The Effect of Intense Construction and Population Pressure on Flora Changes in Gölköy Campus of Abant Izzet Baysal University in the Last Two Decades

Year 2016, Volume 26, Issue 2, 14 - 32, 21.12.2016

Süleyman DOĞAN İsmail EKER Nusret ZENCİRCİ Tülay TURGUT GENÇ

Abstract

Food security requires plant genetic resources (PGR), which is seriously risked by climatic changes, urbanization, and population growth. Therefore, collection, conservation, utilization, and improvement of PGR in diverse regions have higher priority. Turkey, situated among gene centers and historical migration routes, enjoys an environmental and genetic diversity. Gölköy Campus of Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, which is a junction between Euro-Siberian and Irano-Turanian phytogeographic regions, has been intensively investigated in different historical periods. In this study, the changes for species diversity on the flora in the last two decades have been measured and compared. Twenty years apart, 332 plant species in 46 families decreased to 153 plant species in 45 families, which was a serious decrease of 66.77% in total plant species.  Construction and human population seriously narrowed genetic diversity even in diverse regions.

Keywords

Bolu, Species, Plant Genetic Resources, Urbanization, Population pressure

Yoğun İnşaat ve Nüfus Baskısının Son Yirmi Yılda Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Bolu-Gölköy Yerleşkesinde Flora Değişimine Etkisi

Abstract

   İklim değişiklikleri, kentleşme ve nüfus artışının ciddi tehdidi altında olan bitki genetik kaynaklarına (BGK) gıda güvenliği için gerek duyulmaktadır. Bu nedenle; BGK’nın genetik çeşitlilikce zengin bölgelerden toplanması, korunması, kullanılması ve iyileştirilmesine öncelik verilmektedir. Gen merkezleri arasında ve tarihsel göç yolları üzerinde yer alan Türkiye de bu çevresel ve genetic çeşitlilikten bolca yararlanmaktadır. Avrupa – Sibirya ve İran–Turan fito-coğrafi bölgeleri arasında yer alan Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Bolu - Gölköy Yerleşke’sinde bugüne kadar birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma ile ise, son yirmi yılda kampüste bulunan bitki türlerinin ve endemic bitkilerin genetik çeşitliliği belirlenmiştir. Yırmı yıllık bir sürede 46 familyada 332 olan tür sayısı 45 familyada 153’e düşmüştür. Bu azalma; toplam tür sayısında % 66,77 olmuştur. Artan inşaat faaliyetleri ve yogunlaşan insan nüfusu bu genetic çeşitliliği yüksek alanda bile ciddi bir genetik çeşitlilik daralmasına yol açmıştır.

