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Small Mammals in Neolithic Southeast Anatolia

Year 2025, Issue: 51, 23 - 47, 01.12.2025

Muhammed Eyyub Dalar , Abu B. Siddiq

https://doi.org/10.36891/anatolia.1625829

Abstract

While large mammals made a substantial contribution to dietary practices and the animal economy throughout the Neolithic, small mammals also played an important role in both subsistence and symbolism. This study applies the Shannon–Weaver Diversity Index (H’) to propose a new model based on quantitative and qualitative analyses of published datasets on small mammalian fauna from Neolithic southeastern Anatolia. During the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), small mammals—particularly hare and fox—were hunted in considerable numbers. Beyond their nutritional value, small mammalian fauna were also incorporated into funerary rituals and symbolic practices. In the Pottery Neolithic (PN), the exploitation of small mammals declined markedly with the advent of agriculture and animal domestication. Nevertheless, remains of species such as wild cat, lynx, porcupine, and beaver indicate that early farming communities continued to utilize small mammals for diverse purposes. This paper compares and evaluates the dynamics of small mammal exploitation in relation to environmental and cultural contexts across two distinct sub-regions: the Upper Tigris Basin and the Middle Euphrates Basin. We argue that, despite the low to medium levels of biodiversity in their ecosystems, small mammalian fauna held significant importance not only for subsistence but also for symbolic and ritual practices in Neolithic southeastern Anatolia.

Keywords

PPNA PPNB Small mammal Neolithic subsistance Southeastern Anatolia

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Year 2025, Issue: 51, 23 - 47, 01.12.2025

Muhammed Eyyub Dalar , Abu B. Siddiq

https://doi.org/10.36891/anatolia.1625829

Abstract

References

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  • Dalar, M. E. 2024. “Neolitikten Demir Çağına Anadolu’da tilki-insan ilişkileri: Zooarkeolojik ve etnoarkeolojik bir değerlendirme.” Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi 21:307-331. DOI: 10.46250/kulturder.1447505
  • Dietrich, O. – Ç. Köksal-Schmidt – J. Notroff – K. Schmidt 2013. “Establishing a radiocarbon sequence for Göbeklitepe. State of research and new data.” Neo-Lithics 2013.1:36-47.
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  • Emra, S. – B. Marion – A. B. Siddiq – V. Özkaya 2022. “Adaptions in subsistence strategy to environment changes across the younger dryas - early Holocene boundary at Körtiktepe, Southeastern Turkey.” The Holocene 32.5:390-413. DOI: 10.1177/09596836221074030
  • Erim-Özdoğan, A. 2011. “Çayönü.” N. Başgelen – M. Özdoğan – P. I. Kuniholm (eds.), The Neolithic in Turkey: New Excavations & New Research. İstanbul: Archaeology & Art Publications, 185-269.
  • Flannery, K. V. 1967. “Culture history v. cultural process: A debate in American archaeology.” Scientific American.4
  • Grosman, L. – N. D. Munro – A. Belfer-Cohen 2008. “A 12,000-year-old shaman burial from the Southern Levant (Israel).” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105.46:17665-17669. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0806030105
  • Guagnin, M. – A. R. Perri – M. D. Petraglia 2018. “Pre-Neolithic evidence for dog-assisted hunting strategies in Arabia.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 49:225-236.
  • Hauptmann, H. 1988. “Nevali Çori: Architektur.” Anatolica 15:99-110.
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Year 2025, Issue: 51, 23 - 47, 01.12.2025

