Ramazan Orucunun Yeme Farkındalığı, Su Dengesi ve Beslenme Durumu Üzerine Etkisi: Pilot Çalışma
Year 2024,
Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 157 - 170, 31.05.2024
Emine Yassıbaş
,
Hatice Bölükbaşı
,
Menşure Nur Çelik
,
Büşra Atabilen
,
Feride Ayyıldız
,
Saniye Bilici
,
Gamze Akbulut
Abstract
Amaç: Ramazan orucunun beslenme sıklığı ve besin seçimlerini etkileyerek besin ve sıvı alımlarını değiştirdiği bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Ramazan orucunun yeme farkındalığı, hidrasyon ve beslenme durumuna etkisinin değerlendirilmesidir.
Yöntem: Çalışma, Ramazan ayı boyunca en az 20 gün oruç tutan 18-30 yaş arasında, sağlıklı 50 kadın üniversite öğrencisinin katılımıyla, yüz yüze görüşme yöntemiyle anket formu kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Anket formunda bireylerin sosyodemografik özellikleri ve beslenme alışkanlıkları sorgulanmış; Yeme Farkındalığı Ölçeği-30, Su Dengesi Ölçeği ve Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi- Kısa Formu kullanılmıştır. Ramazan ayı başlamadan önce ve Ramazan ayı boyunca art arda 20 gün oruç tutulduktan sonra bireylerden 3 günlük besin tüketim kayıtları alınmış ve vücut bileşimi, boy uzunluğu, vücut ağırlığı, bel ve kalça çevresi ölçümleri araştırmacılar tarafından uygun yöntemlerle ölçülmüştür. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 28.0 ve BEBİS 9.0 programları kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Yaş ortalaması 22.3±3.23 yıl olan bireylerin Ramazan ayı öncesindeki ve Ramazan ayı sonundaki vücut ağırlığı, bel-kalça çevresi ölçümleri ve beden kütle indeksleri arasındaki farklar istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bulunmuş (p<0.05) ancak vücut bileşimine ilişkin parametreler arasında anlamlı bir farklılık saptanmamıştır (p>0.05). Bireylerin Ramazan ayında günlük enerji, protein ve A vitamini ile B12 vitamini dışındaki tüm mikro besin öğelerinin alımlarındaki azalmalar istatistiksel açıdan anlamlıdır (p<0.05). Ramazan ayında ekmek ve tahıl, sebze ve yağların tüketiminde anlamlı bir azalma olmuştur (p<0.05). Fiziksel aktivite ve su dengesi ölçeği skorları arasındaki farklar ise anlamlı bulunmamıştır (p>0.05). Odaklanma alt boyutu dışında yeme farkındalığı ölçeğinin hiçbir alt boyutunda anlamlı bir fark saptanmamıştır (p>0.05).
Sonuç: Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada Ramazan orucunun enerji ve besin ögesi alımlarını ve vücut ağırlığını etkilediği ancak vücut bileşimi, hidrasyon durumu ve yeme farkındalığı üzerinde anlamlı etkiye sahip olmadığı bulunmuştur. Ramazan orucunun vücut bileşimi ve hidrasyon üzerindeki olası etkilerinin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için daha büyük örneklemlerle yapılacak çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğu düşünülmektedir.
References
- 1. Ongsara, S., Boonpol, S., Prompalad, N., & Jeenduang, N. (2017). The effect of Ramadan fasting on biochemical parameters in healthy Thai subjects. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR, 11(9), BC14.
- 2. Sadiya, A., Ahmed, S., Siddieg, H. H., Babas, I. J., & Carlsson, M. (2011). Effect of Ramadan fasting on
metabolic markers, body composition, and dietary intake in Emiratis of Ajman (UAE) with metabolic
syndrome. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 409-416.
- 3. Ibrahim, N. S. I., Hardinsyah, H., & Setiawan, B. (2018). Hydration status and liver function of young men
before and after Ramadan fasting. Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan, 13(1), 33-38.
