Current Situation in the Evaluation of Plastic Wastes in Concrete

Abstract

The rapid increase in population and raw materials used in industrial products such as electronics, automotive, and packaging increase the demand for plastic use every year. Plastic products, which are useful for industrial use, cause pollution in the environment with the depletion of their economic life. It is desired to reduce environmental pollution by revaluing plastic products that have become waste through various methods. At the start of these evaluations, energy production, recycling, and making new things through incineration were talked about. Even if this conversion is completed, a significant amount of waste (35–55%) must be stored. Reducing the amount of waste by evaluating the stored plastic volume in concrete production can be an ideal solution. In this review article, studies on the use of plastic waste in concrete were examined in the literature. The examined studies evaluated the concrete properties, mechanical properties, and durability properties of concrete. In experimental studies, many different types of plastic have been used, such as micro, macro, and fiber. Studies in the literature have been evaluated in terms of the type of plastic, the parameter studied, and its effect on concrete performance, and are given in the results section. It has become an extremely useful compilation for researchers who will work on this subject.

Keywords

• Plastic Waste
• Sustainability
• Mechanical Properties of Concrete
• PET
• HDPE
• PP
• PVC

Plastik Atıkların Betonda Değerlendirmesindeki Güncel Durum

Abstract

Nüfusun hızlı artışı ve elektronik, otomotiv, ambalaj gibi sanayi ürünlerinde kullanılan hammaddeler plastik kullanımına olan talebi her geçen yıl artırmaktadır. Endüstriyel olarak kullanımı faydalı olan plastik ürünlerin ekonomik ömrünün tükenmesiyle çevresel ortamda kirliliğe sebep olmaktadır. Atık haline gelen plastik ürünler çeşitli yöntemlerle yeniden değerlendirilerek çevre kirliliği azaltılmak istenmektedir. Bu değerlendirmelerin başında; yakılarak enerji üretimi ve geri dönüşüm ile yeni ürün üretimi gelmektedir. Ancak bu dönüşüm yapılsa bile %35-55 oranında ciddi bir miktar atık depolanmak zorunda kalmaktadır. Depolanan plastik hacminin beton üretiminde değerlendirilerek atık miktarının azaltılması son derece ideal bir çözüm olabilmektedir. Bu derleme makalesinde literatürde plastik atıkların betonda kullanımı ile ilgili çalışmalar incelenmiştir. İncelenen çalışmalar taze beton özellikleri, betonun mekanik özellikleri ve durabilite özellikleri olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan deneysel çalışmalarda farklı birçok plastik türü, mikro, makro boyutta ve lif olarak kullanılmıştır. Literatürdeki çalışmalar plastik türü, incelenen parametre ve beton performansına etkisi bakımından değerlendirilmiş ve sonuçlar kısmında verilmiştir. Bu konu hakkında çalışma yapan araştırmacılar için son derece faydalı bir derleme haline gelmiştir.

Keywords

• Plastik Atık
• Sürdürülebilirlik
• Beton Mekanik Özellikleri
• PET
• HDPE
• PP
• PVC

References

1. [1] Plastics Europe, “Plastics the fact 2021”, Plastics Europe Market Research Group (PEMRG) and Conversio Market & Strategy GmbH., ss. 1-34, 2021.
2. [2] F. Field Actions Science Reports, “Plastics Recycling Worldwide : Current Overview and Desirable”, Reinventing Plastics, sy 19, s. 11, 2019.
3. [3] J. Dullius, C. Ruecker, V. Oliveira, R. Ligabue, ve S. Einloft, “Chemical recycling of post-consumer PET: Alkyd resins synthesis”, Prog Org Coat, c. 57, sy 2, ss. 123-127, Eki. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2006.07.004.
4. [4] J. D. Badia, E. Strömberg, S. Karlsson, ve A. Ribes-Greus, “The role of crystalline, mobile amorphous and rigid amorphous fractions in the performance of recycled poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET)”, Polym Degrad Stab, c. 97, sy 1, ss. 98-107, Oca. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.10.008.
5. [5] S. Papong vd., “Comparative assessment of the environmental profile of PLA and PET drinking water bottles from a life cycle perspective”, J Clean Prod, c. 65, ss. 539-550, Şub. 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.09.030.
6. [6] R. Geyer, J. R. Jambeck, ve K. L. Law, “Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made”, Sci Adv, c. 3, sy 7, Tem. 2017, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1700782.
7. [7] J. Siddiqui ve G. Pandey, “A Review of Plastic Waste Management Strategies”, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci. International Science Congress Association, c. 2, sy 12, ss. 84-88, 2013.
8. [8] R. J. Morris, “Floating plastic debris in the Mediterranean”, Mar Pollut Bull, c. 11, sy 5, s. 125, 1980, doi: 10.1016/0025-326X(80)90073-9.

