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Motor Gelişim Geriliği Olan Bebeklerin Annelerine Verilen Eğitimin Anksiyete, Depresyon ve Stres Üzerindeki Etkisi

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 358 - 367, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.1614231

Abstract

Amaç: Motor gelişim geriliği olan bebeklerin anneleri, bakım sürecindeki zorluklar nedeniyle artmış düzeyde psikolojik yükler, özellikle anksiyete, depresyon ve stres yaşayabilmektedir. Bu araştırma, annelere verilen eğitim programının bu psikolojik yükler üzerindeki etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Eğitim programı, annelere motor gelişim geriliği, hastalığın prognozu, fizyoterapi programlarının önemi ve evde uygulanabilecek destekleyici yöntemler hakkında bilgi sunmayı içermektedir. Eğitimle annelerin bilgi düzeyinin artırılması, belirsizlik hissinin azaltılması ve psikolojik iyilik hallerinin desteklenmesi hedeflenmiştir.
Yöntem: Bu çalışma, ön test-son test modeline dayalı yarı deneysel bir tasarıma sahiptir. Araştırmaya, çocuklarının motor gelişim geriliği sorunu nedeniyle ilk kez bir fizyoterapiste başvuran ve çalışmaya gönüllü olan 20 bebeğin anneleri (ortalama yaş: 26,58±6,17 yıl) dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcıların anksiyete, depresyon ve stres düzeyleri, eğitim öncesinde ve sonrasında DASS-21 (Depresyon, Anksiyete, Stres Ölçekleri – Kısa Form) kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Eğitim, 1 hafta süren bireysel oturumlar ve bilgilendirici broşürler aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler, SPSS yazılımı kullanılarak analiz edilmiş ve eşleştirilmiş t-testi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Anlamlılık düzeyi p<0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Eğitim programı sonrasında yapılan analizlerde, annelerin stres düzeylerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir azalma gözlenmiştir (t(19)=5,12, p<0,05). Anksiyete düzeylerinde de anlamlı bir düşüş tespit edilmiştir (t(19)=3,78, p<0,05). Ancak depresyon düzeylerindeki değişim istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmamıştır (t(19)=1,89, p>0,05). Eğitim öncesinde depresyon düzeylerinin genel olarak düşük olması bu sonuçla uyumludur. Eğitim sonrası elde edilen en büyük değişim stres kategorisinde gerçekleşmiş olup (t(19)=5,12, p<0,01), anksiyetede gözlenen düşüş bunu takip etmiştir (t(19)=3,78, p<0,05).
Sonuç: Motor gelişim geriliği olan bebeklerin annelerine verilen eğitim programı, annelerin psikolojik iyilik hallerini desteklemede etkili bulunmuştur. Özellikle stres ve anksiyete düzeylerinde anlamlı azalmalar kaydedilmiş, depresyon düzeylerinde ise düşük başlangıç değerleri nedeniyle belirgin bir değişim olmamıştır. Bu bulgular, ebeveyn eğitim programlarının psikolojik destek stratejilerinin bir parçası olarak önemini vurgulamaktadır. Çocuklarının gelişim sürecine olumlu katkılar sağlayabilmeleri için ebeveynlere yönelik destekleyici eğitimlerin artırılması önerilmektedir.

