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Biyoihtimam: Afete Hazırlığın Biyopolitikası ve Kırılgan Yaşamın Üretimi

Year 2023, , 765 - 784, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1362892

Abstract

1999 Gölcük depremi akabinde depremlerin öngörüsü ve kentsel dönüşüm gibi risk azaltma faaliyetleri kentsel siyaseti şekillendirmeye başladı ve 2011 yılında Van depremi sonrasında Kentsel Dönüşüm ya da Afet Yasası olarak anılan 6306 sayılı, riskli alanlarda kentsel dönüşümü ve bina bazlı yenilemeyi düzenleyen yasa çıkarıldı. Bu yasa istisnai maddeleri nedeniyle çok eleştirildi ve yasa koyucular tarafından yaşam hakkına referansla savunuldu. Eleştiriler ise yaşam hakkının sadece araçsallaştırıldığı üzerine odaklandı ve ne yaşam hakkının ne de onun referansı olan yaşamın tarihselliğini sorunsallaştırdı. Gölcük Depreminden günümüze ortaya çıkan bir dizi mevzuat ve kamusal söylemin analizinden elde edilen verileri, biyopolitika kuramlarının eleştirel okuması ışığında tartışarak yaşam ve devlet arasında kurulan biyopolitik ilişkinin tarihselliğine ve son dönemdeki dönüşümününe odaklanacağım. Bugün, halihazırda yaşam ve devlet arasında kurulmuş daha önceki biyopolitik ilişkilere, yeni bir biyopolitik ilişkinin eklendiğinden bahsetmek mümkündür. Makalenin ilk kısmı biyoihtimam diye adlandırabileceğimiz bu biyopolitikada, belli pratikler, duygular ve üretilen bilgi ile afetlere karşı kırılganlığı üzerinden tanımlanmasıyla yeni bir yaşam hakikatinin üretildiğine, yani kırılgan yaşamın tarihselliğine odaklanmaktadır. İkinci kısmı ise biyoihtimamın, afet hazırlığı bağlamında materyal olarak da bazı yaşamlara ihtimam gösterirken bazı yaşamları kırılganlaştırdığına, yani ihtimamın eşitsiz dağılımına ve şiddet üretme potansiyeline dikkat çekmektedir. Bu afetlere karşı daha eşit ve kapsayıcı ihtimam pratikleri geliştirmemize temel hazırlayacaktır.

Supporting Institution

Avusturya Bilimler Akademisi DOC Programı

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Biocare: Biopolitics of Disaster Preparedness, and Production of Vulnerable Life

Year 2023, , 765 - 784, 30.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1362892

Abstract

After the 1999 Gölcük Earthquake, the anticipation of earthquakes and disaster risk reduction practices like urban renewal began to shape urban politics, and after the 2011 Van Earthquake, the Law (6306)—also known as the Urban Transformation Law or the Disaster Law—was enacted to regulate urban renewal activities and building renewals in the zones of risk. This law was criticized due to its exceptional articles and defended by lawmakers by referring to the ‘right to life.’ The critiques have just focused on the instrumentalization of the right to life and have problematized neither the right to life itself nor the historicity of the life that it was referring to. I will focus on the historicity and the transformation of the biopolitical relation constructed between the state and life with the help of the analysis of data derived from policy documents and public discourses stemming since the Gölcük Earthquake in the light of a critical reading of the theories of biopolitics. It is plausible to claim that a new biopolitical relationship between the state and life has been integrated into the existing biopolitical relations. The first part of the paper focuses on the production of a new truth of life through certain practices, affects, and knowledge production in this biopolitics that I propose to call 'biocare.' The second part pays attention to that biocare renders some bodies materially vulnerable while caring for others—in other words to the uneven distribution of care and the biocare’s own potentiality for violence production. Identifying this transformation will help lay the groundwork for more equitable and inclusive disaster care practices.

