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Türkiye Uluslararası Gemi Sicili Kanunu Amacına Ulaştı Mı?

Year 2019, ULUK 2018 Congress Special Issue, 71 - 86, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.17093/alphanumeric.503415

Abstract

Dünya dış ticaret hacminin giderek artması ve ticaretin çoğunlukla deniz yoluyla yapılması, yük gemilerinin sayılarını da artırmaktadır. Küresel anlamda rekabetçi olabilmek adına “kolay bayrak ülkeleri” adı verilen ülkeler armatörlere, vergi muafiyeti/indirimi, tescil kolaylıkları, denetim azlığı gibi bazı avantajlar sunarak gemi filolarını büyütmektedirler. Türkiye de 1999 yılında küresel anlamda rekabetçi olabilmek ve armatörlerin kolay bayrak ülkelerine yönelimini engellemek amacıyla 4490 sayılı “Türk Uluslararası Gemi Sicil Kanunu” nu yürürlüğe koymuştur. Bu kapsamda, çalışmada uygulamaya konulan bu kanunun işlevselliği daha önceki çalışmalardan farklı olarak, Türkiye dış ticaret hacmi ve dünya dış ticaret hacmi üzerinden açıklanmaktadır. Ayrıca dünyanın en büyük gemi yük taşıma kapasitesine sahip olan ve ayrıca bir kolay bayrak ülkesi olan Panama için de aynı analizler tekrarlanarak karşılaştırma yapılmaktadır. Araştırma bulgularında, hem Panama hem de Türkiye’nin uluslararası gemi siciline kayıtlı filosunun yük taşıma kapasitesi ile dünya dış ticaret hacmi arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi olduğu görülmektedir. Türkiye’de bu ilişki aynı zamanda Türk dış ticaret hacminde de bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca dünyanın ve Türkiye’nin ticaret hacimlerinin, Türkiye’nin uluslararası gemi siciline kayıtlı filo kapasitesi için öngörü kaynakları olduğu, Granger nedensellik testiyle ortaya koyulmaktadır. Panama içinse dünya dış ticaret hacmi ile gemi yük taşıma kapasitesi arasında karşılıklı Granger nedenselliği bulunmaktadır. Buna göre, Türkiye’nin uluslararası gemi sicili uygulaması, istenilen sonuca uygun şekilde, ticaret hacimlerine bağlı olarak değişim göstermektedir.

