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Ocular findings and risk of transmission in patients with Covid-19 infection

Year 2020, Issue: Special Issue on COVID 19, 156 - 162, 20.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.727154

Abstract

The new coronavirus, called SARS-CoV-2, came for the first time on December 29, 2019 by detecting signs of pneumonia in a large number of people working and visiting a market selling seafood and live animals in Wuhan, China. This virus, known to be very infectious, can enter the body through mucosal surfaces such as mouth, nose or eyes. Likewise, the spread of the virus is known to be through droplets and secretions. There is no vaccine or proven antiviral treatment for the virus yet. A group of viral infectious agents, including coronaviruses, are known to cause both systemic and ocular infections. During the ophthalmology exams, the patient's tear and conjunctiva can be contacted, and because it has been studied very closely, it poses a risk to both the patient and the ophthalmologist in terms of transmission.
In this review, the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 and conjunctivitis and the risk of transmission during eye examination of patients with positive covid - 19 test will be examined in the light of the literature.

References

  • Referans1. Han Q, Lin Q, Ni Z, You L. Uncertainties about the transmission routes of 2019 novel coronavirus. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2020.
  • Referans2. C. H, Y. W, X. L, L. R, J. Z, Y. H, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;
  • Referans3. Green A. Li Wenliang. Lancet. 2020;
  • Referans4. Chen J. Pathogenicity and transmissibility of 2019-nCoV—A quick overview and comparison with other emerging viruses. Microbes Infect. 2020;
  • Referans5. Lu C wei, Liu X fen, Jia Z fang. 2019-nCoV transmission through the ocular surface must not be ignored. Lancet. 2020.
  • Referans6. Ong SWX, Tan YK, Chia PY, Lee TH, Ng OT, Wong MSY, et al. Air, Surface Environmental, and Personal Protective Equipment Contamination by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a Symptomatic Patient. JAMA . 2020.
  • Referans7. Kuo IC, Pellegrino F, Fornero P, Britos L, Pedetta G, Reviglio VE. H1N1 Pandemic and Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2010. Referans8. Taubenberger JK, Kash JC, Morens DM. The 1918 influenza pandemic: 100 years of questions answered and unanswered. Sci Transl Med. 2019;
  • Referans9. Vabret A, Mourez T, Dina J, Van Der Hoek L, Gouarin S, Petitjean J, et al. Human coronavirus NL63, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;
  • Referans10. Zhou P, Yang X Lou, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020 Mar 12;579(7798):270–3.
  • Referans11. Senanayake PDS, Drazba J, Shadrach K, Milsted A, Rungger-Brandle E, Nishiyama K, et al. Angiotensin II and its receptor subtypes in the human retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007; Referans12. Wagner J, Danser AHJ, Derkx FHM, De Jong PTVM, Paul M, Mullins JJ, et al. Demonstration of renin mRNA, angiotensinogen mRNA, and angiotensin converting enzyme mRNA expression in the human eye: Evidence for an intraocular renin-angiotensin system. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;
  • Referans13. Sun Y, Liu L, Pan X, Jing M. Mechanism of the action between the SARS-CoV S240 protein and the ACE2 receptor in eyes. Int J Ophthalmol. 2006; Referans14. Belser JA, Rota PA, Tumpey TM. Ocular Tropism of Respiratory Viruses. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2013;
  • Referans15. Zhou Y, Zeng Y, Tong Y, Chen C. Ophthalmologic evidence against the interpersonal transmission of 2019 novel coronavirus through conjunctiva. medRxiv. 2020;
  • Referans16. Xia J, Tong J, Liu M, Shen Y, Guo D. Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol. 2020;
  • Referans17. Wu P, Duan F, Luo C, Liu Q, Qu X, Liang L, et al. Characteristics of Ocular Findings of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei Province, China. JAMA Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2020 Mar 31; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.1291
  • Referans18. Sun X, Zhang X, Chen X, Chen L, Deng C, Zou X, et al. The infection evidence of SARS-COV-2 in ocular surface: a single-center cross-sectional study. medRxiv. 2020; Referans19. Chen L, Deng C, Chen X, Zhang X, Chen B, Yu H, et al. Ocular manifestations and clinical characteristics of 534 cases of COVİD-19 in China: A cross-sectional study. medRxiv. 2020;
  • Referans20. Guan W-J, Ni Z-Y, Hu Y, Liang W-H, Ou C-Q, He J-X, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;
  • Referans21. Deng C, Yang Y, Chen H, Chen W, Chen Z, Ma K, et al. Ocular dectection of SARS-CoV-2 in 114 cases of COVİD-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: an observational study. SSRN eLibrary. 2020;
  • Referans22. Yu Jun IS, Anderson DE, Zheng Kang AE, Wang L-F, Rao P, Young BE, et al. Assessing Viral Shedding and Infectivity of Tears in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Patients. Ophthalmology. 2020;
  • Referans23. Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, Hong Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients. N Engl J Med. 2020; Referans24. Chen L, Liu M, Zhang Z, Qiao K, Huang T, Chen M, et al. Ocular manifestations of a hospitalised patient with confirmed 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Br J Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2020 Apr 7;bjophthalmol-2020-316304. Available from: http://bjo.bmj.com/content/early/2020/04/07/bjophthalmol-2020-316304.abstract
  • Referans25. Lin C, Ye R, Xia YL. A meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of real-time PCR for diagnosing novel coronavirus infections. Genet Mol Res. 2015;
  • Referans26. van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020;
  • Referans27. Jones L, Walsh K, Willcox M, Morgan P, Nichols J. The COVİD-19 pandemic: Important considerations for contact lens practitioners. Contact Lens Anterior Eye [Internet]. 2020 Apr 3 [cited 2020 Apr 7]; Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367048420300552
  • Referans28. Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect. 2020.
  • Referans29. Junk AK, Chen PP, Lin SC, Nouri-Mahdavi K, Radhakrishnan S, Singh K, et al. Disinfection of Tonometers: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2017;
  • Referans30. Britt JM, Clifton BC, Barnebey HS, Mills RP. Microaerosol Formation in Noncontact ‘Air-Puff’ Tonometry. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;
  • Referans31. Wiboonchutikul S, Manosuthi W, Likanonsakul S, Sangsajja C, Kongsanan P, Nitiyanontakij R, et al. Lack of transmission among healthcare workers in contact with a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in Thailand. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2016;
  • Referans32. Lai THT, Tang EWH, Chau SKY, Fung KSC, Li KKW. Stepping up infection control measures in ophthalmology during the novel coronavirus outbreak: an experience from Hong Kong. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;
  • Referans33. Khanna RC, Honavar SG. All eyes on Coronavirus-What do we need to know as ophthalmologists. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020.
  • Referans34. Colson P, Rolain JM, Lagier JC, Brouqui P, Raoult D. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020.
  • Referans35. Allahdina AM, Stetson PF, Vitale S, Wong WT, Chew EY, Ferris FL, et al. Optical coherence tomography minimum intensity as an objective measure for the detection of hydroxychloroquine toxicity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;