9. [9] A. Golik ve Y. Gertner, “Litter on the israeli coastline”, Mar Environ Res, c. 33, sy 1, ss. 1-15, 1992, doi: 10.1016/0141-1136(92)90002-4.
10. [10] B. S. Galil, A. Golik, ve M. Türkay, “Litter at the bottom of the sea: A sea bed survey in the Eastern Mediterranean”, Mar Pollut Bull, c. 30, sy 1, ss. 22-24, 1995, doi: 10.1016/0025-326X(94)00103-G.
11. [11] J. G. Shiber, “Plastic pellets on the coast of Lebanon”, Mar Pollut Bull, c. 10, sy 1, ss. 28-30, 1979, doi: 10.1016/0025-326X(79)90321-7.
12. [12] A. Stefatos, M. Charalampakis, G. Papatheodorou, ve G. Ferentinos, “Marine debris on the seafloor of the Mediterranean Sea: Examples from two enclosed gulfs in western Greece”, Mar Pollut Bull, c. 38, sy 5, ss. 389-393, 1999, doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00141-6.
13. [13] M. Bergmann, L. Gutow, ve M. Klages, Marine Anthropogenic Litter. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3.
14. [14] R. Coyle, G. Hardiman, ve K. O. Driscoll, “Microplastics in the marine environment: A review of their sources, distribution processes, uptake and exchange in ecosystems”, Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, c. 2, s. 100010, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.cscee.2020.100010.
15. [15] J. R. Jambeck vd., “Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean”, Ciencia, c. 347, sy 6223, ss. 768-771, 2015.
16. [16] M. Siegfried, A. A. Koelmans, E. Besseling, ve C. Kroeze, “Export of microplastics from land to sea. A modelling approach”, Water Res, c. 127, ss. 249-257, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.011.
17. [17] L. C. M. Lebreton, J. Van Der Zwet, J. W. Damsteeg, B. Slat, A. Andrady, ve J. Reisser, “River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans”, Nat Commun, c. 8, ss. 1-10, 2017, doi: 10.1038/ncomms15611.
18. [18] M. Bergmann, L. Gutow, ve M. Klages, Marine Anthropogenic Litter. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3.
19. [19] J. P. da Costa, P. S. M. Santos, A. C. Duarte, ve T. Rocha-Santos, “(Nano)plastics in the environment - Sources, fates and effects”, Science of the Total Environment, c. 566-567, ss. 15-26, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.041.
20. [20] M. Wagner ve S. Lambert, “Modeling the Fate and Transport of Plastic Debris in Freshwaters: Review and Guidance”, içinde Freshwater Microplastics - The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 2018, s. 302. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-61615-5.
21. [21] H. S. Auta, C. U. Emenike, ve S. H. Fauziah, “Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environmentA review of the sources, fate, effects, and potential solutions”, Environ Int, c. 102, ss. 165-176, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.02.013.
22. [22] S. B. Sheavly ve K. M. Register, “Marine debris & plastics: Environmental concerns, sources, impacts and solutions”, J Polym Environ, c. 15, sy 4, ss. 301-305, 2007, doi: 10.1007/s10924-007-0074-3.
23. [23] S. Gündoğdu, İ. N. Yeşilyurt, ve C. Erbaş, “Potential interaction between plastic litter and green turtle Chelonia mydas during nesting in an extremely polluted beach”, Mar Pollut Bull, c. 140, sy January, ss. 138-145, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.032.
24. [24] S. Gündoğdu, C. Çevik, ve N. Temiz Ataş, “Occurrence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tracts of some edible fish speciealong the Turkish coast”, Turkish Journal of Zoology, c. 44, sy 4, ss. 312-323, 2020, doi: 10.3906/zoo-2003-49.
25. [25] D. K. A. Barnes, F. Galgani, R. C. Thompson, ve M. Barlaz, “Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, c. 364, sy 1526, ss. 1985-1998, 2009, doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0205.
26. [26] M. A. Browne vd., “Accumulation of microplastic on shorelines woldwide: Sources and sinks”, Environ Sci Technol, c. 45, sy 21, ss. 9175-9179, 2011, doi: 10.1021/es201811s.
27. [27] S. Gündoğdu ve C. Çevik, “Micro- and mesoplastics in Northeast Levantine coast of Turkey: The preliminary results from surface samples”, Mar Pollut Bull, c. 118, sy 1-2, ss. 341-347, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.002.
