Amorf Polimerler

Year 2023, , 131 - 148, 27.12.2023

Özge Kılınç , Nil Toplan

https://doi.org/10.46740/alku.1299835

Abstract

Amorf polimerler, moleküllerin düzenli ve yapılandırılmış bir düzenlemesine sahip olan kristalli polimerlerin aksine, rastgele ve düzensiz bir molekül düzenlemesine sahiptir. Amorf polimerler, kristal bir yapıya sahip olmadıklarından daha esneklerdir. Bu malzemeler grubu şeffaflık, esneklik ve darbe direncinin önemli olduğu uygulamalarda kullanılmaktadır. Kristal yapıya sahip olmadıkları için ışığı dağıtmazlar, bu da onları lensler veya ekranlar gibi optik netliğin önemli olduğu uygulamalarda kullanım için ideal kılmaktadır. Amorf polimerlerin yapı eksiklikleri, işlemede tekdüzelik elde etmeyi zorlaştırabileceğinden, işlenmeleri kristal polimerlere göre daha zor olabilmektedir. Ayrıca kristal polimerlerden daha düşük erime noktalarına sahip olduklarından yüksek sıcaklıklarda deformasyona veya erimeye karşı daha duyarlıdırlar. Teknoloji ilerledikçe ve yeni malzemeler geliştirildikçe, amorf polimerler, ambalajdan elektroniğe ve tıbbi cihazlara kadar uzanan endüstrilerde büyük olasılıkla önemli rol oynamaya devam edecektir. Bu makale kapsamında amorf ve kristalin polimerlerin yapısı ve çeşitleri araştırılmış, kıyaslamalı bir şekilde polimerlerdeki amorf ve kristalin düzen incelenmiş, polimerlerin genel olarak sınıflandırılması yapılmış ve fiziksel özelliklerine de yer verilmiştir.

Keywords

amorf, polimer, amorf polimerler, kristalin polimerler

AMORPHOUS POLYMERS

Abstract

Amorphous polymers have a random and disordered arrangement of molecules, unlike crystalline polymers, which have an ordered and structured arrangement of molecules. Amorphous polymers are more flexible as they do not have a crystalline structure. This material group is used in applications where transparency, flexibility and impact resistance are important. Because they do not have a crystalline structure, they do not scatter light, making them ideal for use in applications where optical clarity is important, such as lenses or displays. Amorphous polymers can be more difficult to process than crystalline polymers, as the structural deficiencies can make it difficult to achieve uniformity in processing. Also, since they have lower melting points than crystalline polymers, they are more susceptible to deformation or melting at high temperatures. As technology advances and new materials are developed, amorphous polymers will likely continue to play an important role in industries ranging from packaging to electronics to medical devices. Within the scope of this article, the structure and types of amorphous and crystalline polymers were investigated, and they have been included in the article in a comparative way. The amorphous and crystalline order in the polymers was investigated. Polymers have been broadly classified and their physical properties have been studied.

