Ziya Gökalp’in Türkçülük Anlayışı ve Türkiye’nin Türk Dünyası Vizyonu

Abstract

Osmanlı Devleti'nin farklı etnik kökenleri ve dinleri bünyesinde barındıran yapısı, 19. yüzyılda ortaya çıkan milliyetçilik akımının etkisiyle devlet yönetiminde büyük değişimlere yol açmıştır. Milliyetçi hareketler Yunanistan, Sırbistan, Karadağ, Balkanlar ve Arap yarımadasının Osmanlı'dan ayrılmasına neden olmuştur. Yaşanan ayrılmaları engellemek devleti yıkılmaktan kurtarmak için ortaya çıkan fikirlerden Osmanlıcılık düşüncesi, tüm vatandaşları eşit görmeyi amaçlamış ancak başarısız olmuştur. Bunun yerine Osmanlı padişahının İslam halifesi olarak tüm Müslümanları birleştirme fikri öne çıkmış, İslamcılık düşüncesi benimsenmiştir. Ancak, Müslüman Arnavut ve Arapların ayrılması İslamcılığı zayıflatmış, bu nedenle Türkçülük akımı benimsenmiştir. Ziya Gökalp, Türkçülüğün ideoloğu olarak öne çıkmış, milliyetçiliği sosyal ve kültürel gerçeklerle uyumlu hale getirerek milli bilincin oluşturulması ve milli kültürün güçlendirilmesine vurgu yapmıştır. Bu çalışmada, İslamcılık, Batıcılık ve Türkçülük akımları ile Ziya Gökalp'in bu akımlar içindeki yeri ele alınmıştır. Ardından Ziya Gökalp'in hayatı, ideolojisinin temel özellikleri ve milliyetçilik anlayışı literatür araştırması, arşiv belgeleri ve dönemin basın organlarında yer alan bilgiler ışığında nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmiş; Gökalp'in yeni Türkiye'nin oluşumu sürecindeki ideolojik etkileri tartışılmıştır. Türkçülük ideolojisi doğrultusunda, Türk milletinin arzu edilen seviyeye ve güce erişmesini sağlamak maksadıyla Türkiye’nin, Türk devletlerini ön plana alan bir dış politika anlayışı benimsemesi gerektiğine dikkat çekilmiştir.

Keywords

• Ziya Gökalp
• Türkçülük
• Milliyetçilik
• Kültür
• Medeniyet

Ethical Statement

“Ziya Gökalp’in Türkçülük Anlayışı ve Türkiye’nin Türk Dünyası Vizyonu” başlıklı çalışmanın, özgün bir çalışma olduğunu; çalışmanın hazırlık, veri toplama, analiz ve bilgilerin sunumu olmak üzere tüm aşamalarından bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallarına uygun davrandığımı; bu çalışma kapsamında elde edilmeyen tüm veri ve bilgiler için kaynak gösterdiğimi ve bu kaynaklara kaynakçada yer verdiğimi; kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir değişiklik yapmadığımı, etik kurul izni gerektirmeyen çalışmalar arasında yer aldığını beyan ederim.

Ziya Gökalp's Understanding of Turkism and Turkey's Vision for the Turkic World

Abstract

The ethnically and religiously diverse structure of the Ottoman Empire led to significant changes in state administration, under the impact of nationalist movements originating in the nineteenth century. Nationalist movements resulted in the separation of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, the Balkans and the Arabian Peninsula from the Ottoman Empire. To prevent these separations and save the state from collapse, the idea of Ottomanism emerged, aiming to treat all citizens equally. However, this policy failed. Instead, the idea of uniting all Muslims under the Ottoman Sultan as the Caliph of Islam gained prominence and the ideology of Islamism was adopted. Nonetheless, the separation of Muslim Albanians and Arabs weakened Islamism, leading to the adoption of Turkish nationalism. Ziya Gökalp emerged as the ideologist of Turkish nationalism and emphasized the creation of national consciousness and the strengthening of national culture by harmonizing nationalism with social and cultural realities. This study examines the ideologies of Islamism, Westernism, Turkish nationalism and Ziya Gökalp's place within these movements at first. Then, Ziya Gökalp's life, the basic features of his ideology and his understanding of nationalism were analyzed through qualitative research methods based on a review of the literature, archive documents and information reported in the press of the time and Gökalp's ideological effects on the formation of the new Türkiye are discussed. It has been emphasized that, in line with the ideology of Turkism, Türkiye should adopt a foreign policy approach that prioritizes Turkic states in order to enable the Turkish nation to reach the desired level and power.