- 4. Sadeghirad, B., Motaghipisheh, S., Kolahdooz, F., Zahedi, M. J., & Haghdoost, A. A. (2014). Islamic fasting
and weight loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutrition, 17(2), 396-406.
- 5. Roky, R., Houti, I., Moussamih, S., Qotbi, S., & Aadil, N. (2004). Physiological and chronobiological changes
during Ramadan intermittent fasting. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 48(4), 296-303.
- 6. Qasrawi, S. O., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., & BaHammam, A. S. (2017). The effect of intermittent fasting during
Ramadan on sleep, sleepiness, cognitive function, and circadian rhythm. Sleep and Breathing, 21, 577-586.
- 7. Shadman, Z., Poorsoltan, N., Akhoundan, M., Larijani, B., Soleymanzadeh, M., Zhand, C. A., ... & Nikoo, M. K.
(2014). Ramadan major dietary patterns. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16(9).
- 8. Khattak, M. M. A. K., Shukri, N. A. M., & Baharuddin, N. H. (2022). Hydration Status of University Students in
the Fasting Month of Ramadan. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 18(Supp19), 1-5.
- 9. Mazidi, M., Karimi, E., Rezaee, P., Nematy, M., & Salehi, M. (2014). The effects of Ramadan fasting on body
composition. Shiraz E-Medical Journal, 15(1).
- 10. Trabelsi, K., El Abed, K., Trepanowski, J. F., Stannard, S. R., Ghlissi, Z., Ghozzi, H., ... & Hakim, A. (2011). Effects of
Ramadan fasting on biochemical and anthropometric parameters in physically active men. Asian Journal of
Sports Medicine, 2(3), 134.
- 11. Benelam, B., & Wyness, L. (2010). Hydration and health: a review. Nutrition Bulletin, 35(1), 3-25.
- 12. Nachvak, S. M., Pasdar, Y., Pirsaheb, S., Darbandi, M., Niazi, P., Mostafai, R., & Speakman, J. R. (2019). Effects
of Ramadan on food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles and body composition composition.
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(4), 594-600.
- 13. Hosseini, S. R. A., Sardar, M. A., Hejazi, K., & Farahati, S. (2013). The effect of Ramadan fasting and physical
activity on body composition, serum osmolarity levels and some parameters of electrolytes in females.
International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 11(2), 88.
- 14. Gargacı, F. (2019). Ramazan ayında oruç tutan üniversite öğrencilerinin ramazan ayı süresince ve
sonrasında fiziksel aktivite ve diyet kalitelerinin karşılaştırılması (Master's thesis, İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi
Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
- 15. Miller, C. K., Kristeller, J. L., Headings, A., & Nagaraja, H. (2014). Comparison of a mindful eating intervention
to a diabetes self-management intervention among adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled
trial. Health Education & Behavior, 41(2), 145-154.
- 16. Özkan, N., & Bilici, S. (2018). Yeme davranişinda yeni yaklaşimlar: sezgisel yeme ve yeme farkindaliği. Gazi
Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 16-24.
- 17. Hasan, F., Latzer, Y., Diedrichs, P. C., & Lewis-Smith, H. (2021). A qualitative exploration of motivations for
fasting and the impact of Ramadan on eating behaviors and body image among young adult Muslim
women in the United Kingdom. Eating Behaviors, 42, 101545.
- 18. Al-Hourani, H. M., & Atoum, M. F. (2007). Body composition, nutrient intake and physical activity patterns
in young women during Ramadan. Singapore Medical Journal, 48(10), 906.
- 19. Framson, C., Kristal, A. R., Schenk, J. M., Littman, A. J., Zeliadt, S., & Benitez, D. (2009). Development and
validation of the mindful eating questionnaire. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(8), 1439-
1444.
