Psychiatric Findings and Functional Capacity in the Early Period During the COVID-19 Pandemic: COVID-19 Patients and Individuals Under Quarantine

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 509 - 521, 30.09.2023

Ceyhun Topcuoğlu , Eylem Tütün Yümin , Mahmut Sürmeli , Ebru Karaca , Merve Başol Göksülük

https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.1183428

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the early psychiatric findings in the quarantine period in COVID-19 patients, under quarantine and healthy individuals.
Method: A cross-sectional observational study design was used. The study was conducted with patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and in home quarantine, contact individuals who were not diagnosed with COVID-19 but in home quarantine, and healthy individuals without quarantine restrictions. While measurements are made on the first day of quarantine and 10 days later for COVID-19 patients and contact individuals; For the healthy group, two measurements were made with an interval of 10 days. Individuals were evaluated with Coronavirus-19 Phobia Scale, Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire, 30-second sit-to-stand test.
Results: 10th day, coronaphobia and coronavirus anxiety were found to be higher in COVID-19 patients(p<0.05). It was observed that anxiety and depression in COVID-19 patients; coronaphobia in under quarantine individuals decreased within 10 days(p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the three groups in terms of the change in the 30-second sit-to-stand test score on the first day, on the tenth day, and in the quarantine period (p>0.05). No significant change was revealed in any groups in the quarantine period (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Precautions should be taken for psychiatric findings in early period during the quarantine period in COVID-19 patients and under quarantine individuals.

Keywords

COVID-19, Quarantine, Early period, Psychiatric findings, Functional capacity

COVİD-19 Pandemisi Sırasında Erken Dönemde Psikiyatrik Bulgular ve Fonksiyonel Kapasite: COVİD-19 Hastaları ve Karantina Altındaki Temaslı Bireyler

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, COVİD-19 hastaları, temaslı bireyler ve sağlıklı bireylerde karantina sürecindeki erken dönem psikiyatrik bulguları karşılaştırmaktır.
Yöntem: Enine kesitsel gözlemsel çalışma tasarımı kullanıldı. Çalışma COVİD-19 tanısı almış ve ev karantinasında bulunan hastalar, COVİD-19 tanısı almamış ancak ev karantinasında bulunan temaslı bireyler ve karantina sınırlaması olmayan sağlıklı bireyler ile gerçekleştirildi. COVİD-19 hastaları ve temaslı bireyler için karantinanın ilk gününde ve 10 gün sonrasında ölçümler yapılırken; sağlıklı grup için ise 10 gün ara ile toplam iki ölçüm yapıldı. Bireyler 10 gün arayla Coronavirus-19 Phobia Scale, Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire, 30-second sit-to-stand test ile değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: 10. günde COVİD-19 hastalarında sağlıklılara göre koronafobi ve koronavirüs anksiyetesi yüksek bulunurken(p<0.05); anksiyete, depresyon ve fonksiyonel kapasitede farklılık görülmedi(p>0.05). COVİD-19 hastalarında anksiyete ve depresyonun; temaslı bireylerde ise koronafobinin 10 günlük zaman içerisinde azaldığı görüldü(p<0.05). 30 saniye otur kalk testi puanının ilk gün, 10. gün ve karantina sürecindeki değişim açısından üç grup arasında anlamlı bir farklılık yoktu (p>0,05). Üç grupta da karantina sürecinde anlamlı bir değişim yoktu (p>0.05).
Sonuç: COVİD-19 hastalarında hastalığa özgü uygulanan medikal tedaviyle birlikte; temaslı bireylerde ise karantina sürecinde psikiyatrik bulgular için erken dönemde önlemler alınmasını öneriyoruz.