References

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  • Agamben, G. (2000). Means without Ends: Notes on Politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Agamben, G. (2016). The Use of Bodies. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Ahmed, S. (2004). The Cultural Politics of Emotions. Edinburgh: Edinburg University Press.
  • Ahmed, S. (2010). The Promise of Happiness. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • AİHM (2004). Öneryıldız – Türkiye Davası - 48939/99. Karar 30.11.2004. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/
  • AİHM (2008). Boudaïeva ve diğerleri/Rusya Davası - 15339/02. Karar 20.3.2008. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/
  • AİHM (2012). Case of Kolyadenko and Others v. Russia - 17423/05, 20534/05, 20678/05, 23263/05, 24283/05 and 35673/05. Final Decision 09.07.2012. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/
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  • Angell, E. (2014). Assembling disaster: Earthquakes and urban politics in Istanbul. City, 18(6), 667–678.
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  • Anidjar, G. (2015). The Violence of Violence: Response to Talal Asad’s “Reflections on Violence, Law, and Humanitarianism.” Critical Inquiry, 41(2), 435–442.
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  • Aradau, C., & van Munster, R. (2011). Politics of Catastrophe: Genealogies of the Unknown. New York & Londra: Routledge.
  • Arendt, H. (1998 [1958]). The Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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  • Asad, T. (2015). Reflections on Violence, Law, and Humanitarianism. Critical Inquiry, 41(2), 390–427.
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  • Balta, E., & Paker, M. (1999). Afet: Doğal mı, Toplumsal mı?. Birikim, (125–6), 38–44. https://birikimdergisi.com/dergiler/birikim/1/sayi-125-126-eylul-ekim-1999/2319/afet-dogal-mi-toplumsal-mi/5416 Bankoff, G. (2003). Cultures of Disaster. Londra & New York: RoutledgeCurzon.
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  • Butler, J. (2009) Frames of War: When is Life Grievable?. Londra & New York: Verso.
  • Coen, D. R. (2012). Introduction: Witness to Disaster: Comparative Histories of Earthquake Science and Response. Science in Context, 25(1), 1–15.
  • Collier, S. J. (2009). Topologies of Power: Foucault’s Analysis of Political Government beyond ‘Governmentality’. Theory, Culture & Society, 26(6), 78–108.
  • Collier, S. J., & Lakoff A. (2021). The Government of Emergency: Vital Systems, Expertise, and the Politics of Security. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Cumhuriyet (2011, Kasım 15). İkinci Van Depremi: Cinayet!. Cummhuriyet, p. A1. Çavdar, A., & P. Tan (2013). Sunuş. Çavdar, A. ve Tan, P. (Ed.) İstanbul: Müstesna Şehrin İstisna Hali içinde (ss. 7-14). İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
  • Çaylı, E. (2016). Inheriting Dispossession, Mobilizing Vulnerability: Heritage amid Protest in Contemporary Turkey. International Journal of Islamic Architecture, 5(2), 359–378.
  • Çelik, Z. (1993). The Remaking of Istanbul: Portrait of an Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Deniz, M. B. (1999). Depremde Zarara Uğramış Kişilerin Hak Arama Sürecine İlişkin Deprem Raporu. (Erişim: 12.10.2012) https://istanbul.mazlumder.org/tr/main/yayinlar/yurt-ici-raporlar/3/depremde-zarara-ugramis-kisilerin-hak-arama-s/527
  • Doru, S. R. (2013). 6306 Sayılı Afet Riski Altındaki Alanların Dönüştürülmesi Hakkındaki Kanun’a İlişkin Değerlendirme. Melikşah Y., & Şahin C. (Ed.) Kentsel Dönüşüm Hukuku içinde (ss. 157-185). İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi S.S.ONAR İdare Hukuku ve İlimleri Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Yayınları.
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There are 90 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Policy and Administration (Other), Sociology (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Kamile Batur 0000-0002-7378-6986

Early Pub Date December 29, 2023
Publication Date December 30, 2023
Acceptance Date December 12, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Batur, K. (2023). Biyoihtimam: Afete Hazırlığın Biyopolitikası ve Kırılgan Yaşamın Üretimi. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(3), 765-784. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1362892

Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.