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Improving Nursery Tree Quality in Apples by Heading, Cytokinin and Gibberellin Applications

Year 2022, Volume: 32 Issue: 1, 76 - 85, 24.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.18615/anadolu.1130147

Abstract

The oldest and simplest branching method known is heading, a pruning technique. Although many alternative techniques have been developed, there is not yet an accepted branching method for all cultivars in practice. This study investigated the effects of heading and different plant growth regulators on the quality of 2-year-old nursery trees. The number, crotch angle, length and diameter of long branches (>25 cm) as well as trunk diameter and tree height were determined in four different apple cultivars (Mondial Gala/M.9, Golden Reinders/M.9, Starkrimson Delicious/MM.106 and Granny Smith/MM.106). Treatments containing both cytokinin and gibberellin increased branching compared to applications containing cytokinin only. To conclude, low-dose repeated cytokinin+gibberellin applications after budburst, especially in the Granny Smith cultivar, can be used effectively in commercial nurseries.

References

  • Atay, E., and F. Koyuncu. 2012. Elmalarda dal mimarisi. YYÜ Tar. Bil. Derg. 22(3): 180-191.
  • Atay, E., and F. Koyuncu. 2013. A new approach for augmenting branching of nursery trees and its comparison with other methods. Sci. Hortic. 160: 345-350.
  • Atay, E., and F. Koyuncu. 2017. Dallı elma fidanı yetiştirilmesi için bir yöntem. 2017/9 Resmi Patent Bülteni. Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu Patent Tescil. Ulusal Basvuru No: TR201212156B, 21 Eylül 2017.
  • Atay, E. 2021. Pruning of Non-feathered Nursery-produced apple, walnut and sweet cherry trees in the first and second leaf: less known genotype-specific approaches. pp. 39-58. In: B. Kunter, and N. Keskin (Eds). Agricultural and Natural Research & Reviews. Livre De Lyon, Lyon, France.
  • Cline, M. G. 1991. Apical dominance. Bot. Rev. 57: 318-358.
  • Costes, E., P. E. Lauri, and J. L. Regnard. 2006. Analyzing fruit tree architecture: implications for tree management and fruit production. Hortic. Rev. 32: 1-61.
  • Duyvelshoff, C. R. A. 2011. Plant Bioregulator strategies to alleviate biennial bearing, enhance precocity, and control vegetative growth of Northern Spy apple trees. Master of Science Thesis. The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph Ontaria.
  • Elfving, D. C., and D. B. Visser. 2007. Improving the efficacy of cytokinin applications for stimulation of lateral branch development in young sweet cherry trees in the orchard. HortScience 42: 251-256.
  • Elfving, D. C. 2010. Plant bioregulators in the deciduous fruit tree nursery. Acta Hortic. 884: 159-166.
  • Ferree, D. C., and J. R. Schupp. 2003. Pruning and Training Physiology. pp. 319-344. In: D. C. Ferree, and I. J. Warrington (Eds). Apples: Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing, Cambridge.
  • Forshey, C. G., D. C. Elfving, and R. L. Stebbins. 1992. Training and pruning apple and pear trees. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. Alexandria.
  • Hoying, S. A., T. L. Robinson, and R. L. Andersen. 2001. Imporiving sweet cheery branching. NYFQ. 9(1):13-16.
  • Jackson, J. E. 2003. Biology of Horticultural Crops: Biology of Apples and Pears. Cambridge University Press. 488p. Cambridge.
  • Jung, H. W., and J. Y. Lee. 2008. Physical treatments influencing lateral shoot development in one-year-old Fuji/M.9 nursery apple trees. Hort. Environ. Biotechnol. 49(5): 265-270.
  • Mika, A., Z. Buler, and A. Krawiec. 2003. Effects of various methods of pruning apple trees after planting. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. 11: 33-43.
  • Popenoe, J., and B. H. Barritt. 1988. Branch induction by growth regulators and leaf removal in ‘Delicious’ apple nursery stock. HortScience 23: 859-862.
  • Preston, A. P. 1968. Pruning and rootstock as factors in the production of primary branches on apple trees. J. Hortic. Sci. 43: 17-22.
  • Quinlan, J. D., and K. R. Tobutt. 1990. Manipulating fruit tree chemically and genetically for improved performance. HortScience 25: 60-64.
  • R Core Team 2021. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.
  • Robinson, T. L. 2003. Apple-Orchard Planting Systems. pp. 345-407. In: D. C. Ferree, and I. J. Warrington (Eds). Apples: Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing, Cambridge.
  • Srivastava, L. 2002. Plant Growth and Development: Hormones and Environment. Academic Press, London.
  • Van Oosten, H. J. 1978. Effects of initial tree quality on yield. Acta Hortic. 65: 123-127.
  • Volz, R. K., H. M., Gibbs, and J. Popenoe. 1994. Branch induction on apple nursery trees: effects of growth regulators and defoliation. N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. 22: 277-283.
  • Warner, J. 1991. Rootstock affects primary scaffold branch crotch angle of apple trees. HortScience 26(10): 1266-1267.
  • Wertheim, S.J., and D. Webster. 2003. Propagation and Nursery Tree Quality. pp. 125-151. In: D. C. Ferree, and I. J. Warrington (Eds). Apples: Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing, Cambridge.
  • Wertheim, S. J. 2005. Pruning. pp. 176-189. In: J. Tromp, A. D. Webster, and S. J. Wertheim (Eds). Fundamentals of Temperate Zone Tree Fruit Production. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.
  • Wolf, J., T. Kiss, I. Ondrasek, and T. Necas. 2019. Induction of lateral branching of sweet cherry and plum in fruit nursery. Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj-Napoca 47(3): 962-969.