Keywords

Bolu, Bitki Genetik Kaynakları, Türler, Kentleşme, Nüfus baskısı

References

• Akman, Y., and O. Ketenoğlu. 1978. The phytosociological investigation of Köroğlu Mountain. Com. Fac. Sci. U Ank. C2: 1-24.
• Akman, Y., and O. Ketenoğlu. 1979a. Contribution a l’etude de la Flore du Mont de Köroğlu. Com. Fac. Sci. U Ank.. C2: 1-20.
• Akman, Y., and O. Ketenoğlu. 1979b. Flora of the Gerede-Aktaş Forest (Bolu). Com. Fac. Sci. U Ank.. C2, 21-57.
• Akman, Y., and E. Yurdakulol. 1981a. Contributions to the Flora of Bolu Mountains. Com. Fac. Sci. U Ank. C2: 1-42.
• Akman, Y., and E. Yurdakulol. 1981b. Contributions to the Flora of Semen Mountains. Com. Fac. Sci. U Ank.. C2: 1-43.
• Akman, Y., and R. İlarslan. 1983. The phytosociological investigation in the district of Uluhan - Mudurnu. Com. Fac. Sci. U Ank. C2: 55-70.
• Akman, Y., E. Yurdakulol, and E. Aydoğdu. 1983a. A phytosociological research on the Vegetation of Bolu Mountains. Com. Fac. Sci. U Ank. C2: 87-107.
• Akman, Y., E. Yurdakulol, and M. Demirörs. 1983b. the phytosociological research on the Vegetation of the Semen Mountains (Bolu). Com. Fac. Sci. U Ank.. C1: 71-86.
• Aksoy, N. 2009. Karakiriş Dağı (Seben-Nallıhan) Florası. Ormancılık Dergisi 2: 104-125. (Karakiriş Mountain (Seben-Nallıhan) Flora. J. Forestry 2: 104-125.
• Alataş, M., and G. Uyar. 2015. The bryophyte flora of Abant Mountains (Bolu/Turkey). Bio. Cons. 8: 35-43.
• Al-Atawneh, N., A. Amri, R. Assi, and N. Maxted. 2008. Management plans for promoting in situ conservation of local agrobiodiversity in the West Asia centre of plant diversity. In: (eds) Maxted, N. et al. Crop Wild Relative Conservation and Use. Pp: 338–361.
• Anonymous. 1996. Convention on Biological Diversity. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Montreal, Canada.
• Anonymous. 1998. Mera Kanunu, Kanun No: 4342. http://www. zmo.org.tr/mevzuat/ mevzuat_detay.php?kod=75 (Meadow Law, Number: 4342). Received on December 4th, 2015. 2:30 p.m.
• Anonymous. 2001. http://www.bioversityinternational.org/e-library/publications/detail/solanaceae-genetic-resources-in-europe/Solanaceae Genetic Resources in Europe, IPGRI. http://www.ecpgr.cgiar.org/fileadmin/ bioversity/publications/pdfs/876_Solanaceaegenetic_resources_in_Europe.pdf. Received on December 24th, 2015. 2:30 p.m.
• Anonymous. 2010. The second report on the state of the World’s plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture.
• Anonymous. 2015a. http://www.turkiye-rehberi.net/bolu-haritasi.asp (Bolu map). Received on December 1st, 2015, at 4.50 p.m.
• Anonymous. 2015b. http://www.ibu.edu.tr/tr/yerleske-haritasi (site map). Received on December 1st, 2015, at 4.50 p.m.
• Anonymous. 2015c. http://www.mgm.gov.tr/de-DE/forecast-cities.aspx?m=BOLU. Received on December 1st, 2015, at 4.50 p.m.
• Babalık, A. A. 2004. Surface cover measurement methods in meadows and ranges. SDU Forestry Fac. J. 1: 50-72.
• Bakır, Ö. 1998. Management systems for in Situ conservation of plants. In: (eds) Zencirci N., Kaya Z., Anikster Y. and Adams W.T. The Proceedings of International Symposium on In Situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Diversity, Published by CRIFC, Turkey. Pp. 67-72.
• Brummitt, R. K., and C. E. Powell. 1992. Authors of Plant Names. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens.
• Çomaklı, B., T. Öner, and M. Daşcı. 2012. Plant cover changes in differently utilized pastures. Iğdır U. Grad. SJ. 2: 75-82.
• Davis, P. H. 1965-1985. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Volume 1-9, Edinburgh University Press. Edinburg.