Muhammed Eyyub Dalar , Abu B. Siddiq

https://doi.org/10.36891/anatolia.1625829

Abstract

References

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  • Mertin, D. – J. Slamečka – Ľ. Ondruška – K. Zaujec – R. Jurčík – J. Gašparík 2012. “Comparison of meat quality between European brown hare and domestic rabbit.” Slovak Journal of Animal Science 45.3:89-95.
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  • Miyake, Y. – O. Maeda – K. Tanno – H. Hongo – C. Y. Gündem 2012. “New excavations at Hasankeyf Höyük: A tenth millennium cal. BC site on the Upper Tigris, southeast Anatolia.” Neo-Lithics 12:3-7.
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  • Pawłowska, K. – A. Marciszak 2018. “Small carnivores from a late neolithic burial chamber at Çatalhöyük, Turkey: Pelts, Rituals, and rodents.” Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 10.5:1225-1243. DOI: 10.1007/s12520-017-0526-1
  • Peters, J. – K. Schmidt 2004. “Animals in the symbolic world of Pre-Pottery Neolithic Göbekli Tepe, south-eastern Turkey: a preliminary assessment.” Anthropozoologica 1.39: 179-218.
  • Peters, J. - A. von den Driesch – D. Helmer 2005. “The upper Euphrates-Tigris basin: cradle of agro-pastoralism?” Vigne, J.-D. – J. Peters – D. Helmer (eds.), The First Steps of Animal D-omestication: New Archaeozoological Approaches. Oxford: Oxbow, 96-124.
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  • Regattieri, E. – L. Forti – R. N. Drysdale – G. Mannella – C. John ve diğ. 2023. “Neolithic hydroclimatic change and water resources exploitation in the Fertile Crescent.” Scientific Reports 13.1:45. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27166-y
  • Reshef, H. – M. Anton – F. Bocquentin – J. Vardi – H. Khalaily ve diğ. 2019. “Tails of Animism: A joint burial of humans and foxes in pre-pottery Neolithic Motza, Israel.” Antiquity 93.371:e28. DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2019.165
  • Rosenberg, M. – R. N. Marc – R. W. Redding – L. B. Peasnall 1998. “Hallan Çemi, pig husbandry, and post-pleistocene adaptations along the Taurus-Zagros Arc (Turkey).” Paléorient 24.1:25-41. DOI: 10.3406/paleo.1998.4667
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  • Schmidt, K. 2000. “Göbekli Tepe, southeastern Turkey. A preliminary report on the 1995-1999 excavations.” Paléorient 26.1:45-54. DOI: 10.3406/paleo.2000.4697
  • Shaffer, B. – K. M. Gardner – B. W. Baker 1996. “Prehistoric small game snare trap technology, deployment strategy, and trapper gender depicted in Mimbers Pottery.” Journal of Ethnobiology 16:145-154.
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  • Sözer, A. N. 1984. “A general review of the natural environment of South-Eastern Anatolia.” Ege Coğrafya Dergisi 2.1:8-30.
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  • Starkovich, B. M. – M. C. Stiner 2009. “Hallan Çemi Tepesi: high-ranked game exploitation alongside intensive seed processing at the Epipaleolithic-Neolithic transition in Southeastern Turkey.” Anthropozoologica 44.1:41-61. DOI: 10.5252/az2009n1a2
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  • Strazdina, V. – A. Jemeljanovs – V. Sterna 2013. “Nutrition value of wild animal meat.” Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences 67.4-5:373.
  • Stutz, A. J. – N. D. Munro – G. Bar-Oz 2009. “Increasing the resolution of the Broad Spectrum Revolution in the Southern Levantine Epipaleolithic (19–12 ka).” Journal of Human Evolution 56.3:294-306.
  • Tekin, H. 2017. “Hakemi Use: Güneydoğu Anadolu’da Son Neolitik Döneme ait yeni bir merkez.” M. Özdoğan – N. Başgelen (eds.), Türkiye’de Neolitik Dönem, İstanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 47-56.
  • Vigne, J. D. – J. Guilaine – K. Debue – L. Haye – P. Gérard 2004. “Early taming of the cat in Cyprus.” Science 304.5668:259-259.
  • Zeder, M. – M. Spitzer 2016. “New insights into broad spectrum communities of the Early Holocene Near East: The birds of Hallan Çemi.” Quaternary Science Reviews 151:140-159. DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.08.024
  • Zeder, M. A. 2012. “The broad spectrum revolution at 40: Resource diversity, intensification, and an alternative to optimal foraging explanations.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31.3:241-264. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaa.2012.03.003
  • İnternet Kaynağı: Woolworths Red Fox Besin Değerleri https://www.fatsecret.co.za/calories-nutrition/woolworths/red-fox/100g (erişim tarihi: 13.06.2025)