Tepe Kesimi, Sitokinin ve Gibberellin Uygulamalarıyla Elmalarda Fidan Kalitesinin İyileştirilmesi

Year 2022, Volume: 32 Issue: 1, 76 - 85, 24.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.18615/anadolu.1130147

Abstract

Bilinen en eski ve en basit dallandırma yöntemi bir budama tekniği olan tepe kesimidir. Tepe kesimine alternatif çok sayıda teknik geliştirilmiş olmakla birlikte henüz pratikte tüm çeşitler için kabul görmüş bir dallandırma metodu bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmayla tepe kesimi ve farklı bitki büyüme düzenleyici maddeler içeren uygulamaların 2 yaşlı fidanların kalitesi üzerine olan ekileri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada dört farklı elma çeşidi için (Mondial Gala/M.9, Golden Reinders/M.9, Starkrimson Delicious/MM.106 ve Granny Smith/MM.106) odun dallarının (>25 cm) sayısı, açısı, uzunluğu ve kalınlığı tespit edilmiş ve ayrıca fidan gövde çapı ile fidan boyu belirlenmiştir. Hem sitokinin hem de gibberellin içeren uygulamaların tepe kesimi ve tek başına sitokinin içeren uygulamalara kıyasla dallanmayı arttırdığı görülmüştür. Özellikle Granny Smith çeşidinde tomurcuk patlamasından sonra yapılacak olan düşük doz tekrarlı sitokinin+gibberelin uygulamalarının ticari fidanlıklarda etkili şekilde kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır

References

  • Atay, E., and F. Koyuncu. 2012. Elmalarda dal mimarisi. YYÜ Tar. Bil. Derg. 22(3): 180-191.
  • Atay, E., and F. Koyuncu. 2013. A new approach for augmenting branching of nursery trees and its comparison with other methods. Sci. Hortic. 160: 345-350.
  • Atay, E., and F. Koyuncu. 2017. Dallı elma fidanı yetiştirilmesi için bir yöntem. 2017/9 Resmi Patent Bülteni. Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu Patent Tescil. Ulusal Basvuru No: TR201212156B, 21 Eylül 2017.
  • Atay, E. 2021. Pruning of Non-feathered Nursery-produced apple, walnut and sweet cherry trees in the first and second leaf: less known genotype-specific approaches. pp. 39-58. In: B. Kunter, and N. Keskin (Eds). Agricultural and Natural Research & Reviews. Livre De Lyon, Lyon, France.
  • Cline, M. G. 1991. Apical dominance. Bot. Rev. 57: 318-358.
  • Costes, E., P. E. Lauri, and J. L. Regnard. 2006. Analyzing fruit tree architecture: implications for tree management and fruit production. Hortic. Rev. 32: 1-61.
  • Duyvelshoff, C. R. A. 2011. Plant Bioregulator strategies to alleviate biennial bearing, enhance precocity, and control vegetative growth of Northern Spy apple trees. Master of Science Thesis. The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph Ontaria.
  • Elfving, D. C., and D. B. Visser. 2007. Improving the efficacy of cytokinin applications for stimulation of lateral branch development in young sweet cherry trees in the orchard. HortScience 42: 251-256.
  • Elfving, D. C. 2010. Plant bioregulators in the deciduous fruit tree nursery. Acta Hortic. 884: 159-166.
  • Ferree, D. C., and J. R. Schupp. 2003. Pruning and Training Physiology. pp. 319-344. In: D. C. Ferree, and I. J. Warrington (Eds). Apples: Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing, Cambridge.
  • Forshey, C. G., D. C. Elfving, and R. L. Stebbins. 1992. Training and pruning apple and pear trees. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. Alexandria.
  • Hoying, S. A., T. L. Robinson, and R. L. Andersen. 2001. Imporiving sweet cheery branching. NYFQ. 9(1):13-16.
  • Jackson, J. E. 2003. Biology of Horticultural Crops: Biology of Apples and Pears. Cambridge University Press. 488p. Cambridge.
  • Jung, H. W., and J. Y. Lee. 2008. Physical treatments influencing lateral shoot development in one-year-old Fuji/M.9 nursery apple trees. Hort. Environ. Biotechnol. 49(5): 265-270.
  • Mika, A., Z. Buler, and A. Krawiec. 2003. Effects of various methods of pruning apple trees after planting. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. 11: 33-43.
  • Popenoe, J., and B. H. Barritt. 1988. Branch induction by growth regulators and leaf removal in ‘Delicious’ apple nursery stock. HortScience 23: 859-862.
  • Preston, A. P. 1968. Pruning and rootstock as factors in the production of primary branches on apple trees. J. Hortic. Sci. 43: 17-22.
  • Quinlan, J. D., and K. R. Tobutt. 1990. Manipulating fruit tree chemically and genetically for improved performance. HortScience 25: 60-64.
  • R Core Team 2021. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.
  • Robinson, T. L. 2003. Apple-Orchard Planting Systems. pp. 345-407. In: D. C. Ferree, and I. J. Warrington (Eds). Apples: Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing, Cambridge.
  • Srivastava, L. 2002. Plant Growth and Development: Hormones and Environment. Academic Press, London.
  • Van Oosten, H. J. 1978. Effects of initial tree quality on yield. Acta Hortic. 65: 123-127.
  • Volz, R. K., H. M., Gibbs, and J. Popenoe. 1994. Branch induction on apple nursery trees: effects of growth regulators and defoliation. N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. 22: 277-283.
  • Warner, J. 1991. Rootstock affects primary scaffold branch crotch angle of apple trees. HortScience 26(10): 1266-1267.
  • Wertheim, S.J., and D. Webster. 2003. Propagation and Nursery Tree Quality. pp. 125-151. In: D. C. Ferree, and I. J. Warrington (Eds). Apples: Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing, Cambridge.
  • Wertheim, S. J. 2005. Pruning. pp. 176-189. In: J. Tromp, A. D. Webster, and S. J. Wertheim (Eds). Fundamentals of Temperate Zone Tree Fruit Production. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.
  • Wolf, J., T. Kiss, I. Ondrasek, and T. Necas. 2019. Induction of lateral branching of sweet cherry and plum in fruit nursery. Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj-Napoca 47(3): 962-969.
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Agricultural Engineering (Other), Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Mehmet Kural 0000-0002-9328-0392