- 20. Köse, G., Tayfur, M., Birincioğlu, İ., & Dönmez, A. (2016). Yeme farkındalığı ölçeği’ni Türkçeye uyarlama
çalışması. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(1), 125-134.
- 21. Malisova, O., Bountziouka, V., Panagiotakos, D. B., Zampelas, A., & Kapsokefalou, M. (2012). The water
balance questionnaire: design, reliability and validity of a questionnaire to evaluate water balance in the
general population. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 63(2), 138-144.
- 22. Şen, N. (2020). Genel popülasyonda su dengesi ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması geçerlik ve güvenirlik
çalışması. Marmara University, Institute of Health Sciences Master’ thesis, İstanbul, Türkiye.
- 23. Beslenme Bilgi Sistemi (BEBİS) Versiyon 8. Ebispro for Windows, Stuttgart, Germany; Turkish version BeBiS,
Versiyon 8; Data bases 2010. Bundeslebenmittelschlüssel (BLS), 11.3 and other sources. Available from:
http://www.bebis.com.tr
- 24. Puga, A. M., Partearroyo, T., & Varela-Moreiras, G. (2018). Hydration status, drug interactions, and
determinants in a Spanish elderly population: a pilot study. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, 74, 139-
151.
- 25. Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjöström, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E., ... & Oja, P. (2003).
International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine & Science in Sports
& Exercise, 35(8), 1381-1395.
- 26. Öztürk, M. (2005). Üniversitede egitim-ögretim gören ögrencilerde Uluslararasi Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi'nin
geçerliligi ve güvenirligi ve fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinin belirlenmesi (Research on Reliability and Validity of
International Physical Activity Questionnaire and Determination of Physical Activity Level in University
Students). Hacettepe University, Institute of Health Sciences Master’s thesis, Ankara, Türkiye.
- 27. Baysal, A., Aksoy, M., Besler, H. T., Bozkurt, N., Keçecioğlu, S., Merdol, T., ... & Yıldız, E. (2008). Diyet El Kitabı. 5.
baskı. Ankara: Hatipoğlu Yayınevi, s67-143.
- 28. World Health Organization (2023). Body mass index (BMI).
https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/topic-details/GHO/body-mass-index.
Erişim:12.09.2023).
- 29. Lessan, N., Saadane, I., Alkaf, B., Hambly, C., Buckley, A. J., Finer, N., ... & Barakat, M. T. (2018). The effects of
Ramadan fasting on activity and energy expenditure. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 107(1), 54-61.
- 30. Al-Jafar, R., Wahyuni, N. S., Belhaj, K., Ersi, M. H., Boroghani, Z., Alreshidi, A., ... & Dehghan, A. (2023). The
impact of Ramadan intermittent fasting on anthropometric measurements and body composition: Evidence
from LORANS study and a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1082217.
- 31. Madkour, M. I., Obaideen, A. K., Dalah, E. Z., Hasan, H. A., Radwan, H., Jahrami, H. A., ... & Mohammad, M. G.
(2019). Effect of Ramadan diurnal fasting on visceral adiposity and serum adipokines in overweight and
obese individuals. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 153, 166-175.
- 32. Aydın, N., Kul, S., Karadağ, G., Tabur, S., & Araz, M. (2019). Effect of Ramadan fasting on glycaemic
parameters & body mass index in type II diabetic patients: A meta-analysis. Indian Journal of Medical
Research, 150(6), 546-556.
- 33. Najafi, M. T., Abbasian, A. S., Mohammadi, H., Abbasi, M. R., Khatami, M. R., Ghafari, A., & Shojamoradi, M. H.
(2023). Alteration in body water compartments following intermittent fasting in Ramadan. Frontiers in
Nutrition, 10.
- 34. Pichard, C., Kyle, U. G., Gremion, G. E. R. A. L. D., Gerbase, M., & Slosman, D. O. (1997). Body composition by
x-ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical impedance in female runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and
Exercise, 29(11), 1527-1534.
