Uluslararası Adalet Divanı’nın Bilirkişilere Yaklaşımına İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2026, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 93 - 116, 13.02.2026

Tuğrul Çakır

https://doi.org/10.54699/andhd.1814199

https://izlik.org/JA64YU47RT

Abstract

Teknik ve bilimsel meseleler uluslararası uyuşmazlıklarda daha önemli bir yer tutmaya başlamıştır. Bununla birlikte, uluslararası hâkimlerin bu meselelere ilişkin bilgilerinin olmayışı ya da az bilgi sahibi olmaları bilirkişileri yargılama sürecinde önemli bir konuma getirmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Uluslararası Adalet Divanı’nın bilirkişilik kurumuna olan yaklaşımı üzerine genel bir değerlendirme yapılacaktır. Teknik ve bilimsel kanıtların önemli bir rol oynadığı davalarda Divan’ın bu kanıtların değerlendirilmesine ilişkin olarak nasıl bir strateji izlediği önemli bir konu olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, Divan’ın hangi durumlarda bilirkişi atamaktan kaçındığı, hangi koşulların oluşması halinde bu yönde bir karar aldığı, ihtilafın taraflarının ve taraf bilirkişilerinin yargılama sürecine katılımı detaylı olarak incelenecektir.

Keywords

Uluslararası Adalet Divanı , Bilirkişi , Bilimsel ve Teknik Kanıtlar , Uluslararası Adalet Divanı Yargılama Usulü , Uluslararası Adalet Divanı Statüsü ve İçtüzüğü

An Assessment of the International Court of Justice’s Approach to Experts

https://izlik.org/JA64YU47RT

Abstract

Technical and scientific issues have started to occupy a crucial place in international disputes. Nevertheless, the absence of or limited knowledge of international judges concerning these issues has given an important role to experts in the procedure. This article will offer a general assessment of the International Court of Justice’s approach to the recourse to experts. In cases where technical and scientific evidence plays a significant role, the strategy the Court follows in evaluating this evidence has emerged as an important issue. In this context, the circumstances under which the Court refrains from appointing its own experts, the conditions in which it exercises its power under its Statute, and the participation of the parties to the dispute and their experts in the procedure will be examined in detail.

Keywords

International Court of Justice , Expert , Scientific and Technical Evidence , Procedural System at the International Court of Justice , Statute and Rules of the Court