28. [28] A. Cózar vd., “Plastic accumulation in the mediterranean sea”, PLoS One, c. 10, sy 4, ss. 1-12, 2015, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121762.
29. [29] N. Bakaraki Turan, H. Sari Erkan, ve G. Onkal Engin, “Current status of studies on microplastics in the world’s marine environments”, J Clean Prod, c. 327, sy May, s. 129394, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129394.
30. [30] A. L. Andrady, “Microplastics in the marine environment”, Mar Pollut Bull, c. 62, sy 8, ss. 1596-1605, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030.
31. [31] E. L. Teuten vd., “Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, c. 364, sy 1526, ss. 2027-2045, 2009, doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0284.
32. [32] K. L. Law ve R. C. Thompson, “Microplastics in the seas”, Science (1979), c. 345, sy 6193, ss. 144-145, Tem. 2014, doi: 10.1126/science.1254065.
33. [33] J. Munyaneza vd., “A review of atmospheric microplastics pollution: In-depth sighting of sources, analytical methods, physiognomies, transport and risks”, Science of The Total Environment, c. 822, s. 153339, May. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153339.
34. [34] Z. Liu vd., “Distribution and possible sources of atmospheric microplastic deposition in a valley basin city (Lanzhou, China)”, Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, c. 233, s. 113353, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113353.
35. [35] M. Sajjad vd., “Microplastics in the soil environment: A critical review”, Environ Technol Innov, c. 27, s. 102408, Ağu. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.eti.2022.102408.
36. [36] G. S. Zhang ve Y. F. Liu, “The distribution of microplastics in soil aggregate fractions in southwestern China”, Science of The Total Environment, c. 642, ss. 12-20, Kas. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.004.
37. [37] P. S. Ross vd., “Pervasive distribution of polyester fibres in the Arctic Ocean is driven by Atlantic inputs”, Nat Commun, c. 12, sy 1, ss. 4-12, 2021, doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20347-1.
38. [38] E. Rota, E. Bergami, I. Corsi, ve R. Bargagli, “Macro- and Microplastics in the Antarctic Environment: Ongoing Assessment and Perspectives”, Environments - MDPI, c. 9, sy 7, ss. 1-17, 2022, doi: 10.3390/environments9070093.
39. [39] H. A. Leslie, M. J. M. van Velzen, S. H. Brandsma, A. D. Vethaak, J. J. Garcia-Vallejo, ve M. H. Lamoree, “Discovery and quantification of plastic particle pollution in human blood”, Environ Int, c. 163, s. 107199, May. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107199.
40. [40] T. Ochi, S. Okubo, ve K. Fukui, “Development of recycled PET fiber and its application as concrete-reinforcing fiber”, Cem Concr Compos, c. 29, sy 6, ss. 448-455, Tem. 2007, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.02.002.
41. [41] Y. W. Choi, D. J. Moon, Y. J. Kim, ve M. Lachemi, “Characteristics of mortar and concrete containing fine aggregate manufactured from recycled waste polyethylene terephthalate bottles”, Constr Build Mater, c. 23, sy 8, ss. 2829-2835, Ağu. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.02.036.
42. [42] H. A. Bulut ve R. Şahin, “A study on mechanical properties of polymer concrete containing electronic plastic waste”, Compos Struct, c. 178, ss. 50-62, Eki. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.06.058.
43. [43] A. ben Fraj, M. Kismi, ve P. Mounanga, “Valorization of coarse rigid polyurethan foam waste in lightweight aggregate concrete Valorization of coarse rigid polyurethane foam waste in lightweight aggregate concrete”, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.11.010ï.
44. [44] M. Frigione, “Recycling of PET bottles as fine aggregate in concrete”, Waste Management, c. 30, sy 6, ss. 1101-1106, Haz. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.01.030.