Keywords

COVİD-19, Karantina, Erken dönem, Psikiyatrik bulgular, Fonksiyonel kapasite

References

• 1. World Health Organization. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Situation report, 73. World Health Organization. Retrieved from World Health Organization website: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331686.
• 2. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. (n.d.). Retrieved 10 February 2022, from https://covid19.who.int
• 3. Alimohamadi, Y., Spenadi, M., Taghdir, M., & Hosam,rudsari, H. (2020). Determine the most common clinical symptoms in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, 61(3), E304–E312. https://doi.org/10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2020.61.3.1530.
• 4. Sahin, T., Ayyildiz, A., Gencer-Atalay, K., Akgün, C., Özdemir, H. M., & Kuran, B. (2021). Pain Symptoms in COVID-19. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 100(4), 307–312. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000001699.
• 5. Clavario, P., De Marzo, V., Lotti, R., Barbara, C., Porcile, A., Russo, C., et al. (2020). Assessment of functional capacity with cardiopulmonary exercise testing in non-severe COVID-19 patients at three months follow-up. MedRxiv.
• 6. Cortés-Telles, A., López-Romero, S., Figueroa-Hurtado, E., Pou-Aguilar, Y. N., Wong, A. W., Milne, K. M., et al. (2021). Pulmonary function and functional capacity in COVID-19 survivors with persistent dyspnoea. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 288, 103644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2021.103644.
• 7. Jacobs, L. G., Paleoudis, E. G., Bari, D. L.-D., Nyirenda, T., Friedman, T., Gupta, A., et al. (2020). Persistence of symptoms and quality of life at 35 days after hospitalization for COVID-19 infection. PLOS ONE, 15(12), e0243882. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243882.
• 8. Quality of life under the COVID-19 quarantine | SpringerLink. (n.d.). Retrieved 10 February 2022, from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11136-020-02724-x.
• 9. Belli, S., Balbi, B., Prince, I., Cattaneo, D., Masocco, F., Zaccaria, S., at al. (2020). Low physical functioning and impaired performance of activities of daily life in COVID-19 patients who survived hospitalisation. European Respiratory Journal, 56(4). https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02096-2020.
• 10. Nussbaumer-Streit, B., Mayr, V., Dobrescu, A. I., Chapman, A., Persad, E., Klerings, I., et al. (2020). Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID‐19: A rapid review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (9). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013574.pub2.
• 11. Bérard, E., Huo Yung Kai, S., Coley, N., Bongard, V., & Ferrières, J. (2021). Lockdown-related factors associated with the worsening of cardiovascular risk and anxiety or depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. Preventive Medicine Reports, 21, 101300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101300.
• 12. Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.
• 13. Özdin, S., & Bayrak Özdin, Ş. (2020). Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5), 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020927051.
• 14. Wang, Y., Di, Y., Ye, J., & Wei, W. (2021). Study on the public psychological states and its related factors during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in some regions of China. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 26(1), 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1746817.
• 15. Torales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(4), 317– 320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020915212.
• 16. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587.
• 17. Arpaci, I., Karataş, K., & Baloğlu, M. (2020). The development and initial tests for the psychometric properties of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Personality and Individual Differences, 164, 110108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110108.
• 18. Lee, S. A. (2020). Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety. Death Studies, 44(7), 393–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1748481.
• 19. Bi̇çer, İ., Çakmak, C., Demi̇r, H., & Kurt, M. E. (2020). Koronavirüs Anksiyete Ölçeği Kısa Formu: Türkçe Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Anatolian Clinic the Journal of Medical Sciences, 25(Special Issue on COVID 19), 216–225. https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.731092.
• 20. Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2009). An Ultra-Brief Screening Scale for Anxiety and Depression: The PHQ–4. Psychosomatics, 50(6), 613–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(09)70864-3.
• 21. Demircia, İ., & Ekşib, H. (2018). Don’t bother your pretty little head otherwise you can’t enjoy life. ERPA 2018, 287.
• 22. Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Li, X., Yin, Y., Li, R., Qiao, X., et al. (2018). A comparative study of the five-repetition sit-to- stand test and the 30-second sit-to-stand test to assess exercise tolerance in COPD patients. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Volume 13, 2833–2839. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S173509.
• 23. Toprak Celenay, S., Karaaslan, Y., Mete, O., & Ozer Kaya, D. (2020). Coronaphobia, musculoskeletal pain, and sleep quality in stay-at home and continued-working persons during the 3-month Covid-19 pandemic lockdown in Turkey. Chronobiology International, 37(12), 1778–1785. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2020.1815759.