Güneydoğu Anadolu Neolitik Dönem Küçük Memeli Hayvanlar

Year 2025, Issue: 51, 23 - 47, 01.12.2025

Muhammed Eyyub Dalar , Abu B. Siddiq

https://doi.org/10.36891/anatolia.1625829

Abstract

Neolitik Dönem boyunca büyük memeli hayvanlar, beslenme ve ekonomiye önemli ölçüde katkıda bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte, küçük memeli hayvanlar da besin ekonomisi ve sembolik-ritüel faaliyetlerde önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Shannon–Weaver Çeşitlilik İndeksi (H’) kullanılarak bu çalışmada, Güneydoğu Anadolu Neolitik Dönemi’ne ait küçük memeli faunasına ilişkin veriler, niceliksel ve niteliksel olarak incelenerek yeni bir model oluşturulmuştur. Hem Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik A (PPNA) hem de Çanak Çömleksiz Neolitik B (PPNB) dönemlerinde, başta tavşan ve tilki olmak üzere küçük memeli hayvanların yoğun bir şekilde tercih edildiği görülmektedir. Ayrıca, küçük memeli hayvanlar yalnızca beslenme amacıyla değil, aynı zamanda ölü gömme ritüelleri, sembolik faaliyetler ve diğer uygulamalarda da kullanılmıştır. Çanak Çömlekli Neolitik Dönem (PN) ile birlikte tarım ve hayvancılığın gelişmesi, küçük memeli hayvanların kullanımında önemli bir azalma yaratmıştır. Bununla birlikte, dönemin faunal kalıntıları arasında yer alan yaban kedisi, vaşak, kirpi ve kunduz gibi türler, bölgedeki erken yerleşik toplulukların küçük memeli hayvanları farklı amaçlarla kullanmayı sürdürebilmiş olabileceklerini göstermektedir. Genel olarak, Güneydoğu Anadolu’nun Yukarı Dicle ve Orta Fırat Havzalarındaki çevresel ve kültürel bağlamlar göz önünde bulundurularak, Neolitik toplulukların küçük memeli hayvanlarla ilişkileri karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirmelerde, ekosistemlerindeki düşük ile orta düzeydeki biyoçeşitliliğe rağmen, küçük memeli faunanın yalnızca beslenme açısından değil, aynı zamanda sembolik ve ritüel uygulamalardaki önemi de vurgulanmıştır.

Keywords

PPNA PPNB Küçük memeli hayvan Neolitik geçim ekonomisi Güneydoğu Anadolu

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  • Zeder, M. – M. Spitzer 2016. “New insights into broad spectrum communities of the Early Holocene Near East: The birds of Hallan Çemi.” Quaternary Science Reviews 151:140-159. DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.08.024
  • Zeder, M. A. 2012. “The broad spectrum revolution at 40: Resource diversity, intensification, and an alternative to optimal foraging explanations.” Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31.3:241-264. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaa.2012.03.003
  • İnternet Kaynağı: Woolworths Red Fox Besin Değerleri https://www.fatsecret.co.za/calories-nutrition/woolworths/red-fox/100g (erişim tarihi: 13.06.2025)
There are 74 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Neolithic Age Archeology, Archaeology (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Muhammed Eyyub Dalar 0000-0001-6870-6884

Abu B. Siddiq 0000-0001-5838-2695

Publication Date December 1, 2025
Submission Date January 23, 2025
Acceptance Date August 10, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 51

Cite

Chicago Dalar, Muhammed Eyyub, and Abu B. Siddiq. “Güneydoğu Anadolu Neolitik Dönem Küçük Memeli Hayvanlar”. Anadolu, no. 51 (December 2025): 23-47. https://doi.org/10.36891/anatolia.1625829.
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