45. [45] S. M. Hama ve N. N. Hilal, “Fresh properties of self-compacting concrete with plastic waste as partial replacement of sand”, International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, c. 6, sy 2, ss. 299-308, Ara. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.ijsbe.2017.01.001.
46. [46] B. Jaivignesh ve A. Sofi, “Study on Mechanical Properties of Concrete Using Plastic Waste as an Aggregate”, içinde IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Ağu. 2017, c. 80, sy 1. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/80/1/012016.
47. [47] A. Ramesan, S. S. Babu, ve A. Lal, “Performance of Light-Weight Concrete with Plastic Aggregate”, 2015. [Çevrimiçi]. Available: www.ijera.com
48. [48] A. J. Babafemi, B. Šavija, S. C. Paul, ve V. Anggraini, “Engineering properties of concrete with waste recycled plastic: A review”, Sustainability (Switzerland), c. 10, sy 11. MDPI, Eki. 25, 2018. doi: 10.3390/su10113875.
49. [49] G. v. Dhanani ve P. D. Bhimani, “Effect of Use Plastic Aggregates as Partial Replacement of Natural Aggregates in Concrete with Plastic Fibres”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2016, [Çevrimiçi]. Available: www.irjet.net
50. [50] E. Rahmani, M. Dehestani, M. H. A. Beygi, H. Allahyari, ve I. M. Nikbin, “On the mechanical properties of concrete containing waste PET particles”, Constr Build Mater, c. 47, ss. 1302-1308, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.041.
51. [51] Z. Z. Ismail ve E. A. AL-Hashmi, “Use of waste plastic in concrete mixture as aggregate replacement”, Waste Management, c. 28, sy 11, ss. 2041-2047, Kas. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.08.023.
52. [52] B. Safi, M. Saidi, D. Aboutaleb, ve M. Maallem, “The use of plastic waste as fine aggregate in the self-compacting mortars: Effect on physical and mechanical properties”, Constr Build Mater, c. 43, ss. 436-442, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.049.
53. [53] N. Saikia ve J. de Brito, “Use of plastic waste as aggregate in cement mortar and concrete preparation: A review”, Construction and Building Materials, c. 34. ss. 385-401, Eyl. 2012. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.066.
54. [54] K. Hannawi ve W. Prince-Agbodjan, “Transfer behaviour and durability of cementitious mortars containing polycarbonate plastic wastes”, European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, c. 19, sy 4, ss. 467-481, Nis. 2015, doi: 10.1080/19648189.2014.960100.
55. [55] K. S. Kumar ve K. Baskar, “Recycling of E-plastic waste as a construction material in developing countries”, J Mater Cycles Waste Manag, c. 17, sy 4, ss. 718-724, Eki. 2015, doi: 10.1007/s10163-014-0303-5.
56. [56] K. Hannawi, S. Kamali-Bernard, ve W. Prince, “Physical and mechanical properties of mortars containing PET and PC waste aggregates”, Waste Management, c. 30, sy 11, ss. 2312-2320, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.03.028.
57. [57] G. Sosoi, M. Barbuta, A. A. Serbanoiu, D. Babor, ve A. Burlacu, “Wastes as aggregate substitution in polymer concrete”, içinde Procedia Manufacturing, 2018, c. 22, ss. 347-351. doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2018.03.052.
58. [58] S. Yang, X. Yue, X. Liu, ve Y. Tong, “Properties of self-compacting lightweight concrete containing recycled plastic particles”, Constr Build Mater, c. 84, ss. 444-453, Haz. 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.038.
59. [59] C.-C. Chen, N. Jaffe, M. Koppitz, W. Weimer, ve A. Polocoser, “CONCRETE MIXTURE WITH PLASTIC AS FINE AGGREGATE REPLACEMENT”, 2015.
60. [60] C. Jacob-Vaillancourt ve L. Sorelli, “Characterization of concrete composites with recycled plastic aggregates from postconsumer material streams”, Constr Build Mater, c. 182, ss. 561-572, Eyl. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.083.
61. [61] W. C. Tang, Y. Lo, ve A. Nadeem, “Mechanical and drying shrinkage properties of structural-graded polystyrene aggregate concrete”, Cem Concr Compos, c. 30, sy 5, ss. 403-409, May. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.01.002.