- 35. Alzhrani, A., Alhussain, M. H., & BaHammam, A. S. (2022). Changes in dietary intake, chronotype and sleep
pattern upon Ramadan among healthy adults in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: A prospective study. Frontiers in
Nutrition, 9, 966861.
- 36. Faris, M. E. A. I. E., Jahrami, H. A., Alhayki, F. A., Alkhawaja, N. A., Ali, A. M., Aljeeb, S. H., ... & BaHammam, A. S.
(2020). Effect of diurnal fasting on sleep during Ramadan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep
and Breathing, 24, 771-782.
- 37. Kocaaga, T., Tamer, K., Karli, U., & Yarar, H. (2019). Effects of Ramadan fasting on physical activity level
and body composition in young males. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 8, 2322-3537.
- 38. Enhörning, S., & Melander, O. (2018). The vasopressin system in the risk of diabetes and cardiorenal
disease, and hydration as a potential lifestyle intervention. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 72(Suppl 2),
21-27.
- 39. Mo'ez, A. I. E., Salem, M. L., Jahrami, H. A., Madkour, M. I., & BaHammam, A. S. (2020). Ramadan intermittent
fasting and immunity: An important topic in the era of COVID-19. Annals of Thoracic Medicine, 15(3), 125.
- 40. Türkiye Beslenme Rehberi (TÜBER). T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu 2015. T.C. Sağlık
Bakanlığı Yayın No: 1031. Ankara, 2022.
- 41. Sunardi, D., Chandra, D. N., Medise, B. E., Friska, D., Manikam, N. R. M., Lestari, W., ... & Ulvie, Y. N. S. (2022).
Assessment of water consumption during Ramadan intermittent fasting: Result from Indonesian cross-
sectional study. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 922544.
- 42. Leiper, J. B., & Prastowo, S. M. (2000). Effect of fasting during Ramadan on water turnover rates in men
living in the tropics. Journal Of Physiology-London (Vol. 528, pp. 43).
- 43. Sunardi, D., Chandra, D. N., Medise, B. E., Friska, D., Manikam, N. R. M., Lestari, W., ... & Ulvie, Y. N. S. (2022).
Assessment of water consumption during Ramadan intermittent fasting: Result from Indonesian cross-
sectional study. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 922544.
- 44. Boukhris, O., Trabelsi, K., & Chtourou, H. (2018). Evolution of dietary intake between before, during and
after Ramadan observance in Tunisian physically active men: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Sport Studies for Health, 1(4)
The Effect of Ramadan Fasting on Mindful Eating, Water Balance, and Nutritional Status: Pilot Study
Year 2024,
Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 157 - 170, 31.05.2024
Emine Yassıbaş
,
Hatice Bölükbaşı
,
Menşure Nur Çelik
,
Büşra Atabilen
,
Feride Ayyıldız
,
Saniye Bilici
,
Gamze Akbulut
Abstract
Objective: Ramadan fasting is known to alter food and fluid intake by affecting eating frequency and food choices. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Ramadan fasting on mindful eating, hydration, and nutritional status.
Methods: The study was conducted with 50 healthy female aged 18-30 years who fasted for at least 20 days during Ramadan. Sociodemographic characteristics and dietary habits of the individuals were questioned in a questionnaire; Mindful Eating Questionnaire-30 (MEQ), Water Balance Scale and International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form were used. Before the Ramadan and after fasting for 20 consecutive days during Ramadan, 3-day food consumption records were obtained and body composition, height, weight, waist, and hip circumferences were measured. SPSS 28.0 and BEBIS 9.0 were used to analyze the data.