A. Nilgün Atay This is me 0000-0002-7557-360X

Fatma Koyuncu 0000-0003-0810-3779

Ersin Atay This is me 0000-0001-5803-6944

Early Pub Date June 21, 2022
Publication Date June 24, 2022
Submission Date February 4, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 32 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kural, M., Atay, A. N., Koyuncu, F., Atay, E. (2022). Tepe Kesimi, Sitokinin ve Gibberellin Uygulamalarıyla Elmalarda Fidan Kalitesinin İyileştirilmesi. ANADOLU Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 32(1), 76-85. https://doi.org/10.18615/anadolu.1130147
AMA Kural M, Atay AN, Koyuncu F, Atay E. Tepe Kesimi, Sitokinin ve Gibberellin Uygulamalarıyla Elmalarda Fidan Kalitesinin İyileştirilmesi. ANADOLU. June 2022;32(1):76-85. doi:10.18615/anadolu.1130147
Chicago Kural, Mehmet, A. Nilgün Atay, Fatma Koyuncu, and Ersin Atay. “Tepe Kesimi, Sitokinin Ve Gibberellin Uygulamalarıyla Elmalarda Fidan Kalitesinin İyileştirilmesi”. ANADOLU Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi 32, no. 1 (June 2022): 76-85. https://doi.org/10.18615/anadolu.1130147.
EndNote Kural M, Atay AN, Koyuncu F, Atay E (June 1, 2022) Tepe Kesimi, Sitokinin ve Gibberellin Uygulamalarıyla Elmalarda Fidan Kalitesinin İyileştirilmesi. ANADOLU Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi 32 1 76–85.
IEEE M. Kural, A. N. Atay, F. Koyuncu, and E. Atay, “Tepe Kesimi, Sitokinin ve Gibberellin Uygulamalarıyla Elmalarda Fidan Kalitesinin İyileştirilmesi”, ANADOLU, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 76–85, 2022, doi: 10.18615/anadolu.1130147.
ISNAD Kural, Mehmet et al. “Tepe Kesimi, Sitokinin Ve Gibberellin Uygulamalarıyla Elmalarda Fidan Kalitesinin İyileştirilmesi”. ANADOLU Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi 32/1 (June 2022), 76-85. https://doi.org/10.18615/anadolu.1130147.
JAMA Kural M, Atay AN, Koyuncu F, Atay E. Tepe Kesimi, Sitokinin ve Gibberellin Uygulamalarıyla Elmalarda Fidan Kalitesinin İyileştirilmesi. ANADOLU. 2022;32:76–85.
MLA Kural, Mehmet et al. “Tepe Kesimi, Sitokinin Ve Gibberellin Uygulamalarıyla Elmalarda Fidan Kalitesinin İyileştirilmesi”. ANADOLU Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 32, no. 1, 2022, pp. 76-85, doi:10.18615/anadolu.1130147.
Vancouver Kural M, Atay AN, Koyuncu F, Atay E. Tepe Kesimi, Sitokinin ve Gibberellin Uygulamalarıyla Elmalarda Fidan Kalitesinin İyileştirilmesi. ANADOLU. 2022;32(1):76-85.
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