AMİK OVASI DİJİTAL PEYZAJI: M.Ö. 2. BİNYIL YERLEŞİM MODELİNİ TANIMLAMADA YENİ METODOLOJİK YAKLAŞIMLAR

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı arkeolojik yüzey araştırmalarında alan belgelemesi ve seramik verisinin değerlendirilmesinde yeni metodolojik yaklaşımların uygulanabilirliği üzerinde durmaktadır. Günümüzde ulaşımı ve kullanımı kolaylaşan hava araçları yüksek çözünürlüklü hava fotoğraflarının yanı sıra, taranan alanların sayısal arazi modelleri ve izohips haritalarının oluşturulmasına imkan vermekte ve bu sayede hem kapsamlı bir belgeleme çalışması gerçekleştirebilmekte hem de coğrafi analizlere imkan verecek dijital veri toplanabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, Amik Ovası Bölgesel Yüzey Araştırması projesi kapsamında M.Ö. 2. binyıl tabakalarına sahip olduğu tespit edilen beş höyükte dijital belgeleme-haritalama yöntemleri kullanılarak olası alt şehirlerin veya sit yayılımının ve modern tahribatının tespitinde fotogrametri ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerinin kullanımı üzerine durulmuştur. Bölgede yürütülen sistematik kazılar çerçevesinde oluşturulan seramik tipolojisine bağlı kalarak bu beş höyüğün seramik koleksiyonunun da yeniden değerlendirilmesiyle bölgenin M.Ö. 2. binyıl yerleşim modelini anlamaya yönelik ön veri toplama ve veri analiz çalışması sonuçları sunulmuştur.

Keywords

• Amik Ovası,Yerleşim Arkeolojisi,Orta Tunç Çağı,Geç Tunç Çağı,Seramik,Haritalama,Fotogrametri

References

1. Acerol, S. A. 2011 The Black Impressed Ware of Tell Atchana/Alalakh, Koç Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Bölümü, (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Istanbul.
2. Akar, M. 2017 "A Kingdom and Its Capital in the Borderlands: The Sir Leonard Woolley Excavations at Tell Atchana, Ancient Alalakh.", A. Schachner – M. Alparslan – M. Doğan Alparslan (eds.), The Discovery of an Anatolian Empire: A Colloquium to Commemorate the 100th Anniversary of the Decipherment of the Hittite Language, Istanbul: 269-278.
3. Akar, M. – D. Kara 2018 "Into the Hinterland: The Middle Bronze II Building at Toprakhisar Höyük, Altınözü (Hatay, Turkey)", Adalya 21.
4. Archi, A. – F. Venturi 2012 "Hittites at Tell Afis", Orientalia 81: 1-55.
5. Aruz, J. 1992 "The Stamp Seals from Tell Esh Sheikh", Anatolian Studies 42: 15-28.
6. Banning, E. B. 1996 "Highlands and Lowlands: Problems and Survey Frameworks for Rural Archaeology in the Near East", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 301: 25-45.
7. Banning, E. B. – A. L. Hawkins – S. T. Stewart – P. Hitchings – S. Edward 2017 "Quality Assurance in Archaeological Survey", Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 24: 466-488.
8. Braidwood, R. J. 1937 Mounds in the Plain of Antioch: An Archeological Survey, Chicago.