62. [62] R. Ravindrarajah, “Institute for Research in Construction”, 1999.
63. [63] S. Bahij, S. Omary, F. Feugeas, ve A. Faqiri, “Fresh and hardened properties of concrete containing different forms of plastic waste – A review”, Waste Management, c. 113. Elsevier Ltd, ss. 157-175, Tem. 15, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.048.
64. [64] I. Almeshal, B. A. Tayeh, R. Alyousef, H. Alabduljabbar, A. Mustafa Mohamed, ve A. Alaskar, “Use of recycled plastic as fine aggregate in cementitious composites: A review”, Construction and Building Materials, c. 253. Elsevier Ltd, Ağu. 30, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119146.
65. [65] S. C. Kou, G. Lee, C. S. Poon, ve W. L. Lai, “Properties of lightweight aggregate concrete prepared with PVC granules derived from scraped PVC pipes”, Waste Management, c. 29, sy 2, ss. 621-628, Şub. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.06.014.
66. [66] J. Premalatha ve S. A. Ahamed, “EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CONCRETE WITH PLASTIC AGGREGATES”, SSRG International Journal of Civil Engineering- (ICRTCETM-2017), ss. 358-363, 2017, [Çevrimiçi]. Available: www.internationaljournalssrg.org
67. [67] W. L. Tamang Thingh, T. Wangmo, K. T. Darjay, K. S. Phuntsho, P. Namgyal, ve U. Wangchuk, “Use of Plastics in Concrete as Coarse Aggregate”, International Journal of Education and applied research, c. 7, sy 2, ss. 9-13, 2017.
68. [68] R. Lakshmi ve S. Nagan, “INVESTIGATIONS ON DURABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF E-PLASTIC WASTE INCORPORATED CONCRETE”, 2011. [Çevrimiçi]. Available: www.SID.ir
69. [69] M. Prakash ve B. Hemalatha, “Replacement of Waste Material in Concrete using Recycled Plastic”, International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE), c. 6, sy 3, ss. 41-46, 2019.
70. [70] P. Mathew, S. Varghese, T. Paul, ve E. Varghese, “Recycled Plastics as Coarse Aggregate for Structural Concrete”, Int J Innov Res Sci Eng Technol, c. 2, 2013, [Çevrimiçi]. Available: www.ijirset.com
71. [71] A. M. Azhdarpour, M. R. Nikoudel, ve M. Taheri, “The effect of using polyethylene terephthalate particles on physical and strength-related properties of concrete; A laboratory evaluation”, Constr Build Mater, c. 109, ss. 55-62, Nis. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.01.056.
72. [72] A. C. Bhogayata ve N. K. Arora, “Impact strength, permeability and chemical resistance of concrete reinforced with metalized plastic waste fibers”, Constr Build Mater, c. 161, ss. 254-266, Şub. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.135.
73. [73] T. R. Naik, S. S. Singh, C. O. Huber, ve B. S. Brodersen, “Use of post-consumer waste plastics in cement-based composites”, Cem Concr Res, c. 26, sy 10, ss. 1489-1492, 1996, doi: 10.1016/0008-8846(96)00135-4.
74. [74] L. Ferreira, J. de Brito, ve N. Saikia, “Influence of curing conditions on the mechanical performance of concrete containing recycled plastic aggregate”, Constr Build Mater, c. 36, ss. 196-204, Kas. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.098.
75. [75] S. B. Kim, N. H. Yi, H. Y. Kim, J. H. J. Kim, ve Y. C. Song, “Material and structural performance evaluation of recycled PET fiber reinforced concrete”, Cem Concr Compos, c. 32, sy 3, ss. 232-240, Mar. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.11.002.
76. [76] N. Pešić, S. Živanović, R. Garcia, ve P. Papastergiou, “Mechanical properties of concrete reinforced with recycled HDPE plastic fibres”, Constr Build Mater, c. 115, ss. 362-370, Tem. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.050.
77. [77] M. Gesoglu, E. Güneyisi, O. Hansu, S. Etli, ve M. Alhassan, “Mechanical and fracture characteristics of self-compacting concretes containing different percentage of plastic waste powder”, Constr Build Mater, c. 140, ss. 562-569, Haz. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.139.
78. [78] J. L. Ruiz-Herrero vd., “Mechanical and thermal performance of concrete and mortar cellular materials containing plastic waste”, Constr Build Mater, c. 104, ss. 298-310, Şub. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.005.
