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Ağır Metallerin Bitkiler Üzerine Etkileri

Year 2009, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 14 - 26, 23.03.2012

Abstract

Doğayı kirleten unsurlardan biri olan ağır metallerin bitkilerin vejetatif organlarını
makroskobik, mikroskobik ve fizyolojik olarak etkilediği bilinmektedir. Bu olumsuz durumdan
sadece bitkilerin vejetatif organları değil aynı zamanda generatif organları ve doğada
aktif yaşamlarını sürdüren bütün canlılar etkilenmektedir. Yüzyıllar boyunca insanlar
ağır metallerin etkilerini bilmeden takı, silah, su borusu v.b çeşitli amaçlar için kullanmış-
lardır. Sanayileşme ile birlikte ağır metal içeren kömürlerin yakılmaya başlanması ile endüstri
bölgelerinde ve her geçen gün artan trafik yoğunluğuna maruz kalan dünyamız ve
ülkemizde birçok kirleticiyle beraber ağır metallerin de çevredeki miktarlarının artması
sonucunda ağır metal kirliliği aşırı boyutlara ulaşmıştır.
Bu maddeler, sadece organizmalarda birikmekle kalmayıp, aynı zamanda gıda zincirlerini
dolaşarak ekosistemlerde tehlikeli yoğunluklarda uzun süre kalabilirler. Ağır metallerin
doğada yayınımları göz önüne alındığında, metallerin yayılmasına ve ekosistemde zarar
vermesine daha çok insanın neden olduğu görüşü hakimdir. Sürekli ve kullanıma bağlı
kirlenme, çevrede oldukça fazla ağır metal içeriğine ve yoğunluğuna neden olmaktadır. Bu
yoğunluk neticesinde doğada bulunan bitkiler olumsuz yönde etkilenmekte ve elde edilen
ürünler sağlık açısından son derece tehlike arz etmektedir. Bu derlemede ağır metaller ve
bunların bitkiler üzerine etkileri incelenmeye çalışılmıştır.

References

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  • Aucejo, A., Ferrer J., Gabaldon C., Marzal P. and Seca A., 1997. Diagnosis of boron ,florine,lead,nickel and zinc toxicity in citrus plantations in Villereal, Spain. Water, Air and
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  • Baker, A.J.M. and Walker P.L., 1990. Ecophysiology of metal uptake by tolerant plants, heavy metal tolerance in Plants. In: Shaw A.J. Evolutionary Aspects. CRC Pres, Boca Raton. 155-177.
  • Banuelos, G. S., Ajwa H.A., Mackey B., Wu L., Cook C., Akohoue S., and Zambrzuski S., 1997. Selenium- induced growth reduction in brassica land races considered for phytoremediation. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 36, 282-287 pp.
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  • Brohi, A., Akgün, A., Rüştü M. ve Sabit K.E., 1994. Bitki Besleme. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları:4 Kitaplar Serisi:4 Tokat.
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Year 2009, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 14 - 26, 23.03.2012