References

• ACER, Yücel / KAYA, İbrahim: Uluslararası Hukuk, 12. Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2021.
• AKSAR, Yusuf: Uluslararası Hukuk, 2. Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2021.
• COMBACAU, Jean / SUR, Serge: Droit International Public, 9. Baskı, Montchrestien, Paris, 2010.
• COUSTASSE, Juan Guillermo / SWEENEY-SAMUELSON, Emily: “Adjudicating Conflicts over Resources: The ICJ’s Treatment of Technical Evidence in the Pulp Mills Case”, Goettingen Journal of International Law, 2011, Cilt 3, s. 447-471.
• COUVREUR, Philippe: “Le règlement juridictionnel”, Le processus de délimitation maritime: étude d’un cas fictif. Colloque international de Monaco, Editions Pedone, Paris, 2004, s. 349-388.
• D’ASPREMONT, Jean / MBENGUE, Makane Moise: “Strategies of Engagement with Scientific Fact-Finding in International Adjudication”, Amsterdam Center for International Law Research Paper No. 2013-05, 2013.
• DECAUX, Emmanuel: “Les exigences du formalisme dans les contantieux relatifs aux particuliers”, (Ed.) TRIBOLO-FERRAND, Julie: La confiance dans les procédures devant les juridictions internationales, Actes du colloque international de Nice, Editions Pedone, 29.08.2022 tarihli versiyon, 2022, s. 225-236.
• DEVANEY, James: “Evidence: International Court of Justice (ICJ)”, Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law, Son Düzenleme Tarihi: Nisan 2018.
• DINH, Nguyen Quoc / DAILLIER, Patrick / FORTEAU, Mathias / MIRON, Alina / PELLET, Alain: Droit International Public, 9. Baskı, Lextenso, Paris, 2022.
• Discours de S. Exc. M. Abdulqawi Ahmed YUSUF, Président de la Cour Internationale de Justice, devant la Sixième Commission de L’Assemblée Générale: “Le recours à des experts désignés par la Cour en vertu de l’article 50 du Statut”, New York, T. 26.10.2018 (https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/press-releases/0/000-20181026-PRE-01-00-BI.pdf , ET: 20.10.2025).
• FAVOREU, Louis: “Récusation et administration de la preuve devant la Cour internationale de Justice. À propos des affaires du Sud-Ouest Africain (Fond)”, Annuaire français de droit international, 1965, Cilt 11, s. 233-277.
• GAJA, Giorgio: “Conclusions”, Questions of International Law, 2023, Sayı 98, s. 49-51.
• HAMANN, Andrea: “The Use of Ex Curia Experts in International Litigation: Why the WTO Dispute Settlement Cannot Serve to Improve ICJ Practice”, (Ed.) FABRI, Hélène Ruiz: International Law and Litigation, Nomos, Baden-Baden, 2019, s. 107-147.
• KOLB, Robert: The International Court of Justice, Hart Publishing, Oxford, 2013.
• LIMA, Lucas Carlos: “Assessor: International Court of Justice (ICJ)”, Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law, Son Düzenleme Tarihi: Haziran 2018 (Assessor).
• LIMA, Lucas Carlos: “The Debate on the Use of Experts by the International Court Of Justice: An Inquiry through Sociological Lenses”, Temple Int'l & Comp. L. J., 2020, Cilt 34, Sayı 2, s. 253-282 (The Debate on the Use of Experts).
• MBENGUE, Makane Moise: “Experts: International Court of Justice (ICJ)”, Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law, Son Düzenleme Tarihi: Ekim 2018 (Experts).
• MBENGUE, Makane Moise: “Scientific Fact-finding at the International Court of Justice: An Appraisal in the Aftermath of the Whaling Case”, Leiden Journal of International Law, 2016, Cilt 29, Sayı 2, s. 529-550.
• MIRON, Alina: “Le coût de la justice internationale: enquête sur les aspects financiers du contentieux interétatique”, Annuaire français de droit international, 2014, Cilt 60, s. 241-277.
• PAZARCI, Hüseyin: Uluslararası Hukuk, 4. Baskı, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara, 2006.
• QUINTANA, Juan José: Litigation at the International Court of Justice, Practice and Procedure, Brill/Nijhoff, Leiden/Boston, 2015.
• RASPAIL, Hélène: “La fonction juridictionnelle à l’épreuve de la délimitation territoriale: l’arrêt du 2 février 2018 dans les affaires Délimitation maritime dans la mer des Caraïbes et l’océan Pacifique et Frontière terrestre dans la partie septentrionale d’Isla Portillos (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua)”, Annuaire français de droit international, 2018, Cilt 64, s. 241-276.
• REÇBER, Sercan: “Uluslararası Hukukta Balinaların Korunması ve Uluslararası Adalet Divanının Japonya-Avustralya & Yeni Zelanda Kararı”, International Journal of Social Inquiry, Cilt 12(2), s. 719-755.
• ROSENNE, Shabtai: “International Court of Justice (ICJ)”, Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Procedural Law, Son Düzenleme Tarihi: Haziran 2006.
• SAVADOGO, Louis: “Le recours des juridictions internationales à des experts”, Annuaire français de droit international, 2004, Cilt 50, s. 231-258.
• SHAW, Malcolm N.: Uluslararası Hukuk, (Çeviri Ed.) KAYA, İbrahim, 8. Baskı, Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi, Ankara, 2018.
• SOREL, Jean-Marc: “Les effets du formalisme devant la Cour Internationale de Justice: Excès de formalisme évité et confiance préservée”, (Ed.) TRIBOLO-FERRAND, Julie: La confiance dans les procédures devant les juridictions internationales, Actes du colloque international de Nice, Editions Pedone, 29.08.2022 tarihli versiyon, 2022, s. 177-197.
• SUR, Melda: Uluslararası Hukukun Esasları, 11. Baskı, Beta Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2017.
• SWINEHART, Matthew W.: “Reliability of Expert Evidence in International Disputes”, Michigan Journal of International Law, 2017, Cilt 38, s. 287-347.
• THOUVENIN, Jean-Marc: “La descente de la Cour sur les lieux dans l’affaire relative au projet Gabcikovo-Nagymaros”, Annuaire français de droit international, 1997, Cilt 43, s. 333-340.
• TRIBOLO, Julie: “Arrêt sur les réparations dans l’affaire des activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (RDC c. Ouganda)”, Annuaire français de droit international, 2022, Cilt 68, s. 345-369 (Arrêt sur les réparations).
• TRIBOLO, Julie: L’expertise dans les procédures contentieuses interétatiques, Doktora Tezi, Université d’Aix-Marseille, Aix-en-Provence ve Marsilya, 2017 (L’expertise).
• TRIGEAUD, Laurent: “La (non) spécificité du droit international de l’environnement: à propos de l’affaire relative à des Usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay (CIJ, Argentine c. Uruguay, arrêt du 20 avril 2010)”, Annuaire français de droit international, 2010, Cilt 56, s. 249-275.
• VATNA, Loic: “L’affaire des Usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay (Argentine C. Uruguay): Un nouveau différend environnemental devant la Cour Internationale de Justice”, Revue québécoise de droit international, 2009, Cilt 22, Sayı 2, s. 22-55.
• WEISBURD, A. Mark: Failings of the International Court of Justice, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2016.
• WHITE, Gillian: “The Use of Experts by the International Court”, (Ed.) LOWE, Vaughan / FITZMAURICE, Malgosia: Fifty Years of the International Court of Justice, Essays in honour of Sir Robert Jennings, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996, s. 528-540.
• ZIMMERMANN, Andreas / TOMUSCHAT, Christian / OELLERS-FRAHM, Karin / TAMS, Christian J. (Ed.): The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary, 2. Baskı (Elektronik Versiyon), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012 (Yazar, Commentary).