Results: The mean age of the individuals was 22.3±3.23 years and the differences between weight, waist, and hip circumferences and body mass index before and after Ramadan were significant (p<0.05), but no significant difference was found between the body composition (p>0.05). The decreases in intake of daily energy, protein, and all micronutrients except vitamin A and vitamin B12 were statistically significant (p<0.05). There was a significant decrease in the consumption of bread and cereals, vegetables, and oils during Ramadan (p<0.05). The differences between physical activity and water balance scale scores were not significant. No significant difference was found in any sub-dimension of the MEQ except for the focus sub-dimension (p>0.05).
Conclusion: As a result, this study found that Ramadan fasting affected energy and nutrient intakes and body weight but did not have a significant effect on body composition, hydration status and mindful eating. It is thought that further studies with larger samples are needed to better understand the possible effects of Ramadan fasting on body composition and hydration.
References
- 1. Ongsara, S., Boonpol, S., Prompalad, N., & Jeenduang, N. (2017). The effect of Ramadan fasting on biochemical parameters in healthy Thai subjects. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR, 11(9), BC14.
- 2. Sadiya, A., Ahmed, S., Siddieg, H. H., Babas, I. J., & Carlsson, M. (2011). Effect of Ramadan fasting on
metabolic markers, body composition, and dietary intake in Emiratis of Ajman (UAE) with metabolic
syndrome. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 409-416.
- 3. Ibrahim, N. S. I., Hardinsyah, H., & Setiawan, B. (2018). Hydration status and liver function of young men
before and after Ramadan fasting. Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan, 13(1), 33-38.
- 4. Sadeghirad, B., Motaghipisheh, S., Kolahdooz, F., Zahedi, M. J., & Haghdoost, A. A. (2014). Islamic fasting
and weight loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutrition, 17(2), 396-406.
- 5. Roky, R., Houti, I., Moussamih, S., Qotbi, S., & Aadil, N. (2004). Physiological and chronobiological changes
during Ramadan intermittent fasting. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 48(4), 296-303.
- 6. Qasrawi, S. O., Pandi-Perumal, S. R., & BaHammam, A. S. (2017). The effect of intermittent fasting during
Ramadan on sleep, sleepiness, cognitive function, and circadian rhythm. Sleep and Breathing, 21, 577-586.
- 7. Shadman, Z., Poorsoltan, N., Akhoundan, M., Larijani, B., Soleymanzadeh, M., Zhand, C. A., ... & Nikoo, M. K.
(2014). Ramadan major dietary patterns. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16(9).
- 8. Khattak, M. M. A. K., Shukri, N. A. M., & Baharuddin, N. H. (2022). Hydration Status of University Students in
the Fasting Month of Ramadan. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 18(Supp19), 1-5.
- 9. Mazidi, M., Karimi, E., Rezaee, P., Nematy, M., & Salehi, M. (2014). The effects of Ramadan fasting on body
composition. Shiraz E-Medical Journal, 15(1).
- 10. Trabelsi, K., El Abed, K., Trepanowski, J. F., Stannard, S. R., Ghlissi, Z., Ghozzi, H., ... & Hakim, A. (2011). Effects of
Ramadan fasting on biochemical and anthropometric parameters in physically active men. Asian Journal of
Sports Medicine, 2(3), 134.
- 11. Benelam, B., & Wyness, L. (2010). Hydration and health: a review. Nutrition Bulletin, 35(1), 3-25.
- 12. Nachvak, S. M., Pasdar, Y., Pirsaheb, S., Darbandi, M., Niazi, P., Mostafai, R., & Speakman, J. R. (2019). Effects
of Ramadan on food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles and body composition composition.
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(4), 594-600.
- 13. Hosseini, S. R. A., Sardar, M. A., Hejazi, K., & Farahati, S. (2013). The effect of Ramadan fasting and physical
activity on body composition, serum osmolarity levels and some parameters of electrolytes in females.
International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 11(2), 88.
