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En Çok Turist Çeken 30 Ülkede Turizm, GSYİH ve Yenilenebilir Enerjinin CO2 Emisyonları Üzerindeki Etkisinin Araştırılması

Year 2024, , 659 - 672, 30.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1479561

Abstract

Turizm, küresel CO2 emisyonlarının yaklaşık %5'ini üretmektedir. Turizm sektöründe öngörülen büyümenin ve bunun sonucunda ortaya çıkan emisyon artışının çevre ve sürdürülebilir turizm açısından önemli zorluklar oluşturması beklenmektedir. Bu nedenle turizm, GSYİH, enerji tüketimi ve CO2 emisyonları arasındaki ilişkinin iyi anlaşılması, sürdürülebilir turizm ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma açısından çok önemlidir. Bu önem göz önüne alındığında, mevcut çalışma gelir, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve turizm verilerine ulaşılabilen en çok ziyaret edilen 30 ülke için 2020 yılı verileri kullanılarak bahsedilen değişkenlerin CO2 emisyonları üzerindeki potansiyel etkilerini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak aykırı değerlere karşı dirençli olan Robust Regresyon Analizi kullanılmıştır ve analiz R programlama dili kullanılarak uygulanmıştır. Robust Regresyon Analizinde CO2 emisyonu bağımlı; kişi başına gayri safi yurtiçi hasıla, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve gelen turist sayısı bağımsız değişken olarak kullanılmıştır. Robust regresyon analizi sonucuna göre Rusya Federasyonu ve Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri’nin aykırı değer olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kişi başına gayri safi yurtiçi hasıla ile CO2 emisyonları arasındaki ilişki pozitif iken; yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve gelen turist sayısı ile CO2 emisyonları arasındaki ilişki negatif yönlü olarak tespit edilmiştir. Tüm bu bağımsız değişkenler %5 anlamlılık düzeyinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. Ampirik kanıtlar, gelen turist sayısının ve yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin CO2 emisyonlarının azaltılmasında önemli değişkenler olduğunu göstermektedir.

