Management of Preventable Risk Factors of Cerebrovascular Disease

Abstract

After cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases are the second cause of mortality in the world. Cerebrovascular diseases are the primary cause of disability and labor loss. The most important definitive modifiable risk factor of stroke is hypertension. Significant decrease in the incidence of stroke can be achieved by the increase of preventive methods/ decrease of risk factors.

Keywords

• Cerebrovascular disease, risk factors, management

Serebrovasküler Hastalıklarda Önlenebilen Risk Faktörlerinin Yönetimi

Abstract

Kardiyovasküler hastalıklardan sonra serebrovasküler hastalıklar dünyada ikinci sırada ölüm nedenidir. Sakatlık ve işgücü kaybının ise birinci nedenidir İnmede kesinleşmiş değiştirilebilir risk faktörlerinin en önemlisi hipertansiyondur. Koruyucu yöntemlerin artırılması/risk faktörlerinin azaltılmasına bağlı olarak inme insidansında önemli oranda azalma sağlanabilmektedir. 

Keywords

• Serebrovasküler Hastalıklar, Risk Faktörleri, Yönetim

References

1. Whisnant JP, Basford JR, Bernstein EF et al. Special Report From the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Classification of Cerebrovascular Diseases III. Stroke 1990;21:637-76.
2. WHO MONICA Project Principal Investigators. The World Health Organisation MONICA Project (Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Diseases):A .major colloboration. J Clin Epidemiol 1988;41:105-14.
3. Mukherjee D, Patil CG. Epidemiology and the global burden of stroke. World Neurosurg 2011;76:85-90.
4. Öztürk Ş. Serebrovasküler Hastalık Epidemiyolojisi Ve Risk Faktörleri- Dünya ve Türkiye Perspektifi. Turk Geriatri Derg 2009;13:51-8.
5. Lackland DT, Elkind MSV, D'Agostino R et al. Inclusion of Stroke in Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Instruments: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, Stroke 2012;43:1998-2027.
6. Caplan LR. Basic pathology, anatomy, and pathophysiology of stroke. In: Caplan's Stroke: A Clinical Approach, 4th ed., Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:22.
7. Goldstein LB, Bushnell CD, Adams RJ, Chaturvedi S, Creager MA. Guidelines for the Primary Prevention of Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2011;42:517-84.
8. Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, O’Neal MA et al. Secular trends in stroke incidence and mortality. The Framingham Study. Stroke 1992;23:1551-5.