Abstract

References

  • Aksoy, A., 1995. Kayseri-Kırşehir Karayolu Kenarında Yetişen Bitkilerde Ağır Metal Kirlenmesi. II. Ulusal Ekoloji ve Çevre Kongresi Programı, Kayseri.
  • Allan, R., 1997. İntroduction: mining and metals in the environment. J. Geochem. Expl. 58:95-100
  • Aucejo, A., Ferrer J., Gabaldon C., Marzal P. and Seca A., 1997. Diagnosis of boron ,florine,lead,nickel and zinc toxicity in citrus plantations in Villereal, Spain. Water, Air and
  • Baker, A.J.M. and Brooks R.R., 1989. Terrestrial higher plants which hyperaccumulate metallic elements- A review of their distribution, ecology and phytochemistry. Biorecovery. 1:81- 126.
  • Baker, A.J.M. and Walker P.L., 1990. Ecophysiology of metal uptake by tolerant plants, heavy metal tolerance in Plants. In: Shaw A.J. Evolutionary Aspects. CRC Pres, Boca Raton. 155-177.
  • Banuelos, G. S., Ajwa H.A., Mackey B., Wu L., Cook C., Akohoue S., and Zambrzuski S., 1997. Selenium- induced growth reduction in brassica land races considered for phytoremediation. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 36, 282-287 pp.
  • Bayçu, G., 1997. "Picea abies'te Kadmiyum Toksisitesi ve Köklerde Kadmiyum Birikimi" XIII. Ulusal Biyoloji Kongresi 17-20 Eylül 1996, İstanbul. Kongre Kitapçığı, Cilt:III, s:433-442.
  • Blaylock, M.J. and Huang J.W., 2000. Phytoextraction of Metals,In: I.Raskin and B.D.Ensley(Ed.) Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals : Using Plants to Clean Up The Environment, John Wiley and Sons,Inc,Toronto, Canada, p 303.
  • Bremner, I., 1974. Heavy metal toxicities quart. J. Biophys., 7: 74-124.
  • Brohi, A., Akgün, A., Rüştü M. ve Sabit K.E., 1994. Bitki Besleme. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları:4 Kitaplar Serisi:4 Tokat.
  • Bu-Olayan, A.H., Al-Hassan R., Thomas B.V., Subrahmanyam M.N.V., 2001. İmpact of Trace Metals and Nutrient Levels on Phytoplankton from the Kuwait Coast. Environ. Int.26: 199- 203.
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  • Claire, L.C., Adriano D.C., Sajwan K.S., Abel S.L., Thoma, D.P. and Driver J.T., 1991. Effects of selected trace metals on germinating seeds of six plant species. Water,Air,and Soil Pollution, 59,.231-240 pp.
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  • Costa, G., Michaut, J.C. and Morel, J.L., 1994. “Influence of cadmium on water relations and gas exchanges in phosphorus deficient Lupinus alba”, Plant Physiol. and Biochem., 32: 105.
  • Cotté-Krief, M.- C., Guieu C., Thomas A.J. and Martin J.M., 2000. Sources of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn in Portuguese coastal waters. Mar. Chem. 71: 199-214.
  • Cunningham, S.D., Shann J.R., Crowley D.E. and Anderson T.A., 1997. Phytoremediation of Contaninated Water and Soil. Phytorematadion of Soil and Water Contaminants, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 2-17 pp.
  • Çatak, E., Güler Ç., Süleyman T. ve Orhan B., 2000. Bazı Domates ve Tütün Genotiplerinde Kadmi- yum Etkilerini İnceleyen İstatistiksel Bir Çalışma. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Ens- titüsü Dergisi 2 (1).
  • Çepel, N., 1997. Toprak Kirliliği Erozyon ve Çevreye Verdiği Zararlar. TEMA Türkiye Erozyonla Mücadele, Ağaçlandırma ve Doğal Varlıkları Koruma Vakfı Yayınları No:14 İstanbul.
  • Çıngı, F., 2007. Eser elementler. (erişim adresi: www.firochromis.com, erişim tarihi: 12.04.2007).
  • Dahmani-Muller, H., Oort F., Gelie B. and Blabene M., 2000. Strategies of Heavy Metal Uptake by Three Plants Species Growing Near a Metal Smelter, Environ. Pollut., 109, 231-238 pp.
  • De Jonghe, W.R.A. and Adams F.C., 1982. Biochemical cycling of organic lead compounds. Ecotoxicology., 561-593.
  • Dolinsek, F., Stupan J. and Ursea V., 1991. Direct determination of cadmium and lead in geological and plant materials by electrothermal atomic absorbtion spectrometry. Journal og Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 6: 653-660.
  • Doncheva, S., Nicolov B. and Ogneva V., 1996. ‘Effect of copper excess on the morphology of the nucleus in maize root meristem cells’, Phsiol. Plantarum, 96: 118-122.
  • Ernst WHO, Verkleji JAC, Schat, H., 1992. Metal Tolerance in Plants. Acta Bot Neerl 41: 229-248.
  • Eser, B.K. and Volpe A., 2002. At-sea high resolution trace element mapping: San Diego bay and its plume in the adjacent coastal ocean. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36: 2826-32.
  • Fernandes, J.C. and Henriques F.S., 1991. Biocehmical,physiological and structural effects of excess copper in plants.The Botanical Rewiev, 57, 246-273 pp.
  • Gardea-Torresdey, J.L., Polette L., Artega S., Tiemann K.J., Bibb J. and Gonzales J.H., 1996. Determination of the content of hazardous heavy metals on Larrea tridentata grown arouns a contaminated area. Proceedings of the elevent Annual EPA Conf. On Hazardous Waste Research, Edited by L.R.Erickson,D.L.Tillison, S.C.Grant and J.P.Mc Do- nald,Albuquerque,NM,660 p.
  • Geiger, G., Federer P. and Sticher H., 1993. “Reclamation of Heavy Metal Contamined Soils: Field Studies and Germination Experiments” Journal of Enviromental Quality, 22:(1) 201-207.
  • Goyer, R.A., Miller C.R., Zhu S.Y. and Victery W., 1989. Non-metallothionein bound cadmium in the pathogenesis of cadmium nephropathy in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 101: 232- 244.
  • Goyer, R. A., 1991. Toxic effects of metals. In: Caserett and Doull’s Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons (Eds. Amdur M. O., Doull, J., Klaassen, C. D.) Pergamon Press, New York, 1032.
  • Hana, W.J. and Grant C.L., 1962. Spectrochemical analysis of the foliage of certain trees and ornementals for 23 elements. Bull Torrey Bot Club. 89: 293-302.
  • Jiang, W.Z. and Li J.L., 1989. “Effects of Cadmium on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Tobacco” Plant Physiology Communications, 6: 27-31.
  • Kahvecioğlu, Ö., Kartal G., Güven A. and Timur S., 2007. Metallerin Çevresel Etkileri –I. (erişim adresi: www.metalurji.org.tr/dergi/dergi136/d136_4753.pdf, erişim tarihi: 13.05.2007).
  • Kalinowska, A., 1984. Lead Concentration in the slug Arion rufus from sites at the different distances from a tourist road. Ecological Bulletins., 36:46.
  • Karademir, M. ve Toker M.C., 1995. Ankara’nın bazı kavşaklarında yetişen çim ve bitkilerde egzoz gazlarından gelen kurşun birikimi. II.Ulusal Ekoloji ve Çevre Kongresi., 699-711. Ankara.
  • Kennedy,C.D. and Gonsalves F.A.N., 1987. “The action of divalent zinc,cadmium,mercury,copper and lead on the transroot potential and efflux of excised Roots”, J.Exp. Bot., 38:800-817.
  • Korentajar, L., 1991. A review of the agricultural use of sewage sludge. Benefits and potential hazards. Water SA. 17 (3) 189-196.
  • Langille, W.M. and MacLean, K.S., 1976. Some essantial nutrient elements in forest plants as related to species,plant part, season and location. Plant Soil. 45: 17-26.
  • Lauwerys, R.P., Bernad A.M., Buchnet J.R. and Raels H.H., 1993. Assessment of the health impact of environmental exposure to cadmium: Contribution of epidemiyologic studies carried out in Belgium. Environ. Res., 62: 200-206.
  • Li, L.H., 1981. Geochemical cycles of elements and human perturbation. Geochim Cosmochim Acta., 45: 2073-2084.
  • Lidon, F.C., Ramalho J. and Henriques F.S., 1993. “Copper inhibition of rice Photosynthesis” J. Plant Physiol., 142:12-17.
  • Lyons-Alcantara, M., Tarazona J.V. and Mothersill C., 1996. The differential effect of cadmium exposure on the growth and survival of primary and established cells from fish and mammals. Cell Biol. and Toxicol., 12: 29-38.
  • Mark, K.F. and Hendershot H., 1997. Trace Metals in Montreal Urban Soils and the Leaves of Taraxacum officinale. Can. J. Soil. Sci.,79:385-387.
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There are 73 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language tr;en
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Melih Okcu This is me