- 14. Gargacı, F. (2019). Ramazan ayında oruç tutan üniversite öğrencilerinin ramazan ayı süresince ve
sonrasında fiziksel aktivite ve diyet kalitelerinin karşılaştırılması (Master's thesis, İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi
Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
- 15. Miller, C. K., Kristeller, J. L., Headings, A., & Nagaraja, H. (2014). Comparison of a mindful eating intervention
to a diabetes self-management intervention among adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled
trial. Health Education & Behavior, 41(2), 145-154.
- 16. Özkan, N., & Bilici, S. (2018). Yeme davranişinda yeni yaklaşimlar: sezgisel yeme ve yeme farkindaliği. Gazi
Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 16-24.
- 17. Hasan, F., Latzer, Y., Diedrichs, P. C., & Lewis-Smith, H. (2021). A qualitative exploration of motivations for
fasting and the impact of Ramadan on eating behaviors and body image among young adult Muslim
women in the United Kingdom. Eating Behaviors, 42, 101545.
- 18. Al-Hourani, H. M., & Atoum, M. F. (2007). Body composition, nutrient intake and physical activity patterns
in young women during Ramadan. Singapore Medical Journal, 48(10), 906.
- 19. Framson, C., Kristal, A. R., Schenk, J. M., Littman, A. J., Zeliadt, S., & Benitez, D. (2009). Development and
validation of the mindful eating questionnaire. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(8), 1439-
1444.
- 20. Köse, G., Tayfur, M., Birincioğlu, İ., & Dönmez, A. (2016). Yeme farkındalığı ölçeği’ni Türkçeye uyarlama
çalışması. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(1), 125-134.
- 21. Malisova, O., Bountziouka, V., Panagiotakos, D. B., Zampelas, A., & Kapsokefalou, M. (2012). The water
balance questionnaire: design, reliability and validity of a questionnaire to evaluate water balance in the
general population. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 63(2), 138-144.
- 22. Şen, N. (2020). Genel popülasyonda su dengesi ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması geçerlik ve güvenirlik
çalışması. Marmara University, Institute of Health Sciences Master’ thesis, İstanbul, Türkiye.
- 23. Beslenme Bilgi Sistemi (BEBİS) Versiyon 8. Ebispro for Windows, Stuttgart, Germany; Turkish version BeBiS,
Versiyon 8; Data bases 2010. Bundeslebenmittelschlüssel (BLS), 11.3 and other sources. Available from:
http://www.bebis.com.tr
- 24. Puga, A. M., Partearroyo, T., & Varela-Moreiras, G. (2018). Hydration status, drug interactions, and
determinants in a Spanish elderly population: a pilot study. Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry, 74, 139-
151.
- 25. Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjöström, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E., ... & Oja, P. (2003).
International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine & Science in Sports
& Exercise, 35(8), 1381-1395.
- 26. Öztürk, M. (2005). Üniversitede egitim-ögretim gören ögrencilerde Uluslararasi Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi'nin
geçerliligi ve güvenirligi ve fiziksel aktivite düzeylerinin belirlenmesi (Research on Reliability and Validity of
International Physical Activity Questionnaire and Determination of Physical Activity Level in University
Students). Hacettepe University, Institute of Health Sciences Master’s thesis, Ankara, Türkiye.
- 27. Baysal, A., Aksoy, M., Besler, H. T., Bozkurt, N., Keçecioğlu, S., Merdol, T., ... & Yıldız, E. (2008). Diyet El Kitabı. 5.
baskı. Ankara: Hatipoğlu Yayınevi, s67-143.
- 28. World Health Organization (2023). Body mass index (BMI).
https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/topic-details/GHO/body-mass-index.
Erişim:12.09.2023).
- 29. Lessan, N., Saadane, I., Alkaf, B., Hambly, C., Buckley, A. J., Finer, N., ... & Barakat, M. T. (2018). The effects of
Ramadan fasting on activity and energy expenditure. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 107(1), 54-61.
