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Allele-specific Emulsion PCR (asePCR) as a Liquid Biopsy Method for Residual Tumor Detection

Year 2019, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 47 - 52, 30.01.2019
https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.441594

Abstract

Aim

This study aimed to develop an allele-specific emulsion polymerase chain reaction (asePCR)technique for detection of cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in the blood plasma of cancer patients. 

Materials and Methods

Genomic DNA extracted from normal (wild-type) and thyroid cancer (mutant) cell lines (MCF10A and B-CPAP) were used to obtain specific dilution series (spike-in) of mutant DNA with wild-type DNA. Two sequential PCR steps (regular and asePCR) were performed with specifically designed primers for each step to detect the spiked-in mutant DNA fraction within the wild-type normal DNA. The DNA products amplified by regular PCR were used as templates in the asePCR where specific reverse primers were designed to amplify either the mutant or wild-type allele while a common forward primer was covalently bound to the beads. The asePCR reaction mix was encapsulated in water-in-oil emulsion compartments and incubated in a thermocycler with specific PCR program settings. At the end of asePCR reaction, oil compartments were broken and DNA-coated beads were evaluated by FACS to determine the mutant and wild-type fractions for each sample.

Results

The asePCR technique successfully detected the mutant DNA in the background of wildtype DNA (0% mutant) as a proof-of-principle. A strong correlation (r2>0.99) was found between the expected mutant fraction and the fraction measured by asePCR. asePCR was sensitive and specific enough to consistently detect various low mutant DNA fractions in the background of wild-type DNA with no false positives in the wild-type sample.

Discussion and Conclusion

Our asePCR can be used to detect mutant ctDNA in the plasma of cancer patients as a liquid biopsy method for tumor response evaluation and early detection of possible relapses.

References

  • Mandel P. Les acides nucleiques du plasma sanguin chez l'homme. CR Acad Sci Paris. 1948;142:241–3.
  • Steinman CR. Free DNA in serum and plasma from normal adults. J Clin Invest. American Society for Clinical Investigation; 1975 Aug 1;56(2):512–5.
  • Steinman CR, Ackad A. Appearance of circulating DNA during hemodialysis. The American Journal of Medicine. Elsevier; 1977 May 1;62(5):693–7.
  • Steinman CR. Circulating DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus. Isolation and characterization. J Clin Invest. 1984 Mar 1;73(3):832–41.
  • Leon SA, Shapiro B, Sklaroff DM, Yaros MJ. Free DNA in the serum of cancer patients and the effect of therapy. Cancer Research. 1977 Mar 1;37(3):646–50.
  • Lo YMD. Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma and Serum: An Overview. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2001 Sep 1;945(1):1–7.
  • Maire F, Micard S, Hammel P, Voitot H, Lévy P, Cugnenc P-H, et al. Differential diagnosis between chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer: value of the detection of KRAS2 mutations in circulating DNA. Br J Cancer. 2002 Aug 27;87(5):551–4.
  • Mullis KB. The unusual origin of the polymerase chain reaction. Sci Am. 1990 Apr;262(4):56–61–64–5.
  • Jones NL. PCR. Principles, procedures, and parameters. Methods Mol Biol. New Jersey: Humana Press; 2002;187:37–46.
  • Dressman D, Yan H, Traverso G, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Transforming single DNA molecules into fluorescent magnetic particles for detection and enumeration of genetic variations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003 Jul 22;100(15):8817–22.
  • Diehl F, Schmidt K, Choti MA, Romans K, Goodman S, Li M, et al. Circulating mutant DNA to assess tumor dynamics. Nat Med. 2007 Jul 31;14(9):985–90.
  • Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Digital PCR. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1999 Aug 3;96(16):9236–41.
  • Karakas B, Qubbaj W, Al-Hassan S, Coskun S. Noninvasive Digital Detection of Fetal DNA in Plasma of 4-Week-Pregnant Women following In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer. Wanunu M, editor. PLoS ONE. 2015 May 13;10(5):e0126501.
  • Cohen JD, Li L, Wang Y, Thoburn C, Afsari B, Danilova L, et al. Detection and localization of surgically resectable cancers with a multi-analyte blood test. Science. 2018 Feb 22;359(6378):926–30.
  • Diehl F, Li M, He Y, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Dressman D. BEAMing: single-molecule PCR on microparticles in water-in-oil emulsions. Nat Meth. Nature Publishing Group; 2006 Jul 1;3(7):551–9.
  • Higgins MJ, Jelovac D, Barnathan E, Blair B, Slater S, Powers P, et al. Detection of Tumor PIK3CA Status in Metastatic Breast Cancer Using Peripheral Blood. Clinical Cancer Research. 2012 Jun 14;18(12):3462–9.
  • Day E, Dear PH, McCaughan F. Digital PCR strategies in the development and analysis of molecular biomarkers for personalized medicine. Methods. 2013 Jan;59(1):101–7.

Rezidüel Tümör Tespiti İçin Bir Sıvı Biyopsi Yöntemi Olarak Alelspesifik Emülsiyon PCR (asePCR)

Year 2019, Volume: 24 Issue: 1, 47 - 52, 30.01.2019
https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.441594

Abstract

Amaç

Bu çalışmada kanser hastalarının kan plazmasında sirkülasyondaki hücresiz tümör DNA’sının (ctDNA) saptanışına yönelik alel-spesifik bir emülsiyon polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (asePCR) tekniği geliştirmek amaçlanmıştır.