• Davis, P. H., R. R. Mill, and K. Tan. 1988. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Volume 10 (Supplemental), Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
• Demir, S. C., and İ. Eker. 2015. Petaloid monocotyledonous flora of Bolu province, including annotations on critical petaloid geophytes of Turkey. Pegem Akademi, Ank. 80 pp.
• Ekim, T., and R. İlarslan. 1982. Yedigöller Milli Parkı’nın (Bolu) florası. Orman Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi 28: 53-67 (Yedigöller National Park (Bolu) flora. Forestry RI J. 28: 53-67.
• Frankel, O. 1970. Genetic conservation of plants useful to man. Bot. Cons. 2: 162–169.
• Giuliani. A., A. Karagöz, and N. Zencirci. 2009. Emmer (Triticum dicoccon) production and market potential in marginal mountainous areas of Turkey. Mountain Res. Dev. 29: 220-229.
• Govaerts, R. 2015. World checklist of selected plant families. Kew: RBG, UK. Published online http://apps.kew.org/ wcsp/qsearch.do (continuously updated – accessed 01 May 2015).
• Gökgöl, M. 1935. Türkiye Buğdayları, Cilt 1. Tarım Bakanlığı Yeşilköy Tohum Islah Enstitüsü Yayınları. pp 436 (Turkish Wheats, Vol 1. Ministry of Agriculture, Yeşilköy Seed Breed Inst Publications. pp 436 in Turkish).
• Gökgöl, M. 1939. Türkiye Buğdayları, Cilt 2. Tarım Bakanlığı Yeşilköy Tohum Islah Enstitüsü Yayınları. pp 955. (Turkish Wheats, Vol 2. Ministry of Agriculture, Yeşilköy Seed Breed Inst Publications. pp 436 in Turkish).
• Güner, A., N. Özhatay, T. Ekim, and K. H. C. Başer. 2000. Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Vol. 11. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
• Güner, A., S. Aslan, T. Ekim, M. Vural, and M. T. Babaç. 2012. Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi (Damarlı Bitkiler). İstanbul: Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi Yayınları Flora Dizisi 1. (Turkish Plant List (Vein Plants). İstanbul: Nezahat Gökyiğit Botany Garden Publications Flora Line 11, in Turkish).
• Güneş, Ö. N,. N. Aksoy, and S. Aslan. 2015. Argözü vadisi (Kıbrıscık-Bolu) endemik bitkileri ve korunma statüleri. 1. Ulusal Bitki Biyolojisi Kongresi. 2-4 Eylül, 2015, Bolu, Turkey. (Argözü Valley (Kıbrıscık-Bolu) endemic plants and protection statues.1st National Plant Biology Congress. September 2-4, 2015, Bolu, Turkey, in Turkish).
• Harlan, J. R. 1951. Anatomy of gene centers. The American Nature 85: 97-103.
• Harlan, J. R. 1976. Genetic resources in wild relatives of crops. Crop Science 16: 329–333.
• Harlan, J. R., and J. de Wet. 1971. Toward a rational classification of cultivated plants. Taxon 20: 509–517.
• Hawkes, J. 1977. the importance of wild germplasm in plant breeding. Euphytica 26: 615-621.
• Hawkes, J. 1991 International workshop on dynamic in-situ conservation of wild relatives of major cultivated plants: summary of final discussion and recommendations. Israel Journal of Botany 40: 529–536.
• IPNI. 2015. the international plant names index. Published online http://www.ipni.org, (continuously updated – accessed 01 May 2015).
• İkinci, N. 2011. Gamma-diversity of vascular plant taxa of the surrounding of Lake Sünnet (Bolu, NW Turkey) compared with other regions in Bolu. Biological Conservation 4: 107-121.
• İkinci, N., and A. Güner. 2007. Flora of Gölcük area (Bolu, Turkey). Turkish J. Bot. 31: 87-107.
• Jain, S. 1975. Genetic reserves. In: (eds) Frankel O. and Hawkes J., Crop genetic resources for today and tomorrow. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
• Kandemir, G. 2013. Turkey: First national report on forest genetic resources country report for the FAO. First state of the World’s forest genetic resources. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3825e/i3825e71.pdf. Received on December 8th, 2015, at 3:30 p.m.