Keywords

amorphous, polymer, amorphous polymers, crystalline polymers

References

• [1] Study Smarter. (2023, Nisan 13). Study Smarter. Web Sitesi: https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/chemistry/physical-chemistry/amorphous-polymer/
• [2] Maddah, H. A. (2016). Polypropylene as a promising plastic: A review. Am. J. Polym. Sci, 6(1), 1-11.
• [3] Brightworks Engineering. (2023, Nisan 13). Brightworks Engineering. Web Sitesi: https://brightworksengineering.com/upload/4/teknik-bulten-ocak-2017.pdf [4] Mallard Creek Polymers. (2023, Nisan 13). Mallard Creek Polymers. Web Sitesi: https://www.mcpolymers.com/library/amorphous-vs-crystalline-polymers
• [5] Pediaa. (2023, Nisan 13). Pediaa Web Sitesi: https://pediaa.com/difference-between-amorphous-and-crystalline-polymers/
• [6] Goodship, V. (2007). Plastic recycling. Science progress, 90(4), 245-268.
• [7] Tüm Plastik Sektörü Bu Çatı Altında. (2023, Nisan 13). Plastikçiyiz. Web Sitesi: https://www.plastikciyiz.biz/bilgi-kutuphanesi/teknik-bilgi-kutuphanesi/447/polimer-nedir-cesitleri-ozellikleri-nelerdir
• [8] Yu, K., Taynton, P., Zhang, W., Dunn, M. L., & Qi, H. J. (2014). Reprocessing and recycling of thermosetting polymers based on bond exchange reactions. RSC advances, 4(20), 10108-10117.
• [9] Hale, A., Macosko, C. W., & Bair, H. E. (1991). Glass transition temperature as a function of conversion in thermosetting polymers. Macromolecules, 24(9), 2610-2621.
• [10] Takeoka, Y., Liu, S., & Asai, F. (2020). Improvement of mechanical properties of elastic materials by chemical methods. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 21(1), 817-832.
• [11] Wang, Z., Lu, X., Sun, S., Yu, C., & Xia, H. (2019). Preparation, characterization and properties of intrinsic self-healing elastomers. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 7(32), 4876-4926.
• [12] Farfan-Cabrera, L. I. (2019). Tribology of electric vehicles: A review of critical components, current state and future improvement trends. Tribology International, 138, 473-486.
• [13] Freemantle, M. (1987). Natural Products and Polymers. In Chemistry in Action (pp. 801-851). Palgrave, London.
• [14] Allcock, H. R. (1994). Inorganic—organic polymers. Advanced Materials, 6(2), 106-115.
• [15] Jones, R. G., Kitayama, T., Hellwich, K. H., Hess, M., Jenkins, A. D., Kahovec, J., ... & Wilks, E. S. (2016). Source-based nomenclature for single-strand homopolymers and copolymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2016). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 88(10-11), 1073-1100.
• [16] Alshehrei, F. (2017). Biodegradation of synthetic and natural plastic by microorganisms. Journal of Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 5(1), 8-19.
• [17] Wang, M., Guo, L., & Sun, H. (2019). Manufacture of biomaterials. Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences: Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering.
• [18] Polymer Bilim ve Teknoloji. (2023, Nisan 13). Web Sitesi: http://blog.kmu.edu.tr/bbcarbas/wp-content/uploads/sites/70/2018/02/1.-ve-2.-%C3%BCnite.pdf
• [19] Kocaokutgen Hasan. “Polimerlerin Özellikleri.” (2023, Nisan 14). https://avys.omu.edu.tr/storage/app/public/hkocaok/109062/5%20Polimerlerin%20%C3%96zellikleri.doc
• [20] Demirel, B., Yaraş, A., & Elcicek, H. (2011). Crystallization behavior of PET materials.
• [21] Keith, H. D., & Padden Jr, F. J. (1964). Spherulitic crystallization from the melt. II. Influence of fractionation and impurity segregation on the kinetics of crystallization. Journal of applied Physics, 35(4), 1286-1296.
• [22] Wang, J., Kazemi, Y., Wang, S., Hamidinejad, M., Mahmud, M. B., Pötschke, P., & Park, C. B. (2020). Enhancing the electrical conductivity of PP/CNT nanocomposites through crystal-induced volume exclusion effect with a slow cooling rate. Composites Part B: Engineering, 183, 107663.
• [23] Parker, S. F., Maddams, W. F., Vickers, M. E., Williams, K. P., & Downs, G. W. (1996). Order in nascent polyethylene. Polymer, 37(13), 2755-2757.
• [24] MEGEP. (2023, Nisan 13). Web Sitesi: http://megep.meb.gov.tr/mte_program_modul/moduller_pdf/Polimerlerin%20Fiziksel%20%C3%96zellikleri%202.pdf
• [25] Coskun, A. “Erime ve Camsı Geçiş Sıcaklığı” (2023, Nisan 13). Web Sitesi: https://slideplayer.biz.tr/slide/7482713
• [26] Arş. Gör. Dr. Yavuz Gökçe, “Yeni malzemeler Polimerler.” (2023, Nisan 13). Web Sitesi: https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/196152/mod_resource/content/0/KYM%20345%20Yeni%20Malzemeler-Polimerler.pdf.
• [27] Doroudiani, S., Park, C. B., & Kortschot, M. T. (1996). Effect of the crystallinity and morphology on the microcellular foam structure of semicrystalline polymers. Polymer Engineering & Science, 36(21), 2645–2662. doi:10.1002/pen.10664