References

  • Ali, W., Sadiq, F., Kumail, T., Li, H., Zahid, M., & Sohag, K. (2020). A cointegration analysis of structural change, international tourism and energy consumption on CO2 emission in Pakistan. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(23), 3001-3015.
  • Arı, A. (2021). Yenilenebilir enerji, turizm, CO2 ve GSYH ilişkisinin Türkiye için analizi. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 12(2), 192-205.
  • Apergis, N., Payne, J. E., Menyah, K., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). On the causal dynamics between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth. Ecological Economics, 69(11), 2255-2260.
  • Azam, M., Alam, M. M., & Hafeez, M. H. (2018). Effect of tourism on environmental pollution: Further evidence from Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Journal of cleaner production, 190, 330-338.
  • Barreno, M., Bartlett, P. L., Chi, F. J., Joseph, A. D., Nelson, B., Rubinstein, B. I., ... & Tygar, J. D. (2008, October). Open problems in the security of learning. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on Workshop on AISec (pp. 19-26).
  • Bhattacharya, M., Churchill, S. A., & Paramati, S. R. (2017). The dynamic impact of renewable energy and institutions on economic output and CO2 emissions across regions. Renewable Energy, 111, 157-167.
  • Bilgili, F., Koçak, E., & Bulut, Ü. (2016). The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions: a revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 838-845.
  • Degenfellner, J., & Templ, M. (2024). Modeling bee hive dynamics: Assessing colony health using hive weight and environmental parameters. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 218, 108742.
  • Doğan, E., & Aslan, A. (2017). Exploring the relationship among CO2 emissions, real GDP, energy consumption and tourism in the EU and candidate countries: Evidence from panel models robust to heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 239-245.
  • Dritsakis, N., & Athanasiadis, S. (2000). An econometric model of tourist demand: The case of Greece. Journal of hospitality & leisure marketing, 7(2), 39-49.
  • Eyüboğlu, K., & Uzar, U. (2020). The impact of tourism on CO2 emission in Turkey. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(13), 1631-1645.
  • Gierałtowska, U., Asyngier, R., Nakonieczny, J., & Salahodjaev, R. (2022). Renewable energy, urbanization, and CO2 emissions: a global test. Energies, 15(9), 3390.
  • Hadi, A. S., & Simonoff, J. S. (1993). Procedures for the Identification of Multiple Outliers in Linear Models. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 88(424), 1264–1272.
  • Islami, F. S., Prasetyanto, K., & Kurniasari, F. (2022). The effect of population, GDP, non-renewable energy consumption and renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions in G-20 member countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 12(2), 103-110.
  • Jiaqi, Y., Yang, S., Ziqi, Y., Tingting, L., & Teo, B. S. X. (2022). The spillover of tourism development on CO 2 emissions: A spatial econometric analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-16.
  • Katırcıoğlu, S. T., Feridun, M., & Kılınc, C. (2014). Estimating tourism-induced energy consumption and CO2 emissions: The case of Cyprus. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29, 634-640.
  • Koçak, E., Ulucak, R., & Ulucak, Z. Ş. (2020). The impact of tourism developments on CO2 emissions: An advanced panel data estimation. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100611.
  • Kutlu, D. (2023). Turizm ve Ekonomik Büyümenin Karbondioksit Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 427-444.
  • Lee, J. W. & Brahmasrene, T. (2013). Investigating the influence of tourism on economic growth and carbon emissions: Evidence from panel analysis of the European Union. Tourism management, 38, 69-76.
  • Leitão, N. C., & Lorente, D. B. (2020). The linkage between economic growth, renewable energy, tourism, CO2 emissions, and international trade: The evidence for the European Union. Energies, 13(18), 4838.
  • Leon, C. J., Arana, J. E., & Hernández Alemán, A. (2014). CO2 emissions and tourism in developed and less developed countries. Applied Economics Letters, 21(16), 1169-1173.
  • Maronna, R.A., Martın, R. D., Yohaı, V. J. & Salıbıán-Barrera, M., 2019. Robust Statistics Theory and Methods (with R) (2 nd ed.), USA: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Menyah, K., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). CO2 emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in the US. Energy policy, 38(6), 2911-2915.
  • Mirziyoyeva, Z., & Salahodjaev, R. (2023). Renewable energy, GDP and CO2 emissions in high-globalized countries. Frontiers in Energy Research, 11, 1123269.
  • Møller, S. F., von Frese, J., & Bro, R. (2005). Robust methods for multivariate data analysis. Journal of Chemometrics: A Journal of the Chemometrics Society, 19(10), 549-563.
  • Özturk, I., Aslan, A., & Altinoz, B. (2022). Investigating the nexus between CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and pilgrimage tourism in Saudi Arabia. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 35(1), 3083-3098.
  • Perez Garrido, B. (2023). Exploring the performance of the GPSC method under several levels of outliers. Hungarian Statistical Review: Journal of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, 6(2), 3-11.
  • Pervez, A., & Ali, I. (2022). Robust regression analysis in analyzing financial performance of public sector banks: a case study of India. Annals of Data Science, 1-15.
  • Rahaman, M. A., Hossain, M. A., & Chen, S. (2022). The impact of foreign direct investment, tourism, electricity consumption, and economic development on CO2 emissions in Bangladesh. Environmental science and pollution research, 29(25), 37344-37358.
  • Razzaq, A., Fatima, T., & Murshed, M. (2023). Asymmetric effects of tourism development and green innovation on economic growth and carbon emissions in Top 10 GDP Countries. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 66(3), 471-500.
  • Sarıtaş, T., & Akar, G. (2022). Turizmin CO2 emisyonuna etkisi: Panel veri analizi. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, 5(1), 104-117.
  • Satrovic, E., & Muslija, A. (2019). The empirical evidence on tourism-urbanization-CO2 emissions nexus. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR), 7(1), 85-105.
  • Selvanathan, E. A., Jayasinghe, M., & Selvanathan, S. (2021). Dynamic modelling of inter‐relationship between tourism, energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in South Asia. International Journal of Tourism Research, 23(4), 597-610.
  • Shahzad, U., Al-Noor, N. H., Hanif, M., Sajjad, I., & Muhammad Anas, M. (2020). Imputation based mean estimators in case of missing data utilizing robust regression and variance–covariance matrices. Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation, 1–20.
  • Shakouri, B., Khoshnevis Yazdi, S., & Ghorchebigi, E. (2017). Does tourism development promote CO2 emissions?. Anatolia, 28(3), 444-452.
  • Sharif, A., Afshan, S., & Nisha, N. (2017). Impact of tourism on CO2 emission: evidence from Pakistan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(4), 408-421.
  • Sun, Y., Li, H., Andlib, Z., & Genie, M. G. (2022). How do renewable energy and urbanization cause carbon emissions? Evidence from advanced panel estimation techniques. Renewable Energy, 185, 996-1005.
  • Yıldırım, S., Yıldırım, D. Ç., Aydın, K., & Erdoğan, F. (2021). Regime-dependent effect of tourism on carbon emissions in the Mediterranean countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(39), 54766-54780.
  • Yorulmaz, Ö. (2016). Dayanıklı istatistiksel yöntemler ve R uygulamaları. İstanbul: Beta.
  • Yurtkuran, S. (2022). Gelen Turist Sayısının En Fazla Olduğu 10 Ülkede Turizm ile Co2 Salımı Arasındaki İlişki: Panel Fourier Toda-Yamamoto Nedensellik Analizi. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (61), 281-303.
  • Zaman, T., Shazad, U., & Yadav, V. K. (2024). An efficient Hartley–Ross type estimators of nonsensitive and sensitive variables using robust regression methods in sample surveys. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 440, 115645.
  • Zha, J., Tan, T., Yuan, W., Yang, X., & Zhu, Y. (2020). Decomposition analysis of tourism CO2 emissions for sustainable development: A case study of China. Sustainable Development, 28(1), 169-186.

