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Üniversite öğrencilerinde suçluluk ve affetme arasındaki ilişkiler

Year 2022, , 209 - 214, 24.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.1082861

Abstract

Amaç: Suçluluk, kişilerin kendi davranışlarına olumsuz atıflarından kaynaklanan bir öz-bilinç duygusu olarak tanımlanır. Suçluluk duygusuna sahip kişilerin daha az affedici oldukları gözlenmektedir. Affetmenin farklı türleri vardır. Suçluluğun kendini affetme durumu üzerinde, başkalarını ve durumları affetme durumundan daha güçlü bir etkiye sahip olması beklenmektedir. Bu çalışmada bir grup üniversite öğrencisinde suçluluk duygusu ve affetme türleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Yöntemler: Araştırma ilişkisel tarama modelindedir. Araştırma verileri 2018 yılında Türkiye’de öğrenim gören 604 üniversite öğrencisinden toplanmıştır. Analiz varsayımlarının sağlandığı doğrulandıktan sonra, suçluluk ile affetme türleri arasındaki ilişkiler, Pearson korelasyonları ve yol (doğrusal regresyon) analizleri aracılığıyla incelenmiştir.

Bulgular: Tüm araştırma değişkenleri arasında .01 düzeyinde istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Yol analizleri sonucunda suçluluk duygusunun affetmeyi ve affetmenin tüm alt boyutlarını istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı düzeyde (p<.01) ama ters yönde açıkladığı görülmüştür. Öyleyse, suçluluk duygusunun affetmeyi güçlü bir şekilde ve tersten açıkladığı anlaşılmaktadır.

Sonuç: Affetme kişilerin psikolojik dayanıklılığını artırmada önemli bir koruyucu etkendir. Kişilerin affediciliklerini artırmada suçluluk duygusu önemli bir risk etkeni olarak göze çarpmaktadır. Özellikle kendini affetmenin, suçluluk duygusu yüksek olan kişilerde daha düşük olması araştırmanın en çarpıcı bulgusudur. Bu nedenle, kişilerin suçluluk duygusu azaldıkça, kendilerini affetmeleri kolaylaşacaktır denilebilir. Affetmekte zorlanan kişilerin, diğer duygularda olduğu gibi suçluluk duygularını psikoterapi ve psikolojik danışma oturumlarında ifade ederek rahatlamalarının sağlanması ve duygu düzenleme becerilerinin desteklenmesi önerilmektedir.