• Kanoğlu, S. 2011. Sülüklügöl (Bolu-Mudurnu, Göynük/ Adapazarı-Akyazı) çevresinin florası. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Düzce: Düzce Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.(Sülüklügöl (Bolu-Mudurnu, Göynük/Adapazarı-Akyazı) flora. MSc Thesis. Düzce Universiy Graduate School.
• Karagöz, A. 2006. Status of plant genetic resources, threats and their conservation in Turkey. In: 18th International Soil Meeting (ISM) on “Soil Sustaining Life on Earth, Managing Soil and Technology” Proceedings 2: 816-823, Şanlıurfa, Turkey. Karagöz, A. 2014. Wheat landraces of Turkey. Emirates J Food and Agric. 26: 149-156.
• Karagöz, A. and N. Zencirci. 2005. Variation in wheat (Triticum spp.) landraces from different altitudes of three regions of Turkey. GRES. 52: 775-785.
• Kaya, Z. E. Kun, and A. Güner. 1997. National plan for in situ conservation of plant genetic diversity in Turkey. Ministry of Environment. Ank., Turkey.
• Ketenoğlu, O. 1983. The Phytosociological and phytoecological investigation of the Gerede-Aktaş forest. Comm. Fac. Of Sci. UA. C1: 21-38.
• Kinsinger, F. E., E. Richard, and O. C. Pat. 1960. A comparison of the line interception, variable plot and loop methods as used to measure shrub crown cover. Range Man. 13: 88-92.
• Koç, M., C. Barutçular, and N. Zencirci. 2000. Grain protein and grain yield of durum wheats from South-eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Australian journal of agricultural research 51: 665-671.
• Marshall, D. 1989. Crop genetic resources: current and emerging issues. In: (eds) Brown A., Clegg M., Kahler A. and Weir B. Plant Population Genetics, Breeding and Genetic Resources. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA. pp. 367-388.
• Maxted, N. 2004. An ecogeographic study: African Vigna. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.
• Maxted, N., E. Dulloo, B. V. Ford-Lloyd, J. M. Iriondo, and A. Jarvis. 2008. A gap analysis: a tool for complementary genetic conservation assessment. Diversity Distribution 14: 1018–1030.
• Meilleur, B. and T. Hodgkin. 2004. In situ conservation of crop wild relatives: status and trends. Bio. Cons. 13: 663–684.
• Moray, C., E. T. Game, and N. Maxted. 2013. Prioritizing in situ conservation of crop resources: A case study of African cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Sci. Rep. 4: 5247.
• Moore, J. N., and J. R. Ballington. 1991. Genetic Resources of Temperate Fruit and Nut Crops. Acta Hort. Published by International Society for Horticultural Science, the University of Wisconsin – Madison, USA.
• Özen, M. S. 2013. Bolu kaynaklı Rosa spp. türlerinde antioksidant aktiviteleri, YL Tezi, Selçuk Ü., Fen Bil. Ens. (Selecting and determining antioxidant activities of rosehip (Rosa spp.) in Bolu. MSc Thesis, Sel. U., Grad. School, Konya, Turkey.
• Ramírez-Villegas, J., C. Khoury, A. Jarvis, D. G. Debouck, and L. Guarino. 2010. A gap analysis methodology for collecting crop genepools: A case study with Phaseolus beans. PLoS ONE, 5:13497.
• Schoen, D. And A. Brown. 1995. Maximizing genetic diversity in core collection of wild relatives of crop species. In: (eds), Hodgkin T., Brown A., van Hintum T. and Morales E. Core collections of plant genetic resources. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK, pp. 55-76.
• Sungurlu, A. 2011. Kartalkaya Subalpin çayırlarının florası. Yüksek lisans tezi. Ank. Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. (Kartalkaya Subalpin Pasture Meadow, MSc., AU Grad. School.