9. Braidwood, R. J. – L. S. Braidwood 1960 Excavations in the Plain of Antioch I. The Earlier Assemblages Phases A-J, Chicago.
10. Bulu, M. 2016 "An Intact Palace Kitchen Context from Middle Bronze Age Alalakh: Organization and Function", R. A. Stucky – O. Kaelin – H.-P. Mathys (eds.), Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, 9-13 June 2014, Basel, Wiesbaden: 301-314.
11. Bulu, M. 2017a "A New Look at the Periphery of the Hittite Empire: Re-evaluating Middle and Late Bronze Age Settlements of the Amuq Valley in the Light of Ceramics", M. Alparslan (ed.), Places and Spaces in Hittite Anatolia I: Hatti and the East. Proceedings of an International Workshop on Hittite Historical Geography in Istanbul, 25th-26th October 2013, Istanbul: 185-208.
12. Bulu, M. 2017b "A Syro-Cilician Pitcher from a Middle Bronze Age Kitchen at Tell Atchana, Alalakh", Ç. Maner – M. Horowitz – A. Gilbert (eds.), Overturning Certainties. Festschrift Presented to K. Aslıhan Yener for Her 40 Years of Field Archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean, Leiden: 101-116.
13. Casana, J. 2009 "Alalakh and the Archaeological Landscape of Mukish: The Political Geography and Population of a Late Bronze Age Kingdom", Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research 352: 7-37.
14. Casana, J. 2013 "Settlement, Territory, and the Political Landscape of Late Bronze Age Polities in the Northern Levant", Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 22: 107-125.
15. Casana, J. – A. R. Gansell 2005 "Off-Site Survey, and Flood Plain Devolopment at Tell Atchana (Alalakh)", K. A. Yener (ed.), The Amuq Valley Regional Projects. Vol.1, Surveys in the Plain of Antioch and Orontes Delta, Turkey, 1995-2002, Chicago: 153-169.
16. Casana, J. – T. J. Wilkinson 2005 "Settlement and Landscapes in the Amuq Region", K. A. Yener (ed.), The Amuq Valley Regional Projects, Vol. 1: Surveys in the Plain of Antioch and Orontes Delta, Turkey, 1995-2002, Chicago: 25-65.
17. Conolly, J. – M. Lake 2006 Geographical Information Systems in Archaeology, Cambridge.
18. Dodd, L. S. – A. Green – N. Highcock – L. Cadwell – K. A. Yener 2012 "The 2010 Amuq Valley Regional Projects Survey", Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 29: 205-223.
19. Douglass, M. – S. Lin – M. Chodoronek 2015 "The Application of 3D Photogrammetry for In-Field Documentation of Archaeological Features", Advances in Archaeological Practice 3 (2): 136-152.
20. Ducke, B. – D. Score – J. Reeves 2011 "Multiview 3D Reconstruction of the Archaeological Site at Weymouth from Image Series", Computers & Graphics 35 (2): 375-382.
21. Duru, R. 2003 Unutulmuş Bir Başkent Tilmen, Istanbul.
22. Duru, R. 2013 Tilmen Höyük Kazıları I, Ankara.
23. Fonstad, M. A. – J. T. Dietrich – B. C. Courville – J. L. Jensen – P. E. Carbonneau 2013 "Topographic Structure from Motion: A New Development in Photogrammetric Measurement", Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 38 (4): 421-430.
24. French, D. H. 1990 "Gaziantep ve Hatay Müzelerinde Bulunan Sakçagözü ve Tell esh-Sheik Kazıları Malzemesi", Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 7: 435-442.
25. Gates, M.-H. 2001 "Potmarks at Kinet Höyük and the Hittite Ceramic Industry", Varia Anatolica 13: 137-157.
26. Gates, M.-H. 2006 "Dating the Hittite Levels at Kinet Höyük: A Revised Chronology", D. P. Mielke – U. D. Schoop – J. Seeher (eds.), Structuring and Dating in Hittite Archaeology, Istanbul: 293-309.
27. Glatz, C. 2009 "Empires as Networks: Spheres of Material Interaction in Late Bronze Age", Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28 (2): 127-141.
28. Glatz, C. 2012 "Bearing the Marks of Control? Reassessing Pot Marks in the Late Bronze Age Anatolia", American Journal of Archaeology 116 (1): 5-38.
29. Goossens, R. – A. De Wulf – J. Bourgeois – W. Gheyle – T. Willems 2006 "Satellite Imagery and Archaeology: the Example of CORONA in the Altai Mountains", Journal of Archaeological Science 33 (6): 745-755.
30. Grove, D. 1972 "Development and Characteristic of Urbanism", P. Ucko – R. Tringham – G. W. Dimbleby (eds.), Man, Settlement and Urbanism, London: 559-574.
31. Harrison, T. P. 2010 "Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age Transition in North Orontes Valley", F. Venturi (ed.), Socities in Transition. Evolutionary Processes in Northern Levant Between Late Bronze Age II and Early Iron Age, Papers Presented on the Occasion of the 20th Anniversary of the New Excavation in Tell Afis, Bologna, 15th November 2007, Bologna: 83-102.
32. Heinz, M. 1992 Tell Atchana/Alalakh: Die Schichten VII-XVII, Kevelaer.