Covid-19 enfeksiyonu olan hastalarda göz bulguları ve bulaş riski

Year 2020, Issue: Special Issue on COVID 19, 156 - 162, 20.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.727154

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 adı verilen yeni koronavirüs ilk defa 29 Aralık 2019’da, Çin’in Wuhan şehrindeki deniz ürünleri ve canlı hayvan satan bir markette çalışan ve bu marketi ziyaret eden çok sayıda kişide pnömoni bulgularının tespit edilmesiyle gündeme gelmiştir. Bulaşıcılığının çok yüksek olduğu bilinen bu virüs ağız, burun ya da göz gibi mukozal yüzeylerden vücuda girebilmektedir. Aynı şekilde virüsün yayılımının da damlacık yoluyla ve sekresyonlarla olduğu bilinmektedir. Virüse karşı henüz geliştirilmiş bir aşı ya da kanıtlanmış antiviral bir tedavi mevcut değildir. Koronavirüslerin de dahil olduğu bir grup viral enfeksiyon ajanının hem sistemik hem oküler enfeksiyona sebep olduğu bilinmektedir. Oftalmoloji muayeneleri sırasında hastanın gözyaşı ile konjonktivasına temas olabildiği ve çok yakın çalışıldığından bulaş açısından hem hasta hem göz hekimi için risk taşır.
Bu derlemede SARS-CoV-2 ile konjonktivit ilişkisi ve covid – 19 testi pozitif olan hastaların göz muayenesi sırasındaki bulaş riski literatür eşliğinde irdelenecektir.