References

  • Alexander, C. (1999). Optimal hedging using cointegration. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 357, 2039-2058.
  • Carlisle, R. (1980). The “American Century” implemented: stettinius and the Liberian flag of convenience. Business History Review, 54(2), 175-191.
  • Carlisle, R. (2009). Second Registers: Maritime Nations Respond to Flags of Convenience, 1984-1998. Northern Mariner, 19(3), 319-340.
  • Charles, A., Darne, O. ve Kim, J. H. (2011). Small sample properties of alternative tests for margintale difference hypothesis. Economic Letters, 110, 151-154.
  • Dickey, D. A. ve Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of The American Statistical Association, 74, 427-431.
  • Dickey, D. A. ve Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49, 1057-1072.
  • Enders, W. (2004). Applied Econometric Time Series. New York: Wiley.
  • Engle, R. F. ve Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Cointegration and error correction: representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55, 251-276.
  • Engle, R. F. ve Yoo, B. S. (1987). Forecasting and testing in co-integrated systems. Journal of Econometrics, 35, 143-159.
  • Fossen, A. (2016). Flags of convenience and global capitalism. International Critical Thought, 6(3), 359-377.
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1981). Some properties of time series data and their use in econometric model specification. Journal of Econometrics, 16, 121–130.
  • International Transport Workers Federation (ITF), (2018). Flags of convenience: avoiding the rules by flying a convenient flag. Avaliable online at http://www.itfglobal.org/en/transport-sectors/seafarers/in-focus/flags-of-convenience-campaign/ , Erişim Tarihi: 30.10.2018.
  • İstanbul, Marmara, Ege, Akdeniz ve Karadeniz Deniz Ticaret Odası (İMEAK), (2017). Rakamlarla denizcilik sektörü ve istatistikler. Deniz Ticareti, Şubat 2017.
  • Johansen, S. 1991. Estimation and hypothesis-testing of cointegration vectors in Gaussian vector autoregressive models. Econometric. 59, 1551-1580.
  • Kurt, H. (2014). Türk Uluslararası Gemi Sicili Kanunu’nun değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Barosu Dergisi, (2), 269-290.
  • Maddala, G. C. ve Kim, I.M. (1998). Unit roots, cointegration, and structural change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Palma, W. (2016). Time Series Analysis. New Jersey: Wiley.
  • Syczewska, E. M. (2011). Cointegration since Granger: evolution and development. Quantitative Methods in Economics, 12(1), 147-164.
  • Toh, R. S., ve Phang, S. Y. (1993). Quasi-flag of convenience shipping: the wave of the future. Transportation Journal, 31-39.
  • Treves, T. (2008). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law. Avaliable online at http://untreaty. un. org/cod/avl/pdf/ha/uncls/uncls_e.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 28.10.2018.
  • Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (TBMM) (1999). Türk Uluslararası Gemi Sicili Tasarısı ve Plan ve Bütçe, Sağlık, Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal İşler ve Sanayi, Ticaret, Enerji, Tabii Kaynaklar, Bilgi ve Teknoloji Komisyonları Raporları, 1/507, 27.07.1999.
  • Türk Ticaret Kanunu (1956). T.C. Resmi Gazete, 9353, 09.07.1956.
  • Türk Uluslararası Gemi Sicili Kanunu İle 491 Sayılı Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamede Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun (1999). T.C. Resmi Gazete, 23913, 21.12.1999.
  • Uluslararası Taşımacılık ve Lojistik Hizmet Üretenleri Derneği (UTİKAD), (2011). TUGS ''Kolay Bayrak'' kabul edildi. Avaliable Online at http://www.utikad.org.tr/haberler/?id=7864, Erişim Tarihi: 30.10.2018.
  • United Nations (UN), (1986). United Nations Convention on Conditions for Registration of Ships. Avaliable Online at https://treaties.un.org/pages/viewdetails.aspx?src=treaty&mtdsg_no=xii7&chapter=12&clang=_en , Erişim Tarihi: 24.10.2018.
  • United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), (2018a). Data Center. Avaliable Online at http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx?sCS_ChosenLang=en, Erişim Tarihi: 01.10.2018.
  • United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), (2018b). Review of maritime transport. New York: United Nations Publications.
  • Yigen, S. (2015). Türk uluslararası gemi siciline kayitli gemilere tanınan ayrıcalıklar. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, 6(22), 527-547.

Has The Turkish International Ship Registry Law Reached Its Goal

Year 2019, ULUK 2018 Congress Special Issue, 71 - 86, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.17093/alphanumeric.503415

Abstract

Increasing trend of world trade, most of which is carried out by seaborne, causes increase in the number of merchant ships. In order to be globally competitive in marine transport and to attract domestic and foreign ship owners, some countries provide convenience like immunity from taxation, process facilitation, and audit simplification. On the other hand, countries which don’t offer such advantages export their own ships to other countries which can be called “flag of convenience countries”. In order to be globally competitive and prevent FOC registration of her domestic ships, Turkish Government put into force 'Turkish International Ship Registry Law” in 1999. This study is empirically analyzing whether this law reached its goal. In this context, the relationship between Turkish merchant fleet capacity by flag of registration and world trade volume is researched. Additionally, in order to make comparison, the same relationship is tested in the case of Panama – the FOC which has the largest merchant fleet. The results of the analysis show that, there is co-integration between the capacity of the merchant fleet registered to Turkish International Ship Registry and both world and Turkish international trade volume. The same relationship is also seen in the case of Panama. There is a mutual causality between merchant fleet registered to Panama and world trade volume in Granger causality test. It is also found out that world and Turkish international trade volume are antecedents of the capacity of the merchant fleet registered to Turkish International Ship Registry in Granger causality test. In summary, Turkish International Ship Registry Law seems to reach its goal from the perspective of preferability by domestic and foreign ship owners.