Investigation of the Effect of Tourism, Gdp and Renewable Energy on Co2 Emissions in the 30 Top Tourıst Attractive Countries

Year 2024, , 659 - 672, 30.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1479561

Abstract

Tourism produces approximately 5% of global CO2 emissions. The projected growth in the tourism sector and the resulting increase in emissions are expected to pose significant challenges for the environment and sustainable tourism. Therefore, a good understanding of the relationship between tourism, GDP, energy consumption and CO2 emissions is very important for sustainable tourism and sustainable development. Considering this importance, the current study aims to analyze the potential effects of the mentioned variables on CO2 emissions using 2020 data for the 30 most visited countries for which income, renewable energy consumption and tourism data are available. For this purpose, Robust Regression Analysis, which is robust to outlier observations, was used and the analysis was implemented using the R programming language. In Robust Regression Analysis, CO2 emission is dependent variable; gross domestic product per capita, renewable energy consumption and the number of tourist arrivals were used as independent variables. According to the results of robust regression analysis, the Russian Federation and the United Arab Emirates were found to be outliers. While the relationship between gross domestic product per capita and CO2 emissions is positive; The relationship between renewable energy consumption, the number of tourist arrivals and CO2 emissions has been found to be negative. All these independent variables were found to be statistically significant at the 5% significance level. Empirical evidence shows that tourist arrivals and renewable energy consumption are important variables in reducing CO2 emissions.