79. [79] C. Aciu, D. A. Ilutiu-Varvara, D. L. Manea, Y. A. Orban, ve F. Babota, “Recycling of plastic waste materials in the composition of ecological mortars”, içinde Procedia Manufacturing, 2018, c. 22, ss. 274-279. doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2018.03.042.
80. [80] C. Albano, N. Camacho, M. Hernández, A. Matheus, ve A. Gutiérrez, “Influence of content and particle size of waste pet bottles on concrete behavior at different w/c ratios”, Waste Management, c. 29, sy 10, ss. 2707-2716, Eki. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.05.007.
81. [81] S. Akçaözoǧlu, C. D. Atiş, ve K. Akçaözoǧlu, “An investigation on the use of shredded waste PET bottles as aggregate in lightweight concrete”, Waste Management, c. 30, sy 2, ss. 285-290, Şub. 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.09.033.
82. [82] R. Umadevi, C. R. Shashi Kiran, ve S. S. Sahana, “Recycled Plastics and Crushed Rock Powder As Coarse Aggregate and Fine Aggregate in Structural Concrete”, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY (IJERT), c. 3, sy 19, 2015, [Çevrimiçi]. Available: www.ijert.org
83. [83] B. S. Al-Tulaian, M. J. Al-Shannag, ve A. R. Al-Hozaimy, “Recycled plastic waste fibers for reinforcing Portland cement mortar”, Constr Build Mater, c. 127, ss. 102-110, Kas. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.131.
84. [84] K. Hannawi, W. Prince, ve S. K. Bernard, “Strain Capacity and Cracking Resistance Improvement in Mortars by Adding Plastic Particles”, 2013, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.
85. [85] F. Iucolano, B. Liguori, D. Caputo, F. Colangelo, ve R. Cioffi, “Recycled plastic aggregate in mortars composition: Effect on physical and mechanical properties”, Mater Des, c. 52, ss. 916-922, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.06.025.
86. [86] A. Akram, C. Sasidhar, ve K. Mehraj Pasha, “E-Waste Management by Utilization of E-Plastics in Concrete Mixture as Coarse Aggregate Replacement”, Int J Innov Res Sci Eng Technol, c. 04, sy 07, ss. 5087-5095, Tem. 2015, doi: 10.15680/ijirset.2015.0407008.
87. [87] B. Coppola, L. Courard, F. Michel, L. Incarnato, P. Scarfato, ve L. di Maio, “Hygro-thermal and durability properties of a lightweight mortar made with foamed plastic waste aggregates”, Constr Build Mater, c. 170, ss. 200-206, May. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.083.
88. [88] M. M. Rahman, M. A. Mahi, ve T. U. Chowdhury, “Utilization of waste PET bottles as aggregate in masonry mortar”, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT, c. 2, sy 11, ss. 1030-1035, 2013, [Çevrimiçi]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259646892
89. [89] A. Kan ve R. Demirboǧa, “A new technique of processing for waste-expanded polystyrene foams as aggregates”, J Mater Process Technol, c. 209, sy 6, ss. 2994-3000, Mar. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.07.017.
90. [90] V. Ferrándiz-Mas ve E. García-Alcocel, “Durability of expanded polystyrene mortars”, Constr Build Mater, c. 46, ss. 175-182, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.04.029.
91. [91] M. B. Hossain, P. Bhowmik, ve K. M. Shaad, “Use of waste plastic aggregation in concrete as a constituent material”, 2016.
92. [92] R. v. Silva, J. de Brito, ve N. Saikia, “Influence of curing conditions on the durability-related performance of concrete made with selected plastic waste aggregates”, Cem Concr Compos, c. 35, sy 1, ss. 23-31, Oca. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.08.017.
93. [93] P. Soroushian, A. I. Eldarwish, A. Tlili, ve K. Ostowari, “Experimental investigation of the optimized use of plastic flakes in normal-weight concrete”, Magazine of Concrete Research, c. 51, sy 1, ss. 27-33, 1999.
94. [94] R. Saxena, S. Siddique, T. Gupta, R. K. Sharma, ve S. Chaudhary, “Impact resistance and energy absorption capacity of concrete containing plastic waste”, Constr Build Mater, c. 176, ss. 415-421, Tem. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.019.