Elif Tozlu This is me

A.metin Kumlay This is me

Mücahit Pehluvan This is me

Publication Date March 23, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2009 Volume: 17 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Okcu, M., Tozlu, E., Kumlay, A., Pehluvan, M. (2012). Ağır Metallerin Bitkiler Üzerine Etkileri. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Science, 17(2), 14-26.
AMA Okcu M, Tozlu E, Kumlay A, Pehluvan M. Ağır Metallerin Bitkiler Üzerine Etkileri. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Science. March 2012;17(2):14-26.
Chicago Okcu, Melih, Elif Tozlu, A.metin Kumlay, and Mücahit Pehluvan. “Ağır Metallerin Bitkiler Üzerine Etkileri”. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Science 17, no. 2 (March 2012): 14-26.
EndNote Okcu M, Tozlu E, Kumlay A, Pehluvan M (March 1, 2012) Ağır Metallerin Bitkiler Üzerine Etkileri. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Science 17 2 14–26.
IEEE M. Okcu, E. Tozlu, A. Kumlay, and M. Pehluvan, “Ağır Metallerin Bitkiler Üzerine Etkileri”, Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Science, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 14–26, 2012.
ISNAD Okcu, Melih et al. “Ağır Metallerin Bitkiler Üzerine Etkileri”. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Science 17/2 (March 2012), 14-26.
JAMA Okcu M, Tozlu E, Kumlay A, Pehluvan M. Ağır Metallerin Bitkiler Üzerine Etkileri. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Science. 2012;17:14–26.
MLA Okcu, Melih et al. “Ağır Metallerin Bitkiler Üzerine Etkileri”. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Science, vol. 17, no. 2, 2012, pp. 14-26.
Vancouver Okcu M, Tozlu E, Kumlay A, Pehluvan M. Ağır Metallerin Bitkiler Üzerine Etkileri. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Science. 2012;17(2):14-26.