• Sümer, N. 2002. Flora of Lake Yeniçağa. MSc., AIBU, Grad.School.
• Sürmen, M., T. Yavuz, B. Sürmen, H. G. Kutbay, Ö. Töngel, and H. Yılmaz. 2013. Evaluation of Avena sativa L. as invading / weed in central Blacksea (Samsun/Turkey) pasture and meadows. Anatolian. 4: 7-13.
• Şen, Ç. 2010. Vegetation structure in meadows of some villages of Kilis province. ÇU, Grad. S. MSc.
• Tan, A. 2009a. Second national report of Turkey on conservation and sustainable utilization of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. Izmir, Turkey.
• Tan, A. 2009b. The possibility of on-farm conservation of genetic diversity of transitional region of Turkey. Anatolian. 19: 1-12. The Plant List. 2015. A working list of all plant species. Published online http://www.theplantlist.org (continuously updated-accessed 01 May 2015).
• Thompson, K., and A. Jones. 1999. Human population density and prediction of local plant extinction in Britain. Cons. Bio. 13: 185-189.
• Thompson, K., K. C. Austin, R. M. Smith, P. H. Warren, P. G. Angold, and K. J. Gaston. 2003. Urban domestic gardens (I): putting small-scale plant diversity in context. Veg. Sci. 14: 71–78.
• Tunçkol, B. 2012. Taşlıyayla ve Kızık (Bolu-Seben) çevresinin florası. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İ. Ü., Fen Bil. E. (Taşlıyayla and Kızık (Bolu-Seben) flora. MSc. İ.U., Grad. School..
• Turak, A., Ö. Balkız, D. Ambarlı, M. Durmuş, A. Özkil, and S. Yalçın. 2011. Systematic protection planning of Black sea region. Nature Conservation Center Publication, Ank., Turkey.
• Turgut, T. 1996. Flora of Abant İzzet Baysal University. MSc. Bolu: Abant Izzet Baysal University Grad. School.
• Tutin, T. G., V. H. Heywood, N. A. Burges, D. M. Moore, D. H. Valentine, and S. M. Walters. 1964-1980. Flora Europea, Volumes 1-5, University Press of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
• Türker, A. and A. Güner. (2003). Plant diversity in Abant Nature Park (Bolu), Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany. 27, 185-221.
• Uluğ, M. 1999. Gökçeler Dağı’nın (Gerede-Eskipazar) Florası. Yüksek lisans tezi. A. Ü., Fen Bil. Ens. (Gökçeler Mountain (Gerede-Eskipazar) Flora. MSc. Grad. School, AU.
• Uslu, E., G. D. Ertuğrul, and M.T. Babaç. 2013. Assessment of genetic diversity in naturally growing 29 Trifolium L. taxa from Bolu province using RAPD and SSR markers. Turkish J. Bio. 37: 479-490.
• Ünal, S., Z. Mutlu, A. Mermer, Ö. Urla, E. Ünal, and M. Aydoğdu. 2012. Evaluation of meadows of Ank. Province. CRIFC J. 2: 41-49.
• Ünal, S., Z. Mutlu, Ö. Urla, B. Şahin, and A. Koç. 2013. Determination of indicator plant species for steppe rangelands of Nevşehir province in Turkey. Turkish J. Agric. Forestry. 37: 401-409.
• Yavuz, T., M. Sürmen, M. Ö. Töngel, A. Avağ, K. A. Özaydın, H. Yıldız. 2012). Evaluation of Avena sativa L. as invading / weed in Amasya pastures. Agric. Sci. J. 1: 181-185.
• Yavuz, T., M. Sürmen, B. Sürmen, Ö. Töngel, H. G. Kutbay, and H. Yılmaz. 2013. Evaluation of Cuminum cyminum L. as invading / weed in central Black Sea (Samsun/Turkey) pasture and meadovs. Anatolian J. Nat. Sci. 4: 28-32.
• Zencirci, N., and E. Kün. 1995. Variation in landraces of durum wheat (T. turgidum L. conv. durum (Desf.) MK) from Turkey." Euphytica. 92. 333-339.
• Zencirci, N., and A. Karagöz. 2005. Effect of developmental stages length on yield and some quality traits of Turkish durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. convar. durum (Desf.) Mackey) landraces: Influence of developmental stages length on yield and quality of durum wheat. GRES. 52: 765-774.