References

  • Alexander, C. (1999). Optimal hedging using cointegration. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 357, 2039-2058.
  • Carlisle, R. (1980). The “American Century” implemented: stettinius and the Liberian flag of convenience. Business History Review, 54(2), 175-191.
  • Carlisle, R. (2009). Second Registers: Maritime Nations Respond to Flags of Convenience, 1984-1998. Northern Mariner, 19(3), 319-340.
  • Charles, A., Darne, O. ve Kim, J. H. (2011). Small sample properties of alternative tests for margintale difference hypothesis. Economic Letters, 110, 151-154.
  • Dickey, D. A. ve Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of The American Statistical Association, 74, 427-431.
  • Dickey, D. A. ve Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49, 1057-1072.
  • Enders, W. (2004). Applied Econometric Time Series. New York: Wiley.
  • Engle, R. F. ve Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Cointegration and error correction: representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55, 251-276.
  • Engle, R. F. ve Yoo, B. S. (1987). Forecasting and testing in co-integrated systems. Journal of Econometrics, 35, 143-159.
  • Fossen, A. (2016). Flags of convenience and global capitalism. International Critical Thought, 6(3), 359-377.
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1981). Some properties of time series data and their use in econometric model specification. Journal of Econometrics, 16, 121–130.
  • International Transport Workers Federation (ITF), (2018). Flags of convenience: avoiding the rules by flying a convenient flag. Avaliable online at http://www.itfglobal.org/en/transport-sectors/seafarers/in-focus/flags-of-convenience-campaign/ , Erişim Tarihi: 30.10.2018.
  • İstanbul, Marmara, Ege, Akdeniz ve Karadeniz Deniz Ticaret Odası (İMEAK), (2017). Rakamlarla denizcilik sektörü ve istatistikler. Deniz Ticareti, Şubat 2017.
  • Johansen, S. 1991. Estimation and hypothesis-testing of cointegration vectors in Gaussian vector autoregressive models. Econometric. 59, 1551-1580.
  • Kurt, H. (2014). Türk Uluslararası Gemi Sicili Kanunu’nun değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Barosu Dergisi, (2), 269-290.
  • Maddala, G. C. ve Kim, I.M. (1998). Unit roots, cointegration, and structural change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Palma, W. (2016). Time Series Analysis. New Jersey: Wiley.
  • Syczewska, E. M. (2011). Cointegration since Granger: evolution and development. Quantitative Methods in Economics, 12(1), 147-164.
  • Toh, R. S., ve Phang, S. Y. (1993). Quasi-flag of convenience shipping: the wave of the future. Transportation Journal, 31-39.
  • Treves, T. (2008). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law. Avaliable online at http://untreaty. un. org/cod/avl/pdf/ha/uncls/uncls_e.pdf , Erişim Tarihi: 28.10.2018.
  • Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi (TBMM) (1999). Türk Uluslararası Gemi Sicili Tasarısı ve Plan ve Bütçe, Sağlık, Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal İşler ve Sanayi, Ticaret, Enerji, Tabii Kaynaklar, Bilgi ve Teknoloji Komisyonları Raporları, 1/507, 27.07.1999.
  • Türk Ticaret Kanunu (1956). T.C. Resmi Gazete, 9353, 09.07.1956.
  • Türk Uluslararası Gemi Sicili Kanunu İle 491 Sayılı Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamede Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Kanun (1999). T.C. Resmi Gazete, 23913, 21.12.1999.
  • Uluslararası Taşımacılık ve Lojistik Hizmet Üretenleri Derneği (UTİKAD), (2011). TUGS ''Kolay Bayrak'' kabul edildi. Avaliable Online at http://www.utikad.org.tr/haberler/?id=7864, Erişim Tarihi: 30.10.2018.
  • United Nations (UN), (1986). United Nations Convention on Conditions for Registration of Ships. Avaliable Online at https://treaties.un.org/pages/viewdetails.aspx?src=treaty&mtdsg_no=xii7&chapter=12&clang=_en , Erişim Tarihi: 24.10.2018.
  • United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), (2018a). Data Center. Avaliable Online at http://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders/reportFolders.aspx?sCS_ChosenLang=en, Erişim Tarihi: 01.10.2018.
  • United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), (2018b). Review of maritime transport. New York: United Nations Publications.
  • Yigen, S. (2015). Türk uluslararası gemi siciline kayitli gemilere tanınan ayrıcalıklar. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, 6(22), 527-547.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Operation
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ayşegül Karataş 0000-0002-8587-5994

Halil Şimdi 0000-0002-9395-0667

Publication Date December 31, 2019
Submission Date December 27, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 ULUK 2018 Congress Special Issue

Cite

APA Karataş, A., & Şimdi, H. (2019). Türkiye Uluslararası Gemi Sicili Kanunu Amacına Ulaştı Mı?. Alphanumeric Journal, 7, 71-86. https://doi.org/10.17093/alphanumeric.503415

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