• 24. Abdelghani, M., Hassan, M. S., Elgohary, H. M., & Fouad, E. (2021). Exploring the factors associated with coronaphobia among physicians during the COVID-19 outbreak in Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, 57(1), 105. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41983-021-00357-6.
• 25. Gaeta, L., & Brydges, C. R. (2021). Coronavirus-related anxiety, social isolation, and loneliness in older adults in Northern California during the stay-at-home order. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 33(4–5), 320– 331.
• 26. Taha, P. H. (2021). Home Quarantine Induced Health Anxiety During the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic–Evidence From Iraq. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 1–6.
• 27. Lei, L., Huang, X., Zhang, S., Yang, J., Yang, L., & Xu, M. (2020). Comparison of Prevalence and Associated Factors of Anxiety and Depression Among People Affected by versus People Unaffected by Quarantine During the COVID-19 Epidemic in Southwestern China. Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 26, e924609-1-e924609-12. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.924609.
• 28. Fountoulakis, K. N., Apostolidou, M. K., Atsiova, M. B., Filippidou, A. K., Florou, A. K., Gousiou, D. S., et al. (2021). Self-reported changes in anxiety, depression and suicidality during the COVID-19 lockdown in Greece. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 624–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.061.
• 29. Peng, M., Mo, B., Liu, Y., Xu, M., Song, X., Liu, L., et al. (2020). Prevalence, risk factors and clinical correlates of depression in quarantined population during the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275, 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.035.
• 30. López Steinmetz, L. C., Dutto Florio, M. A., Leyes, C. A., Fong, S. B., Rigalli, A., & Godoy, J. C. (2022). Levels and predictors of depression, anxiety, and suicidal risk during COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina: The impacts of quarantine extensions on mental health state. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 27(1), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1867318.
• 31. Stults-Kolehmainen, M., Filgueiras, A., & Blacutt, M. (2021, September 28). Factors linked to changes in mental health outcomes among Brazilians in quarantine due to COVID-19 (p. 2020.05.12.20099374). p. 2020.05.12.20099374. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.12.20099374.
• 32. Tang, F., Liang, J., Zhang, H., Kelifa, M. M., He, Q., & Wang, P. (2021). COVID-19 related depression and anxiety among quarantined respondents. Psychology & Health, 36(2), 164–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2020.1782410.
• 33. Tokur Kesgin, M., Hançer Tok, H., Uzun, L. N., & Pehlivan, Ş. (2022). Comparison of anxiety levels of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, individuals under quarantine, and individuals in society. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 58(1), 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12857.
• 34. Mohammadkhanizadeh, A., & Nikbakht, F. (2021). Investigating the potential mechanisms of depression induced-by COVID-19 infection in patients. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 91, 283–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2021.07.023.
• 35. Mazza, M. G., De Lorenzo, R., Conte, C., Poletti, S., Vai, B., Bollettini, I., et al. (2020). Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: Role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 89, 594–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.037.
• 36. Guo, Q., Zheng, Y., Shi, J., Wang, J., Li, G., Li, C., et al. (2020). Immediate psychological distress in quarantined patients with COVID-19 and its association with peripheral inflammation: A mixed-method study. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.038.
• 37. da Silva Lopes, L., Silva, R. O., de Sousa Lima, G., de Araújo Costa, A. C., Barros, D. F., & Silva-Néto, R. P. (2021). Is there a common pathophysiological mechanism between COVID-19 and depression? Acta Neurologica Belgica, 121(5), 1117–1122.
• 38. Martin, I., Braem, F., Baudet, L., Poncin, W., Fizaine, S., Aboubakar, F., et al. (2021). Follow-up of functional exercise capacity in patients with COVID-19: It is improved by telerehabilitation. Respiratory Medicine, 183, 106438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106438.
• 39. Zampogna, E., Ambrosino, N., Saderi, L., Sotgiu, G., Bottini, P., Pignatti, P., et al. (2021). Time course of exercise capacity in patients recovering from COVID-19-associated pneumonia. Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia, 47. https://doi.org/10.36416/1806-3756/e20210076.
• 40. Skjørten, I., Ankerstjerne, O. A. W., Trebinjac, D., Brønstad, E., Rasch-Halvorsen, Ø., Einvik, G., et al. (2021). Cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and limitations 3 months after COVID-19 hospitalisation. European Respiratory Journal, 58(2). https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00996-2021.
• 41. Jahn, K., Sava, M., Sommer, G., Schumann, D. M., Bassetti, S., Siegemund, M., et al. (2022). Exercise capacity impairment after COVID-19 pneumonia is mainly caused by deconditioning. European Respiratory Journal, 59(1). https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01136-2021.