References

  • Ali, W., Sadiq, F., Kumail, T., Li, H., Zahid, M., & Sohag, K. (2020). A cointegration analysis of structural change, international tourism and energy consumption on CO2 emission in Pakistan. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(23), 3001-3015.
  • Arı, A. (2021). Yenilenebilir enerji, turizm, CO2 ve GSYH ilişkisinin Türkiye için analizi. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 12(2), 192-205.
  • Apergis, N., Payne, J. E., Menyah, K., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). On the causal dynamics between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth. Ecological Economics, 69(11), 2255-2260.
  • Azam, M., Alam, M. M., & Hafeez, M. H. (2018). Effect of tourism on environmental pollution: Further evidence from Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Journal of cleaner production, 190, 330-338.
  • Barreno, M., Bartlett, P. L., Chi, F. J., Joseph, A. D., Nelson, B., Rubinstein, B. I., ... & Tygar, J. D. (2008, October). Open problems in the security of learning. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on Workshop on AISec (pp. 19-26).
  • Bhattacharya, M., Churchill, S. A., & Paramati, S. R. (2017). The dynamic impact of renewable energy and institutions on economic output and CO2 emissions across regions. Renewable Energy, 111, 157-167.
  • Bilgili, F., Koçak, E., & Bulut, Ü. (2016). The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption on CO2 emissions: a revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 838-845.
  • Degenfellner, J., & Templ, M. (2024). Modeling bee hive dynamics: Assessing colony health using hive weight and environmental parameters. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 218, 108742.
  • Doğan, E., & Aslan, A. (2017). Exploring the relationship among CO2 emissions, real GDP, energy consumption and tourism in the EU and candidate countries: Evidence from panel models robust to heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 239-245.
  • Dritsakis, N., & Athanasiadis, S. (2000). An econometric model of tourist demand: The case of Greece. Journal of hospitality & leisure marketing, 7(2), 39-49.
  • Eyüboğlu, K., & Uzar, U. (2020). The impact of tourism on CO2 emission in Turkey. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(13), 1631-1645.
  • Gierałtowska, U., Asyngier, R., Nakonieczny, J., & Salahodjaev, R. (2022). Renewable energy, urbanization, and CO2 emissions: a global test. Energies, 15(9), 3390.
  • Hadi, A. S., & Simonoff, J. S. (1993). Procedures for the Identification of Multiple Outliers in Linear Models. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 88(424), 1264–1272.
  • Islami, F. S., Prasetyanto, K., & Kurniasari, F. (2022). The effect of population, GDP, non-renewable energy consumption and renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions in G-20 member countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 12(2), 103-110.
  • Jiaqi, Y., Yang, S., Ziqi, Y., Tingting, L., & Teo, B. S. X. (2022). The spillover of tourism development on CO 2 emissions: A spatial econometric analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-16.
  • Katırcıoğlu, S. T., Feridun, M., & Kılınc, C. (2014). Estimating tourism-induced energy consumption and CO2 emissions: The case of Cyprus. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29, 634-640.
  • Koçak, E., Ulucak, R., & Ulucak, Z. Ş. (2020). The impact of tourism developments on CO2 emissions: An advanced panel data estimation. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100611.
  • Kutlu, D. (2023). Turizm ve Ekonomik Büyümenin Karbondioksit Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkisi. Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(2), 427-444.
  • Lee, J. W. & Brahmasrene, T. (2013). Investigating the influence of tourism on economic growth and carbon emissions: Evidence from panel analysis of the European Union. Tourism management, 38, 69-76.
  • Leitão, N. C., & Lorente, D. B. (2020). The linkage between economic growth, renewable energy, tourism, CO2 emissions, and international trade: The evidence for the European Union. Energies, 13(18), 4838.
  • Leon, C. J., Arana, J. E., & Hernández Alemán, A. (2014). CO2 emissions and tourism in developed and less developed countries. Applied Economics Letters, 21(16), 1169-1173.
  • Maronna, R.A., Martın, R. D., Yohaı, V. J. & Salıbıán-Barrera, M., 2019. Robust Statistics Theory and Methods (with R) (2 nd ed.), USA: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Menyah, K., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). CO2 emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in the US. Energy policy, 38(6), 2911-2915.