- 30. Al-Jafar, R., Wahyuni, N. S., Belhaj, K., Ersi, M. H., Boroghani, Z., Alreshidi, A., ... & Dehghan, A. (2023). The
impact of Ramadan intermittent fasting on anthropometric measurements and body composition: Evidence
from LORANS study and a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1082217.
- 31. Madkour, M. I., Obaideen, A. K., Dalah, E. Z., Hasan, H. A., Radwan, H., Jahrami, H. A., ... & Mohammad, M. G.
(2019). Effect of Ramadan diurnal fasting on visceral adiposity and serum adipokines in overweight and
obese individuals. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 153, 166-175.
- 32. Aydın, N., Kul, S., Karadağ, G., Tabur, S., & Araz, M. (2019). Effect of Ramadan fasting on glycaemic
parameters & body mass index in type II diabetic patients: A meta-analysis. Indian Journal of Medical
Research, 150(6), 546-556.
- 33. Najafi, M. T., Abbasian, A. S., Mohammadi, H., Abbasi, M. R., Khatami, M. R., Ghafari, A., & Shojamoradi, M. H.
(2023). Alteration in body water compartments following intermittent fasting in Ramadan. Frontiers in
Nutrition, 10.
- 34. Pichard, C., Kyle, U. G., Gremion, G. E. R. A. L. D., Gerbase, M., & Slosman, D. O. (1997). Body composition by
x-ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical impedance in female runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and
Exercise, 29(11), 1527-1534.
- 35. Alzhrani, A., Alhussain, M. H., & BaHammam, A. S. (2022). Changes in dietary intake, chronotype and sleep
pattern upon Ramadan among healthy adults in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: A prospective study. Frontiers in
Nutrition, 9, 966861.
- 36. Faris, M. E. A. I. E., Jahrami, H. A., Alhayki, F. A., Alkhawaja, N. A., Ali, A. M., Aljeeb, S. H., ... & BaHammam, A. S.
(2020). Effect of diurnal fasting on sleep during Ramadan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep
and Breathing, 24, 771-782.
- 37. Kocaaga, T., Tamer, K., Karli, U., & Yarar, H. (2019). Effects of Ramadan fasting on physical activity level
and body composition in young males. International Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology, 8, 2322-3537.
- 38. Enhörning, S., & Melander, O. (2018). The vasopressin system in the risk of diabetes and cardiorenal
disease, and hydration as a potential lifestyle intervention. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 72(Suppl 2),
21-27.
- 39. Mo'ez, A. I. E., Salem, M. L., Jahrami, H. A., Madkour, M. I., & BaHammam, A. S. (2020). Ramadan intermittent
fasting and immunity: An important topic in the era of COVID-19. Annals of Thoracic Medicine, 15(3), 125.
- 40. Türkiye Beslenme Rehberi (TÜBER). T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu 2015. T.C. Sağlık
Bakanlığı Yayın No: 1031. Ankara, 2022.
- 41. Sunardi, D., Chandra, D. N., Medise, B. E., Friska, D., Manikam, N. R. M., Lestari, W., ... & Ulvie, Y. N. S. (2022).
Assessment of water consumption during Ramadan intermittent fasting: Result from Indonesian cross-
sectional study. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 922544.
- 42. Leiper, J. B., & Prastowo, S. M. (2000). Effect of fasting during Ramadan on water turnover rates in men
living in the tropics. Journal Of Physiology-London (Vol. 528, pp. 43).
- 43. Sunardi, D., Chandra, D. N., Medise, B. E., Friska, D., Manikam, N. R. M., Lestari, W., ... & Ulvie, Y. N. S. (2022).
Assessment of water consumption during Ramadan intermittent fasting: Result from Indonesian cross-
sectional study. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 922544.
- 44. Boukhris, O., Trabelsi, K., & Chtourou, H. (2018). Evolution of dietary intake between before, during and
after Ramadan observance in Tunisian physically active men: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Sport Studies for Health, 1(4)