References

  • Barrett LF, Lewis M, Haviland-Jones JM, editors. Handbook of emotions. 4th ed. New York, NY: Guilford Publications; 2016.
  • Tangney JP, Wagner P, Fletcher C, Gramzow R. Shamed into anger: The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1992;62(4):669-75.
  • Park JH, Enright RD, Essex MJ, Zahn-Waxler C, Klatt JS. Forgiveness intervention for female South Korean adolescent aggressive victims. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2013;34(6):268-76.
  • Tangney JP, Miller RS, Flicker L, Barlow DH. Are shame, guilt, and embarassment distinct emotions? J Pers Soc Psychol. 1996;70:1256-69.
  • Tangney JP, Niedenthal PM, Covert MV, Barlow DH. Are shame and guilt related to distinct self-discrepancies? A test of Higgins's (1987) hypotheses. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998;75(1):256-68.
  • Harvey OJ, Gore EJ, Frank H, Batres AR. Relationship of shame and guilt to gender and parenting practices. Pers Individ Differ. 1997;23(1):135-46.
  • McCullough ME. Forgiveness as human strength: Theory, measurement, and links to well-being. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2000;19(1):43-55.
  • Lawler-Row KA, Piferi RL. The forgiving personality: Describing a life well lived? Pers Individ Differ. 2006;4:1009-20.
  • Akbağ M, Erden İmamoğlu S. Cinsiyet ve bağlanma stillerinin utanç, suçluluk ve yalnızlık duygularını yordama gücünün araştırılması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilim. 2010;10(2): 651-82.
  • Deniz ME. Ergenlerde bağlanma stilleri ile çocukluk istismarları ve suçluluk-utanç ilişkisi. Eurasian J Educ Res. 2016;22:89-99.
  • Maltby J, Macaskill A, Day L. Failure to forgive self and others: A replication and extension of the relationship between forgiveness, personality, social desirability and general health. Pers Individ Differ. 2001;30:881-5.
  • Walker DF, Gorsuch RL. Forgiveness within the big five personality model. Pers Individ Differ. 2002;32:1127-37.
  • Strelan P. Who forgive other, themselves, and situations? The roles of narcissism, guilt, self-esteem, and agreeableness. Pers Individ Differ. 2007;42:259-69.
  • Starcevic V, Berle D. Cognitive specificity of anxiety disorders: A review of selected key constructs. Depress Anxiety. 2006;23:51-61.
  • Bugay A, Demir A. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of trait shame and guilt scale. Eurasian J Educ Res. 2011;45:17-30.
  • Bugay A, Demir A, Delevi R. Assessment of reliability and validity of the Turkish version of Heartland forgiveness scale. Psychol Rep. 2012;111(2):575-84.
  • Maltby J, Macaskill A, Day L. Forgiveness and defense style. J Genet Psychol. 2004;165(1):99-109.
  • Tangney JP. Dearing RL Shame and guilt. NY: Guilford Press; 2002.
  • Reeve J. Understanding motivation and emotion. NJ: Wiley; 2015.
  • Greenberg LJ, Warwar SH, Malcolm WM. Differential effects of emotion-focused therapy and psychoeducation in facilitating forgiveness and letting go of emotional injuries. J Couns Psychol. 2008;55(2):185–96.
  • Ripley JS, Worthington EL. Hope-focused and forgiveness-based group interventions. J Couns Dev. 2002;80:452-63.
  • Chung MS. Relation between lack of forgiveness and depression: The moderating effect of self-compassion. Psychol Rep. 2016;119(3):573-85.
  • Malakcıoğlu C. The relationships among unfinished business, anger, guilt, shame and forgiveness (Dissertation). Ankara: Hacettepe University; 2018.
  • Shakespeare W. King Lear. CN: Yale University Press; 2007.
  • Tracy JL, Robins RW, Tangney JP. The self-conscious emotions: Theory and Research. NY: Guilford Press; 2007.
  • Vatansever M, Ozgur-Ilhan I. Forgiveness, guilt, and shame in alcohol dependence: A comparative study in a Turkish sample. Int J Alcohol Drug Res. 2021;9(1):43-9.
  • Fisher ML, Exline JJ. Moving toward self-forgiveness: Removing barriers related to shame, guilt, and regret. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2020;4(8):548-58.
  • Carpenter TP, Tignor SM, Tsang JA, Willett A. Dispositional self-forgiveness, guilt- and shame-proneness, and the roles of motivational tendencies. Pers Individ Differ. 2016;98:53-61.
  • Carpenter TP, Isenberg N, McDonald J. The mediating roles of guilt- and shame-proneness in predicting selfforgiveness. Pers Individ Differ. 2019;145:26-31.
  • Çelik E, Ertürk K. The effect of forgiveness psychoeducation on forgiveness and life satisfaction in high school students. Couns Psychother Res. 2022;22:187–96.
  • Bynum IV WE, Goodie JL. Shame, guilt, and the medical learner: Ignored connections and why we should care. Med Educ. 2014;48:1045-54.
  • Malakcıoğlu C. Güven Kazanma Kılavuzu: Güvengenlik Senaryoları. Ankara: Nobel Akademik; 2019.
  • Gao F, Li Y, Bai X. Forgiveness and subjective wellbeing: A meta-analysis review. Pers Individ Differ. 2022;186:111350.
  • Lotter MS, Fischer S. Guilt, Forgiveness, and Moral Repair: A Cross-Cultural Comparison. London: Palgrave Macmillan; 2022.

Relationships between guilt and forgiveness in university students

Year 2022, , 209 - 214, 24.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.1082861

Abstract

Aim: Guilt is defined as a self-conscious emotion generated from negative attributions of own behaviors. It is observed that people with guilt are less forgiving. There are different types of forgiveness. Guilt is expected to have a stronger effect on self-forgiveness than forgiving others and situations. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between guilt and different types of forgiveness in a group of university students.

Methods: This research is in the correlational survey model. Research data was collected from 604 university students from Turkey in 2018. After confirming that the assumptions were adequately met, the relationships were examined through Pearson correlations and path (linear regression) analyses.

Results: All variables were significantly correlated at the 0.01 statistical significance level. It was seen that the feeling of guilt predicted forgiveness and all sub-dimensions of forgiveness at a statistically significant level (p<0.01) but in the opposite direction. Thus, guilt strongly and adversely predicts forgiveness.

Conclusion: Forgiveness is an important protective factor in increasing psychological resilience. Guilt stands out as an important risk factor for forgiveness. The most striking finding is that self-forgiveness is lower in individuals with a high sense of guilt. For this reason; as people’s sense of guilt decreases, it will be easier for them to forgive themselves. It is recommended that people who have difficulty in forgiving express their feelings of guilt as their other emotions in psychotherapy and psychological counseling sessions to help them relax and support their emotion regulation skills.