  • Mirziyoyeva, Z., & Salahodjaev, R. (2023). Renewable energy, GDP and CO2 emissions in high-globalized countries. Frontiers in Energy Research, 11, 1123269.
  • Møller, S. F., von Frese, J., & Bro, R. (2005). Robust methods for multivariate data analysis. Journal of Chemometrics: A Journal of the Chemometrics Society, 19(10), 549-563.
  • Özturk, I., Aslan, A., & Altinoz, B. (2022). Investigating the nexus between CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and pilgrimage tourism in Saudi Arabia. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 35(1), 3083-3098.
  • Perez Garrido, B. (2023). Exploring the performance of the GPSC method under several levels of outliers. Hungarian Statistical Review: Journal of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, 6(2), 3-11.
  • Pervez, A., & Ali, I. (2022). Robust regression analysis in analyzing financial performance of public sector banks: a case study of India. Annals of Data Science, 1-15.
  • Rahaman, M. A., Hossain, M. A., & Chen, S. (2022). The impact of foreign direct investment, tourism, electricity consumption, and economic development on CO2 emissions in Bangladesh. Environmental science and pollution research, 29(25), 37344-37358.
  • Razzaq, A., Fatima, T., & Murshed, M. (2023). Asymmetric effects of tourism development and green innovation on economic growth and carbon emissions in Top 10 GDP Countries. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 66(3), 471-500.
  • Sarıtaş, T., & Akar, G. (2022). Turizmin CO2 emisyonuna etkisi: Panel veri analizi. Ekonomi Maliye İşletme Dergisi, 5(1), 104-117.
  • Satrovic, E., & Muslija, A. (2019). The empirical evidence on tourism-urbanization-CO2 emissions nexus. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR), 7(1), 85-105.
  • Selvanathan, E. A., Jayasinghe, M., & Selvanathan, S. (2021). Dynamic modelling of inter‐relationship between tourism, energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in South Asia. International Journal of Tourism Research, 23(4), 597-610.
  • Shahzad, U., Al-Noor, N. H., Hanif, M., Sajjad, I., & Muhammad Anas, M. (2020). Imputation based mean estimators in case of missing data utilizing robust regression and variance–covariance matrices. Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation, 1–20.
  • Shakouri, B., Khoshnevis Yazdi, S., & Ghorchebigi, E. (2017). Does tourism development promote CO2 emissions?. Anatolia, 28(3), 444-452.
  • Sharif, A., Afshan, S., & Nisha, N. (2017). Impact of tourism on CO2 emission: evidence from Pakistan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(4), 408-421.
  • Sun, Y., Li, H., Andlib, Z., & Genie, M. G. (2022). How do renewable energy and urbanization cause carbon emissions? Evidence from advanced panel estimation techniques. Renewable Energy, 185, 996-1005.
  • Yıldırım, S., Yıldırım, D. Ç., Aydın, K., & Erdoğan, F. (2021). Regime-dependent effect of tourism on carbon emissions in the Mediterranean countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(39), 54766-54780.
  • Yorulmaz, Ö. (2016). Dayanıklı istatistiksel yöntemler ve R uygulamaları. İstanbul: Beta.
  • Yurtkuran, S. (2022). Gelen Turist Sayısının En Fazla Olduğu 10 Ülkede Turizm ile Co2 Salımı Arasındaki İlişki: Panel Fourier Toda-Yamamoto Nedensellik Analizi. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (61), 281-303.
  • Zaman, T., Shazad, U., & Yadav, V. K. (2024). An efficient Hartley–Ross type estimators of nonsensitive and sensitive variables using robust regression methods in sample surveys. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 440, 115645.
  • Zha, J., Tan, T., Yuan, W., Yang, X., & Zhu, Y. (2020). Decomposition analysis of tourism CO2 emissions for sustainable development: A case study of China. Sustainable Development, 28(1), 169-186.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Tourism Policy
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Neslihan Akın Özdemir 0000-0002-6577-2525

Early Pub Date August 29, 2024
Publication Date August 30, 2024
Submission Date May 6, 2024
Acceptance Date August 21, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Akın Özdemir, N. (2024). En Çok Turist Çeken 30 Ülkede Turizm, GSYİH ve Yenilenebilir Enerjinin CO2 Emisyonları Üzerindeki Etkisinin Araştırılması. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(2), 659-672. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1479561

Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.