33. Hood, S. 1951 "Excavations at Tabara el Akrad, 1948-49", Anatolian Studies 1: 113-147.
34. Horowitz, M. T. 2015 "The Evolution of Plain Ware Ceramics at the Regional Capital of Alalakh in the 2nd Millennium BC", C. Glatz (ed.), Plain Pottery Traditions of the Eastern Mediterranean and Near East: Production, Usage, and Social Significance, Walnut Creek: 153-182.
35. Morrison, J. – M. Horowitz 2016 "Field-based Experiment Replicating Ceramic Fabrics: Late Bronze Age Cookwares from Two Mediterranean Sites", M. F. Ownby – I. C. Druc – M. A. Masucci (eds.), Integrative Approaches in Ceramic Petrography, Salt Lake City: 177-195.
36. Nigro, L. 2002 "The MB Pottery Horizon of Tell Mardikh/Ancient Ebla in a Chronological Perspective", M. Bietak (ed.), The Middle Bronze Age in the Levant. Proceedings of an International Conference on MB IIA Ceramic Material, Wien: 297-328.
37. Özbal, R. 2012 "The Challenge of Identifying Households at Tell Kurdu Turkey", B. J. Parker – C. P. Foster (eds.), New Perspectives on Household Archaeology, Winona Lake, Indiana: 321-346.
38. Özdoğan, M. 1993 "Türk Arkeolojisinin Sorunları ve Bazı Öneriler", DTCF Fakülte Dergisi 369: 353-366.
39. Pamir, H. 2013 "A Late Bronze-Iron Age Port Settlement on the Northeastern Mediterranean Coast", K. A. Yener (ed.), Across the Border: Late Bronze-Iron Age Relations Between Syria and Egypt. Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Research Center of Anatolian Studies, Koç University, Istanbul, May 31- June 1, 2010, Leuven: 173-194.
40. Postgate, J. N. 2007 "The Ceramics of Centralisation and Dissolution: a Case Study from Rough Cilicia", Anatolian Studies 57: 141-150.
41. Roosevelt, C. H. 2014 "Mapping Site-level Microtopography with Real Time Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite Systems (RTK GNSS) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Photogrammetry (UAVP)", Open Archaeology 1: 29-53.
42. Roosevelt, C. H. – P. Cobb – E. Moss – B. R. Olson – S. Ünlüsoy 2015 "Excavation is Destruction Digitization: Advances in Archaeological Practice", Journal of Field Archaeology 40 (3): 325-346.
43. Smith, M. G. 1972 "Complexity, Size and Urbanization", J. P. Ucko – R. Tringham – G. W. Dimbleby (eds.), Man, Settlement and Urbanism, London: 567-573.
44. Venturi, F. 2013 "The Transition from Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age in Tell Afis – Syria (Phases VII-III)", K. A. Yener (ed.), Across the Border: Late Bronze-Iron Age Relations between Syria and Anatolia. Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Research Center of Anatolian Studies, Koç University, Istanbul May 31-June 1, 2010, Leuven: 227-259.
45. Welton, L. – S. Batiuk – T. P. Harrison – D. R. Lipovitch – M. Capper 2011 "Tell Tayinat in the Late Third Millennium. Recent Investigations of the Tayinat Archaeological Project 2008-2010", Anatolica 37: 147-185.
46. Wheatley, D. – M. Gillings 2002 Spatial Technology and Archaeology. The Archaeological Applications of GIS, London ve New York.
47. Woolley, C. L. 1953 A Forgotten Kingdom: A record of the Results Obtained from the Recent Important Excavations of Two Mounds, Atchana and Al Mina, in the Turkish Hatay, Baltimore.
48. Woolley, C. L. 1955 Alalakh: An Account of the Excavations at Tell Atchana in the Hatay, 1937-1949, London.
49. Yener, K. A. (ed.) 2005 The Amuq Valley Regional Projects. Vol.1, Surveys in the Plain of Antioch and Orontes Delta, Turkey,1995-2002, Chicago.
50. Yener, K. A. (ed.) 2010 Tell Atchana, Ancient Alalakh. Vol. 1: 2003-2004 Excavation Seasons, Istanbul.
51. Yener, K. A. 2011 "Alalakh Kenti 2009 Çalışmaları", Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 32: 70-81.
52. Yener, K. A. 2013 "New Excavations at Alalakh: The 14th-12th Centuries BC", K. A. Yener (ed.), Across the Border: Late Bronze-Iron Age Relations between Syria and Anatolia. Proceedings of a Symposium held at the Research Center of Anatolian Studies, Koç University, Istanbul May 31-June 1, 2010, Leuven: 11-36.
53. Yener, K. A. – M. Bulu – M. Akar 2017 "Amik Ovası Bölgesel Yüzey Araştırması Projesi 2015 Çalışmaları", Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 34: 551-568.
54. Yener, K. A. – C. Edens – T. P. Harrison – J. Verstraete – T. J. Wilkinson 2000 "The Amuq Valley Regional Project, 1995-1998", American Journal of Archaeology 104: 163-220.
55. Zaina, F. – G. Benati 2013 “A Late Bronze Age I Fortress at Taşlı Geçit Höyük and the Defensive Architecture of Anatolia and the Northern Levant During the 2nd Millennium BC”, OCNUS 21: 9-29.