References

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  • 8. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2021). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (11th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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  • 19. Tronick, E. Z., & Beeghly, M. (2020). Infants' meaning-making and the development of mental health problems. Am. Psychol., 75(2), 108-120.
  • 20. Thoits, P. A. (2020). Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. J. Health Soc. Behav., 61(1), 32-49.
  • 21. Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W., & Barlow, D. H. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behav. Res. Ther., 145, 103832.
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  • 24. Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (2021). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychol. Assess., 33(3), 235-249.
  • 25. Williams, K., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (2019). Parent education and its impact on emotional well-being. J. Emot. Health, 41(2), 177-189.
  • 26. Levy, C., Sandoval, J., & Smith, R. (2021). Parent education programs and their effects on parent-child interaction: A meta-analysis. Parent. Sci., 25(2), 204-221.
  • 27. Birch, E. E., James, P. T., & Harris, G. L. (2020). The impact of parent education programs on motor skill development and psychological well-being. J. Dev. Psychol., 56(4), 453-465.
  • 28. Bandura, A. (1989). Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of control over AIDS infection. Psychosom. Med., 51(3), 247-254.
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  • 30. Zhang, H., Lee, S., & Wang, Y. (2020). Cultural considerations in parent education programs: A comparative analysis. Int. J. Child Psychol., 42(3), 290-303.
  • 31. Carter, B., Jones, R., & Zhang, W. (2021). The role of intervention content and duration in the effectiveness of parent education programs. J. Parent. Stud., 18(1), 45-60.
  • 32. Smith, J., Anderson, L., & Thomas, M. (2020). The long-term effects of parent education on depression: A longitudinal study. J. Clin. Psychol., 77(5), 543-550.
  • 33. Thompson, A., Black, M., & Williams, E. (2020). Long-term follow-up of parent education programs: Effects on depression. Ment. Health Rev. J., 25(4), 240-251.
  • 34. Martin, C. L., Ellis, J., & Roberts, S. (2018). The role of fathers in early childhood education: Effects on social development. Child Dev. Res., 35(2), 121-135.
  • 35. Zhang, X., Li, F., & Zhou, Q. (2019). The impact of parent support programs on families from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Soc. Sci. Rev., 47(3), 129-142.
  • 36. Johnson, M., Roberts, L., & Green, T. (2021). Online parenting programs post-pandemic: A new era for parent education. J. Digit. Educ., 12(2), 112-125.

The Effect of Education Provided to Mothers of Infants with Motor Developmental Delay on Anxiety, Depression and Stress

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 358 - 367, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.1614231

Abstract

Objective: Mothers of infants with motor developmental delay often experience increased psychological burdens, including anxiety, depression, and stress, due to the challenges of caregiving. This study aims to examine the effects of an educational program provided to these mothers on their psychological well-being. The educational program includes information about motor developmental delay, prognosis, the importance of physiotherapy programs, and practical strategies to support their child’s development at home. The program is designed to reduce uncertainty, enhance mothers' knowledge levels, and improve their psychological well-being.
Method: This quasi-experimental study utilized a pre-test and post-test design. The study included 20 mothers whose infants were diagnosed with motor developmental delay and were seeking physiotherapy for the first time. Anxiety, depression, and stress levels of the participants were assessed before and after the educational program using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales – Short Form (DASS-21). The educational program lasted one week and was conducted through individual sessions and informative brochures. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, and paired t-tests were used for statistical evaluation. A significance level of p<0.05 was set.
Results: Post-education analysis revealed a statistically significant reduction in stress levels (t(19)=5.12, p<0.05) and anxiety levels (t(19)=3.78, p<0.05) among the mothers. However, the change in depression levels was not statistically significant (t(19)=1.89, p>0.05), which aligns with the initially low levels of depression observed before the program. The greatest improvement was seen in stress levels (t(19)=5.12, p<0.01), followed by anxiety (t(19)=3.78, p<0.05).
Conclusion: The educational program provided to mothers of infants with motor developmental delay was effective in improving their psychological well-being. Significant reductions were observed in stress and anxiety levels, while depression levels remained unchanged due to their initially low baseline values. These findings underscore the importance of parental education programs as part of psychological support strategies. It is recommended to expand supportive education programs to enhance the parents' ability to contribute positively to their child's development process.