• [28] Star Guide. (2023, Nisan 13). Star Guide Web Sitesi: https://www.starplastics.com/amorphous-vs-semi-crystalline-polymers
• [29] Adhikari, R., & Michler, G. H. (2004). Influence of molecular architecture on morphology and micromechanical behavior of styrene/butadiene block copolymer systems. Progress in Polymer Science, 29(9), 949–986.
• [30] “Polimerlerin Yapısı: Konformasyon-Konfigürasyon”. Web Sitesi: https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/98037/mod_resource/content/2/KYM%20445%20Polimerlerin%20Yap%C4%B1s%C4%B1%20%28Konfig%C3%BCrasyon%29%20-2018.pdf
• [31] Polymer database. (2023, Nisan 13). Polymer Database Web Sitesi: https://polymerdatabase.com/polymer%20classes/Polymethacrylate%20type.html
• [32] Zafar, Muhammad Sohail (2020). “Prosthodontic Applications of Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA): An Update.” Polymers, 12(10), 1-35. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12102299.
• [33] Aldemir. (2023, Nisan 13). Aldemir Web Sitesi: https://www.aldemirltd.com/polymer/ adresinden alındı
• [34] AKPA Kimya. (2023, Nisan 13). Akpa. Web Sitesi: https://www.akpakimya.com/uygulama-alani/pmma-polimetil-metakrilat/
• [35] Learnbin. (2023, Nisan 13). Learnbin. Web Sitesi: https://learnbin.net/properties-of-natural-rubber/ [36] Vijayaram, T. R. (2009). A technical review on rubber. International Journal on Design and Manufacturing Technologies, 3(1), 25-37.
• [37] Gregg Jr, E. C., & Macey, J. H. (1973). The relationship of properties of synthetic poly (isoprene) and natural rubber in the factory. The effect of non-rubber constituents of natural rubber. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 46(1), 47-66.
• [38] Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. (2023, Nisan 13). Wikipedia Web Sitesi: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybutadiene/
• [39] Mokhothu, Thabang & Luyt, Adriaan & Messori, Massimo. (2014). Reinforcement of EPDM rubber with in situ generated silica particles in the presence of a coupling agent via a sol–gel route. Polymer Testing. 33. 97–106. 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2013.11.009.
• [40] Van Doremaele, G., van Duin, M., Valla, M., & Berthoud, A. (2017). On the Development of Titanium κ1‐Amidinate Complexes, Commercialized as Keltan ACE™ Technology, Enabling the Production of an Unprecedented Large Variety of EPDM Polymer Structures. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 55(18), 2877-2891.
• [41] Chueangchayaphan, W.; Luangchuang, P.; Chueangchayaphan. (2022). N. High Performance of Titanium Dioxide Reinforced Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Composites. Polymers. 14(23). 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14235267.
• [42] Ataman Kimya, the Free Encyclopedia. (2023, Nisan 13). Ataman Kimya Web Sitesi: https://atamankimya.com/sayfalar.asp?LanguageID=2&cid=3&id=8&id2=4866 / adresinden alındı
• [43] Adreco Plastics, the Free Encyclopedia. (2023, Nisan 13). Adreco Plastics Web Sitesi: https://adrecoplastics.co.uk/abs-plastic-properties/
• [44] K.D. Feddersen. (2023, Nisan 13). K.D. Feddersen. Web Sitesi: https://kdfeddersen.com/competencies/engineering-plastics/polymers/abs//
• [45] Campo, E. Alfredo (2008). Selection of Polymeric Materials || Polymeric Materials and Properties, 1–39. doi:10.1016/B978-081551551-7.50003-6.
• [46] PVC. (2023, Nisan 13). PVC Web Sitesi: https://pvc.org/about-pvc/pvcs-physical-properties/
• [47] Ballard, D. G. H., Burgess, A. N., Dekoninck, J. M., & Roberts, E. A. (1987). The ‘crystallinity’of PVC. Polymer, 28(1), 3-9.
• [48] Marshall, R. A. (1994). Effect of crystallinity on PVC physical properties. Journal of Vinyl Technology, 16(1), 35-38.
• [49] Polymer Database. (2023, Nisan 13). Polymer Database Web Sitesi: https://polymerdatabase.com/polymer%20classes/Polystyrene%20type.html / adresinden alındı
• [50] McKeen, L. W. (2012). Styrenic Plastics. McKeen, L. W. (eds.) In Plastics Design Library, Permeability Properties of Plastics and Elastomers. 3rd ed. William Andrew Publishing.
• [51] Creativemechanisms, (2023, Nisan 13). Creativemechanisms Web Sitesi: http://www.creativemechanisms.com/blog/everything-you-need-to-know-about-polycarbonate-pc /
• [52] Demirel, Bilal & Yaraş, Ali & ELÇİÇEK, Huseyin. (2011). Crystallization Behavior of PET Materials. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitü Dergisi. 13. 26-35.
• [53] Badia, J. D., Strömberg, E., Karlsson, S., & Ribes-Greus, A. (2012). The role of crystalline, mobile amorphous and rigid amorphous frac.