Gereç ve Yöntemler

Normal tip DNA ile mutant DNA’nın spesifik seyreltisini (spike-in) elde etmek için, normal (doğal tip) ve tiroit kanserli (mutant) hücre hatlarından (MCF10A ve B-CPAP) ekstrakte edilen iki tip genomik DNA kullanıldı. asePCR tekniğimizi doğrulamak için BRAFV600E hotspot mutasyonu hedeflendi. İki sıralı PCR adımı (düzenli ve asePCR), normal DNA içindeki mutant DNA fraksiyonunu tespit etmek için her bir adım için özel olarak tasarlanmış primerler ile gerçekleştirildi. Düzenli PCR ile çoğaltılan DNA örnekleri, asePCR’de spesifik olarak tasarlanmış mutant ve normal tip alel-spesifik primerler ve ortak primer ile kovalent olarak bağlanmış olan tanecikler ile birlikte kullanılmıştır. asePCR reaksiyon karışımı, mineral yağ içinde su emülsiyon bölmelerinde kapsüllendi ve spesifik PCR program ayarları ile bir termosistörde inkübe edildi. asePCR reaksiyonunun sonunda, mineral yağ bölmeleri kırıldı ve DNA kaplı taneler FACS ile değerlendirildi ve her örnek için mutant ve normal tip fraksiyonları sayıldı.

Bulgular

AsePCR tekniği, prensip kanıtı olarak normal tip DNA’nın (%0 mutant) arka planında mutant DNA’yı başarıyla tespit etti. Bilinen mutant fraksiyonu ile asePCR ile ölçülen fraksiyon arasında güçlü bir korelasyon (r2>0,99) bulundu. AsePCR, normal tipteki örnekte hiçbir yanlış pozitiflik tespit etmediği gibi normal tip örnekteki DNA’nın arka planındaki çeşitli düşük mutant DNA fraksiyonlarını da tutarlı bir şekilde tespit edecek kadar hassas ve spesifikti.

Tartışma ve Sonuç

asePCR tekniğimiz, tümör yanıtını değerlendirmeye ve olası relapsları erken teşhise yönelik bir sıvı biyopsi yöntemi olarak, kanser hastalarının plazmasında mutant ctDNA tespiti için kullanılabilir.

References

  • Mandel P. Les acides nucleiques du plasma sanguin chez l'homme. CR Acad Sci Paris. 1948;142:241–3.
  • Steinman CR. Free DNA in serum and plasma from normal adults. J Clin Invest. American Society for Clinical Investigation; 1975 Aug 1;56(2):512–5.
  • Steinman CR, Ackad A. Appearance of circulating DNA during hemodialysis. The American Journal of Medicine. Elsevier; 1977 May 1;62(5):693–7.
  • Steinman CR. Circulating DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus. Isolation and characterization. J Clin Invest. 1984 Mar 1;73(3):832–41.
  • Leon SA, Shapiro B, Sklaroff DM, Yaros MJ. Free DNA in the serum of cancer patients and the effect of therapy. Cancer Research. 1977 Mar 1;37(3):646–50.
  • Lo YMD. Circulating Nucleic Acids in Plasma and Serum: An Overview. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2001 Sep 1;945(1):1–7.
  • Maire F, Micard S, Hammel P, Voitot H, Lévy P, Cugnenc P-H, et al. Differential diagnosis between chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer: value of the detection of KRAS2 mutations in circulating DNA. Br J Cancer. 2002 Aug 27;87(5):551–4.
  • Mullis KB. The unusual origin of the polymerase chain reaction. Sci Am. 1990 Apr;262(4):56–61–64–5.
  • Jones NL. PCR. Principles, procedures, and parameters. Methods Mol Biol. New Jersey: Humana Press; 2002;187:37–46.
  • Dressman D, Yan H, Traverso G, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Transforming single DNA molecules into fluorescent magnetic particles for detection and enumeration of genetic variations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003 Jul 22;100(15):8817–22.
  • Diehl F, Schmidt K, Choti MA, Romans K, Goodman S, Li M, et al. Circulating mutant DNA to assess tumor dynamics. Nat Med. 2007 Jul 31;14(9):985–90.
  • Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Digital PCR. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1999 Aug 3;96(16):9236–41.
  • Karakas B, Qubbaj W, Al-Hassan S, Coskun S. Noninvasive Digital Detection of Fetal DNA in Plasma of 4-Week-Pregnant Women following In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer. Wanunu M, editor. PLoS ONE. 2015 May 13;10(5):e0126501.
  • Cohen JD, Li L, Wang Y, Thoburn C, Afsari B, Danilova L, et al. Detection and localization of surgically resectable cancers with a multi-analyte blood test. Science. 2018 Feb 22;359(6378):926–30.
  • Diehl F, Li M, He Y, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Dressman D. BEAMing: single-molecule PCR on microparticles in water-in-oil emulsions. Nat Meth. Nature Publishing Group; 2006 Jul 1;3(7):551–9.
  • Higgins MJ, Jelovac D, Barnathan E, Blair B, Slater S, Powers P, et al. Detection of Tumor PIK3CA Status in Metastatic Breast Cancer Using Peripheral Blood. Clinical Cancer Research. 2012 Jun 14;18(12):3462–9.
  • Day E, Dear PH, McCaughan F. Digital PCR strategies in the development and analysis of molecular biomarkers for personalized medicine. Methods. 2013 Jan;59(1):101–7.
There are 17 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Authors

Bedri Karakas

Publication Date January 30, 2019
Acceptance Date September 9, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 24 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Karakas B. Allele-specific Emulsion PCR (asePCR) as a Liquid Biopsy Method for Residual Tumor Detection. Anatolian Clin. 2019;24(1):47-52.

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