9. Utku U, Çelik Y. İnmede etyoloji, sınıflandırma ve risk faktörleri. Balkan S (Editör).Serebrovasküler Hastalıklar. 2. baskı. İstanbul: Güneş Kitabevi; 2005:57-72.
10. Duman T, Dede HÖ. İnmeye ait prognostik faktörler: Hastaya ait faktörlerin gözden geçirilmesi. Journal of Türk Beyin Damar Hast Derg 2010;16:7-16.
11. Adams RD, Victor M, Ropper HA, Brown HB. Principles of Neurology. 8th ed.USA: McGraw Hill Co.; 2006:660-746.
12. Onat Ş, Erkin G. İnmede risk faktörleri. FTR Bil J PMR Sci 2008;1:30-7.
13. Sanossian N, Ovbiagele B. Prevention and Managment of Stroke in Very Elderly Patients, Lancet Neurol 2009;8:1031-41.
14. Jones DW, Hall JE. Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure and Evidence From New Hypertension Trials. Hypertension 2004;43:1-3.
15. Sacco RL. Risk Factors and Outcomes for Ischemic Stroke. Neurology 1995;45(suppl 1):10-4.
16. Pezzini A, Grassi M, Del Zotto E et al. Synergistic effect of apolipoprotein E polymorphisms and cigarette smoking on risk of ischemic stroke in young adults. Stroke 2004;35:438–42.
17. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Himayelerinde, World Health Organization Europe, International Diabetes Federation Europe, Türkiye Diyabet Vakfı, Türkiye’de diyabet profili, Diyabet bakım, izlem ve tedavisinde mevcut durum değerlendirilmesi. Çalıştay Raporu 2009.
18. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2545–59.
19. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2560–72.
20. Amarenco P, Labreuche J, Lavallee P, Touboul PJ. Statins in stroke prevention and carotid atherosclerosis: systematic review and up-to-date meta-analysis. Stroke 2004;35:2902–9.
21. Zhang X, Patel A, Horibe H et al. Cholesterol, coronary heart disease, and stroke in the Asia Pacific region. Int J Epidemiol 2003;32:563–572.
22. Noda H, Iso H, Irie F et al. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and death due to intraparenchymal hemorrhage: the Ibaraki Prefectural Health Study. Circulation 2009;119:2136-45.
23. Sanossian N, Saver JL, Navab M, Ovbiagele B. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol: an emerging target for stroke treatment. Stroke 2007;38:1104–9.
24. Soyama Y, Miura K, Morikawa Y et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and risk of stroke in Japanese men and women: the Oyabe Study. Stroke 2003;34:863– 8.
25. Amarenco P, Labreuche J. Lipid management in the prevention of stroke: review and updated meta-analysis of statins for stroke prevention. Lancet Neurol 2009;8:453– 63.
26. TAF araştırıcıları adına Zerrin Y. Türk Atriyal Fibrilasyon (TAF) Çalışması Non-valvüler Atriyal Fibrilasyonlu Hastalarda Antikoagülan ve Aspirin’in Tromboembolik Risk Üzerine Etkilerinin Karşılaştırıldığı Çokmerkezli, Randomize Çalışma. Türk Kardiyoloji Dern Arş 2000;28:8-19.
27. Lambert CD, Gladstone DJ. Neurologic Manifestations of Acquired Cardiac Disease, Arrhytmias, and Interventional Cardiology. In: Neurology and General Medicine, Aminoff MJ (ed) 4th ed., Philedelphia: Churchill and Livingstone; 1995:84.
28. Karşıdağ S, Çetin S, Ufacık M., Özer F, Arpacı B. Atrial Fibrilasyonlu Hastalarda İnme Riski. Türkiye Tıp Dergisi Dahili Tıp Bilimleri 1998;5:78-82.
29. Connolly SJ, Laupacis A, Gent M, et al. Canadian Atrial Fibrillation Anticoagulation (CAFA) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:349.
30. Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:857.
31. Cooper NJ, Sutton AJ, Lu G, Khunti K. Mixed comparison of stroke prevention treatments in individuals with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1269-75.
32. Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators.Warfarin versus aspirin for prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation II Study. Lancet 1994;343:687-91.
33. Şengün İŞ, Kutluk K, Ergör G. Atrial Fibrilasyonlu İskemik İnme Hastalarında İnme Alt Tipleri ve Diğer Risk Faktörleri, Dokuz Eylül Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2004;18:133-9.
34. Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1994;154:1449.
35. Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:857.
36. Marquardt L, Geraghty OC, Mehta Z, Rothwell PM. Low risk of ipsilateral stroke in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis on best medical treatment: a prospective, population-based study. Stroke 2010; 41:11–7.
37. Abbott AL. Medical (nonsurgical) intervention alone is now best for prevention of stroke associated with asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis: results of a systematic review and analysis. Stroke 2009;40:573–83.
38. He FJ, Nowson CA, MacGregor GA. Fruit and vegetable consumption and stroke: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Lancet 2006;367:320.
39. Etminan M, Takkouche B, Isoma FC, Samii A. Risk of ischaemic stroke in people with migraine: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ 2005;330:63.
40. MacClellan LR, Giles WH, Cole J et al. Probable migraine with visual aura and risk of ischemic stroke: the stroke prevention in young women study. Stroke 2007;38:2438–45.
41. Çoban EK, Aslan IK, Kırbaş D. İskemik Serebrovasküler Hastalıkta Metabolik Sendrom Sıklığı ve Karotis İntima-Media Kalınlığı İlişkisi, Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi Dergisi 2011;48:234-7.
42. Gezici T, Kökeş Ü, Hız F., Bilge S, Çelebi A. Akut İskemik ve Akut Hemorajik İnmede Risk Faktörü Olarak Homosistein. İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi 2008;15:181-5. 43. Ağırbaşlı M, Aka A. S, Akçevin A, ve ark. Ulusal Kalp Sağliği Politikasi Ana
43. İlkeleri http://www.tkd online.org/UKSP/TKD_UlusalKalpSagligiPolitikasi_Taslak.pdf 17.03.2015). (Erişim tarihi:
44. WHO. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases-2010. http://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd_ report2010/en/ (Erişim tarihi: 20.06.2014).
45. Toprak İ, Şentürk Ş, Yüksel B ve ark. Toplumun Beslenmede Bilinçlendirilmesi, Saha Personeli İçin Toplum Beslenmesi Programı Eğitim Materyali, T.C.Sağlık Bakanlığı,Temel Sağlık Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü T.C. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Beslenme ve Diyetetik Bölümü; 2002:56-121.