References

  • 1. Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (2020). Depression anxiety stress scales: Updated manual. Psychology Foundation of Australia.
  • 2. Cohen, J. (2023). A power primer: Revised. Psychol. Bull., 149(1), 27-45.
  • 3. Field, A. (2021). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics: Sixth edition. Sage Publications.
  • 4. Barlow, D. H. (2021). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
  • 5. Spielberger, C. D. (2020). State-trait anxiety inventory for adults: A revised edition. Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • 6. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (2021). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II (2nd ed.). Psychological Corporation.
  • 7. Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2022). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure revisited. J. Gen. Intern. Med., 37(8), 2256-2264.
  • 8. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2021). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (11th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • 9. Creswell, J. W. (2023). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
  • 10. Kazdin, A. E. (2020). Research design in clinical psychology (5th ed.). Pearson.
  • 11. Glasziou, P., Del Mar, C., & Salisbury, J. (2020). Evidence-based practice workbook (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • 12. Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (2021). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav. Res. Ther., 139, 103786.
  • 13. Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2021). Statistical mediation analysis with a multicategorical independent variable revisited. Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol., 74(3), 380-395.
  • 14. Bandura, A. (2020). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control (2nd ed.). Freeman.
  • 15. Bowlby, J. (2020). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development (2nd ed.). Basic Books.
  • 16. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (2021). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • 17. Siegel, D. J., & Hartzell, M. (2021). Parenting from the inside out: How understanding the brain can help you raise your child (2nd ed.). TarcherPerigee.
  • 18. Feldman, R. (2021). Parent-infant synchrony: A biobehavioral model of mutual influences in the formation of affiliative bonds. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev., 86(2), 45-62.
  • 19. Tronick, E. Z., & Beeghly, M. (2020). Infants' meaning-making and the development of mental health problems. Am. Psychol., 75(2), 108-120.
  • 20. Thoits, P. A. (2020). Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. J. Health Soc. Behav., 61(1), 32-49.
  • 21. Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W., & Barlow, D. H. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behav. Res. Ther., 145, 103832.
  • 22. Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2020). The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): Normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample. Br. J. Clin. Psychol., 59(4), 429-441.
  • 23. Bilgel, N., & Bayram, N. (2021). Turkish version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21): An investigation of psychometric properties. J. Psychiatry Clin. Psychol., 11(2), 25-36.
  • 24. Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (2021). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychol. Assess., 33(3), 235-249.
  • 25. Williams, K., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (2019). Parent education and its impact on emotional well-being. J. Emot. Health, 41(2), 177-189.
  • 26. Levy, C., Sandoval, J., & Smith, R. (2021). Parent education programs and their effects on parent-child interaction: A meta-analysis. Parent. Sci., 25(2), 204-221.
  • 27. Birch, E. E., James, P. T., & Harris, G. L. (2020). The impact of parent education programs on motor skill development and psychological well-being. J. Dev. Psychol., 56(4), 453-465.
  • 28. Bandura, A. (1989). Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of control over AIDS infection. Psychosom. Med., 51(3), 247-254.
  • 29. Sherbourne, C. D., Wells, K. B., & Roy-Byrne, P. P. (1992). Self-efficacy and health outcomes in individuals with chronic illness. J. Chronic Dis., 45(4), 255-265.
  • 30. Zhang, H., Lee, S., & Wang, Y. (2020). Cultural considerations in parent education programs: A comparative analysis. Int. J. Child Psychol., 42(3), 290-303.
  • 31. Carter, B., Jones, R., & Zhang, W. (2021). The role of intervention content and duration in the effectiveness of parent education programs. J. Parent. Stud., 18(1), 45-60.
  • 32. Smith, J., Anderson, L., & Thomas, M. (2020). The long-term effects of parent education on depression: A longitudinal study. J. Clin. Psychol., 77(5), 543-550.
  • 33. Thompson, A., Black, M., & Williams, E. (2020). Long-term follow-up of parent education programs: Effects on depression. Ment. Health Rev. J., 25(4), 240-251.
  • 34. Martin, C. L., Ellis, J., & Roberts, S. (2018). The role of fathers in early childhood education: Effects on social development. Child Dev. Res., 35(2), 121-135.
  • 35. Zhang, X., Li, F., & Zhou, Q. (2019). The impact of parent support programs on families from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Soc. Sci. Rev., 47(3), 129-142.
  • 36. Johnson, M., Roberts, L., & Green, T. (2021). Online parenting programs post-pandemic: A new era for parent education. J. Digit. Educ., 12(2), 112-125.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ümmühan Melisa Gündüz This is me 0009-0000-1028-3743

Yıldız Varhan This is me 0009-0004-3492-0873

Fatih Tekin 0000-0001-7829-7957

Publication Date September 30, 2025
Submission Date January 6, 2025
Acceptance Date March 4, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Gündüz, Ü. M., Varhan, Y., & Tekin, F. (2025). Motor Gelişim Geriliği Olan Bebeklerin Annelerine Verilen Eğitimin Anksiyete, Depresyon ve Stres Üzerindeki Etkisi. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(3), 358-367. https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.1614231