.L. 1990. Primary and secondary structure of a new viroid ‘species’ (CbVd1) present in the Coleus blumei cultivar ‘Bienvenue’. Nucl. Acids Res.. 18, 3998.
53. Spieker, R.L. 1991. A new class of viroids in Coleus blumei: sequencing, cloning, structure/function-analysis by site-directed mutagenesis and expression in Nicotiana tabacum. Karlsruhe Contr. Plant Physiol., 22, 1-226.
54. Spieker, R.L., Marinkovic, S. and Sänger H.L. 1996. A viroid from Solanum psuedocapsicum closely related to the Tomato apical stunt viroid. Arch. Virol., 141, 1387-1395.
55. Şevik, M.A. 2015. Viroidler ve Türkiye’de Saptanan Viroid Hastalık Etmenleri. Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2, 63-68.
56. Van Brunschot, S.L., Persley, D.M., Roberts A. and Thomas, J.E. 2014. First report of pospiviroids infecting ornamental plants in Australia: Potato spindle tuber viroid in Solanum laxum (synonym S. jasminoides) and Citrus exocortis viroid in Petunia spp. New Disease Reports 29, 3.
57. Verhoeven, J.T.J. 2010. Identification and epidemiology of pospiviroids. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, 136 pp.
58. Verhoeven, J.T.J., Arts, M.S.J., Owens, R.A. and Roenhorst, J.W. 1998. Natural infection of petunia by chrysanthemum stunt viroid. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 104:383-386.
59. Verhoeven, J.T.J., Jansen, C.C.C. and Roenhorst, J.W. 2006. First report of Potato virus M and Chrysantemum stunt Viroid in Solanum jasminoides. Plant Dis., 90, 1359.
60. Verhoeven, J.T.J., Jansen, C.C.C., Werkman, A.W. and Roenhorst, J.W. 2007. First report of Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid in Petunia hybrida from the United States of America. Plant Dis., 91, 324.
61. Verhoeven, J.Th.J., Jansen, C.C.C. and Roenhorst, J.W. 2008a. First report of pospiviroids infecting ornamentals in the Netherlands: Citrus exocortis viroid in Verbena sp., Potato spindle tuber viroid in Brugmansia suaveolens and Solanum jasminoides and Tomato apical stunt viroid in Cestrum sp. Plant Pathol., 57, 399.
62. Verhoeven, J.Th.J., Jansen, C.C.C. and Roenhorst, J.W. 2008b. Streptosolen jamesonii ‘Yellow’, a new host plant of Potato spindle tuber viroid. Plant Pathol., 57, 399.
63. Verhoeven, J.Th.J., Jansen, C.C.C., Roenhorst, J.W., Steyer, S., Schwind, N. and Wassenegger, M. 2008c. First report of Solanum jasminoides infected by Citrus exocortis viroid in Germany and the Netherlands and Tomato apical stunt viroid in Belgium and Germany. Plant Dis., 92, 973
64. Verhoeven, J.Th.J., Botermans, M., Jansen, C.C.C. and Roenhorst, J.W. 2010a. First Report of Tomato apical stunt viroid in the symptomless hosts Lycianthes rantonnetii and Streptosolen jamesonii in the Netherlands. Plant Dis., 94, 791.
65. Verhoeven, J.Th.J., Jansen, C.C.C., Botermans, M. and Roenhorst, J.W. 2010b. Epidemiological evidence that vegetatively propagated, solanaceous plant species act as sources of Potato spindle tuber viroid inoculum for tomato. Plant Pathol., 59, 3-12.