References

  • Barrett LF, Lewis M, Haviland-Jones JM, editors. Handbook of emotions. 4th ed. New York, NY: Guilford Publications; 2016.
  • Tangney JP, Wagner P, Fletcher C, Gramzow R. Shamed into anger: The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1992;62(4):669-75.
  • Park JH, Enright RD, Essex MJ, Zahn-Waxler C, Klatt JS. Forgiveness intervention for female South Korean adolescent aggressive victims. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2013;34(6):268-76.
  • Tangney JP, Miller RS, Flicker L, Barlow DH. Are shame, guilt, and embarassment distinct emotions? J Pers Soc Psychol. 1996;70:1256-69.
  • Tangney JP, Niedenthal PM, Covert MV, Barlow DH. Are shame and guilt related to distinct self-discrepancies? A test of Higgins's (1987) hypotheses. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998;75(1):256-68.
  • Harvey OJ, Gore EJ, Frank H, Batres AR. Relationship of shame and guilt to gender and parenting practices. Pers Individ Differ. 1997;23(1):135-46.
  • McCullough ME. Forgiveness as human strength: Theory, measurement, and links to well-being. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2000;19(1):43-55.
  • Lawler-Row KA, Piferi RL. The forgiving personality: Describing a life well lived? Pers Individ Differ. 2006;4:1009-20.
  • Akbağ M, Erden İmamoğlu S. Cinsiyet ve bağlanma stillerinin utanç, suçluluk ve yalnızlık duygularını yordama gücünün araştırılması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilim. 2010;10(2): 651-82.
  • Deniz ME. Ergenlerde bağlanma stilleri ile çocukluk istismarları ve suçluluk-utanç ilişkisi. Eurasian J Educ Res. 2016;22:89-99.
  • Maltby J, Macaskill A, Day L. Failure to forgive self and others: A replication and extension of the relationship between forgiveness, personality, social desirability and general health. Pers Individ Differ. 2001;30:881-5.
  • Walker DF, Gorsuch RL. Forgiveness within the big five personality model. Pers Individ Differ. 2002;32:1127-37.
  • Strelan P. Who forgive other, themselves, and situations? The roles of narcissism, guilt, self-esteem, and agreeableness. Pers Individ Differ. 2007;42:259-69.
  • Starcevic V, Berle D. Cognitive specificity of anxiety disorders: A review of selected key constructs. Depress Anxiety. 2006;23:51-61.
  • Bugay A, Demir A. Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of trait shame and guilt scale. Eurasian J Educ Res. 2011;45:17-30.
  • Bugay A, Demir A, Delevi R. Assessment of reliability and validity of the Turkish version of Heartland forgiveness scale. Psychol Rep. 2012;111(2):575-84.
  • Maltby J, Macaskill A, Day L. Forgiveness and defense style. J Genet Psychol. 2004;165(1):99-109.
  • Tangney JP. Dearing RL Shame and guilt. NY: Guilford Press; 2002.
  • Reeve J. Understanding motivation and emotion. NJ: Wiley; 2015.
  • Greenberg LJ, Warwar SH, Malcolm WM. Differential effects of emotion-focused therapy and psychoeducation in facilitating forgiveness and letting go of emotional injuries. J Couns Psychol. 2008;55(2):185–96.
  • Ripley JS, Worthington EL. Hope-focused and forgiveness-based group interventions. J Couns Dev. 2002;80:452-63.
  • Chung MS. Relation between lack of forgiveness and depression: The moderating effect of self-compassion. Psychol Rep. 2016;119(3):573-85.
  • Malakcıoğlu C. The relationships among unfinished business, anger, guilt, shame and forgiveness (Dissertation). Ankara: Hacettepe University; 2018.
  • Shakespeare W. King Lear. CN: Yale University Press; 2007.
  • Tracy JL, Robins RW, Tangney JP. The self-conscious emotions: Theory and Research. NY: Guilford Press; 2007.
  • Vatansever M, Ozgur-Ilhan I. Forgiveness, guilt, and shame in alcohol dependence: A comparative study in a Turkish sample. Int J Alcohol Drug Res. 2021;9(1):43-9.
  • Fisher ML, Exline JJ. Moving toward self-forgiveness: Removing barriers related to shame, guilt, and regret. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2020;4(8):548-58.
  • Carpenter TP, Tignor SM, Tsang JA, Willett A. Dispositional self-forgiveness, guilt- and shame-proneness, and the roles of motivational tendencies. Pers Individ Differ. 2016;98:53-61.
  • Carpenter TP, Isenberg N, McDonald J. The mediating roles of guilt- and shame-proneness in predicting selfforgiveness. Pers Individ Differ. 2019;145:26-31.
  • Çelik E, Ertürk K. The effect of forgiveness psychoeducation on forgiveness and life satisfaction in high school students. Couns Psychother Res. 2022;22:187–96.
  • Bynum IV WE, Goodie JL. Shame, guilt, and the medical learner: Ignored connections and why we should care. Med Educ. 2014;48:1045-54.
  • Malakcıoğlu C. Güven Kazanma Kılavuzu: Güvengenlik Senaryoları. Ankara: Nobel Akademik; 2019.
  • Gao F, Li Y, Bai X. Forgiveness and subjective wellbeing: A meta-analysis review. Pers Individ Differ. 2022;186:111350.
  • Lotter MS, Fischer S. Guilt, Forgiveness, and Moral Repair: A Cross-Cultural Comparison. London: Palgrave Macmillan; 2022.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Authors

Cem Malakcıoğlu 0000-0002-4200-0936

Publication Date May 24, 2022
Acceptance Date April 17, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

Vancouver Malakcıoğlu C. Relationships between guilt and forgiveness in university students. Anadolu Klin. 2022;27(2):209-14.

13151 This Journal licensed under a CC BY-NC (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0) International License.