References

  • Referans1. Han Q, Lin Q, Ni Z, You L. Uncertainties about the transmission routes of 2019 novel coronavirus. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2020.
  • Referans2. C. H, Y. W, X. L, L. R, J. Z, Y. H, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;
  • Referans3. Green A. Li Wenliang. Lancet. 2020;
  • Referans4. Chen J. Pathogenicity and transmissibility of 2019-nCoV—A quick overview and comparison with other emerging viruses. Microbes Infect. 2020;
  • Referans5. Lu C wei, Liu X fen, Jia Z fang. 2019-nCoV transmission through the ocular surface must not be ignored. Lancet. 2020.
  • Referans6. Ong SWX, Tan YK, Chia PY, Lee TH, Ng OT, Wong MSY, et al. Air, Surface Environmental, and Personal Protective Equipment Contamination by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a Symptomatic Patient. JAMA . 2020.
  • Referans7. Kuo IC, Pellegrino F, Fornero P, Britos L, Pedetta G, Reviglio VE. H1N1 Pandemic and Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2010. Referans8. Taubenberger JK, Kash JC, Morens DM. The 1918 influenza pandemic: 100 years of questions answered and unanswered. Sci Transl Med. 2019;
  • Referans9. Vabret A, Mourez T, Dina J, Van Der Hoek L, Gouarin S, Petitjean J, et al. Human coronavirus NL63, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;
  • Referans10. Zhou P, Yang X Lou, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020 Mar 12;579(7798):270–3.
  • Referans11. Senanayake PDS, Drazba J, Shadrach K, Milsted A, Rungger-Brandle E, Nishiyama K, et al. Angiotensin II and its receptor subtypes in the human retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007; Referans12. Wagner J, Danser AHJ, Derkx FHM, De Jong PTVM, Paul M, Mullins JJ, et al. Demonstration of renin mRNA, angiotensinogen mRNA, and angiotensin converting enzyme mRNA expression in the human eye: Evidence for an intraocular renin-angiotensin system. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;
  • Referans13. Sun Y, Liu L, Pan X, Jing M. Mechanism of the action between the SARS-CoV S240 protein and the ACE2 receptor in eyes. Int J Ophthalmol. 2006; Referans14. Belser JA, Rota PA, Tumpey TM. Ocular Tropism of Respiratory Viruses. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2013;
  • Referans15. Zhou Y, Zeng Y, Tong Y, Chen C. Ophthalmologic evidence against the interpersonal transmission of 2019 novel coronavirus through conjunctiva. medRxiv. 2020;
  • Referans16. Xia J, Tong J, Liu M, Shen Y, Guo D. Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol. 2020;
  • Referans17. Wu P, Duan F, Luo C, Liu Q, Qu X, Liang L, et al. Characteristics of Ocular Findings of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei Province, China. JAMA Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2020 Mar 31; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.1291
  • Referans18. Sun X, Zhang X, Chen X, Chen L, Deng C, Zou X, et al. The infection evidence of SARS-COV-2 in ocular surface: a single-center cross-sectional study. medRxiv. 2020; Referans19. Chen L, Deng C, Chen X, Zhang X, Chen B, Yu H, et al. Ocular manifestations and clinical characteristics of 534 cases of COVİD-19 in China: A cross-sectional study. medRxiv. 2020;
  • Referans20. Guan W-J, Ni Z-Y, Hu Y, Liang W-H, Ou C-Q, He J-X, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;
  • Referans21. Deng C, Yang Y, Chen H, Chen W, Chen Z, Ma K, et al. Ocular dectection of SARS-CoV-2 in 114 cases of COVİD-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: an observational study. SSRN eLibrary. 2020;
  • Referans22. Yu Jun IS, Anderson DE, Zheng Kang AE, Wang L-F, Rao P, Young BE, et al. Assessing Viral Shedding and Infectivity of Tears in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Patients. Ophthalmology. 2020;
  • Referans23. Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, Hong Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients. N Engl J Med. 2020; Referans24. Chen L, Liu M, Zhang Z, Qiao K, Huang T, Chen M, et al. Ocular manifestations of a hospitalised patient with confirmed 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Br J Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2020 Apr 7;bjophthalmol-2020-316304. Available from: http://bjo.bmj.com/content/early/2020/04/07/bjophthalmol-2020-316304.abstract
  • Referans25. Lin C, Ye R, Xia YL. A meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of real-time PCR for diagnosing novel coronavirus infections. Genet Mol Res. 2015;
  • Referans26. van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020;
  • Referans27. Jones L, Walsh K, Willcox M, Morgan P, Nichols J. The COVİD-19 pandemic: Important considerations for contact lens practitioners. Contact Lens Anterior Eye [Internet]. 2020 Apr 3 [cited 2020 Apr 7]; Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1367048420300552
  • Referans28. Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect. 2020.
  • Referans29. Junk AK, Chen PP, Lin SC, Nouri-Mahdavi K, Radhakrishnan S, Singh K, et al. Disinfection of Tonometers: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2017;
  • Referans30. Britt JM, Clifton BC, Barnebey HS, Mills RP. Microaerosol Formation in Noncontact ‘Air-Puff’ Tonometry. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;
  • Referans31. Wiboonchutikul S, Manosuthi W, Likanonsakul S, Sangsajja C, Kongsanan P, Nitiyanontakij R, et al. Lack of transmission among healthcare workers in contact with a case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in Thailand. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2016;
  • Referans32. Lai THT, Tang EWH, Chau SKY, Fung KSC, Li KKW. Stepping up infection control measures in ophthalmology during the novel coronavirus outbreak: an experience from Hong Kong. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;
  • Referans33. Khanna RC, Honavar SG. All eyes on Coronavirus-What do we need to know as ophthalmologists. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020.
  • Referans34. Colson P, Rolain JM, Lagier JC, Brouqui P, Raoult D. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020.
  • Referans35. Allahdina AM, Stetson PF, Vitale S, Wong WT, Chew EY, Ferris FL, et al. Optical coherence tomography minimum intensity as an objective measure for the detection of hydroxychloroquine toxicity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section REVİEW
Authors

Emine Savran Elibol 0000-0001-8988-8832

Ahmet Elbay 0000-0002-8584-1866

Publication Date March 20, 2020
Acceptance Date May 5, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Issue: Special Issue on COVID 19

Cite

Vancouver Savran Elibol E, Elbay A. Covid-19 enfeksiyonu olan hastalarda göz bulguları ve bulaş riski. Anatolian Clin. 2020;25(Special Issue on COVID 19):156-62.

13151 This Journal licensed under a CC BY-NC (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0) International License.