Keywords

• Ziya Gökalp
• Turkism
• Nationalism
• Culture
• Civilization

Ethical Statement

I declare the study titled "Ziya Gökalp's Understanding of Turkism and Turkey's Vision for the Turkic World" is an original study; that I have acted in accordance with scientific ethical principles and rules in all stages of the study, including preparation, data collection, analysis, and presentation of information; that I have cited sources for all data and information not obtained within the scope of this study and included these sources in the bibliography; that I have not made any changes to the data used; and that it is among the studies that do not require ethical committee approval.

References

1. Akşam. (1924, October 26). A Great Ziya, 1.
2. Arslantaş, H. (2021). Ziya Gökalp and education: Adaptation to national culture. Hikmet Yurdu, 14(27), 95-106.
3. Bars, M. E. (2017). Some assessments on Ziya Gökalp and Turkish nationalism. Adnan Menderes University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 4(2), 38-51.
4. Berkes, N. (2003). Modernization in Türkiye. Yapı Kredi Publications.
5. Bulut, Y. (2015). A thinker trapped between social and political: Ziya Gökalp and the theory of culture and civilization. Sociology Conferences (52), 79-110.
6. CDA, BCA (Presidential Archives Directorate, Republic Archives). (January 20, 1921). Assistance to the families of Ziya Gökalp and Ağaoğlu Ahmet, who were exiled to Malta by the British and were in distress.
7. CDA, BCA. (April 17, 1923). Ziya Gökalp's appointment to the position of Chairman of the Copyright and Translation Committee and commencement of his duties.
8. CDA, BCA. (October 21, 1924). The death of Ziya Gökalp, who was receiving treatment at the French Hospital.

9. CDA, BCA. (May 25, 1925). Ziya Gökalp Bey's book, Turkish Civilization History.
10. CDA, BCA. (No year specified, November 24). The book titled Philosophy, translated jointly by Salah Cimcoz and Ziya Gökalp.
11. CDA, BCA. (No year specified, November 24). "The Philosophy of the Danube," translated by Ziya Gökalp. Celarent, B. (2012). Turkish nationalism and western civilization. American Journal of Sociology, 117(5), 1556-1563.
12. Çapcıoğlu, İ., & Akyüz, N. (2021). Abdullah Cevdet’s socio-religious approach to westernization. Journal of Analytic Divinity, 5(3), 28-37.
13. Çolak, Y. (2006). Discussions on neo-Ottomanism and cultural pluralism in Turkey in the 1990s. East West Thought Journal, 9(38), 125-144.
14. Deniz, F. (2006). Akçura, Gökalp and Mustafa Kemal’s new political searches in the transition from empire to nation state. Divan: Interdisciplinary Studies Journal (21), 35-62.
15. Gökalp, Z. (2007). History of Turkish civilization. In M. Koz (Ed.), Ziya Gökalp, Books, Complete Works. Yapı Kredi Publications.
16. Gökalp, Z. (2019). The fundamentals of Turkism. Anadolu University Publications.
17. Gözübüyük, F. (1959). Ziya Gökalp's nationalism. Türk Yurdu, 9(279), 22-23.
18. Heyd, U. (2023). The foundations of Turkish nationalism: The life and works of Ziya Gökalp. (C. Meriç, Trans.) İletişim Publications.
19. İnalcık, H. (2005). Some ıssues of public ınterest regarding Ottoman history. In East West Articles I. East West Publications.
20. Karakaş, M. (2008). Re-examining Ziya Gökalp: Literature and re-evaluation. Turkish Studies Literature Journal, 6(11), 435-476.
21. Karpat, K. (2017). The politicization of Islam, restructuring of identity, state, belief and community in the late Ottoman period. (Ş. Yalçın, Trans.) Timaş Publications.
22. Kaya, T., & Turhan, R. (2006). The life story of Ziya Gökalp. Istanbul University Journal of Sociology, 3(13), 1-6.
23. Kılıç, A. F. (2013). An original conservative offering perspectives to the present day: Ziya Gökalp. Conservative Thought, 10(37), 179-206.
24. Kongar, E. (1985). Theories of social change and the reality of Turkey. Remzi Bookstore.
25. Kongar, E. (1993). Turkish sociologists I. Remzi Bookstore.
26. Köseoğlu, N. (2005). The birth of Turkish nationalism and Ziya Gökalp. Ötüken Publication.
27. Liu, Z., & Shu, M. (2017). Nationalist thoughts and Islam in the late Ottoman empire. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 11(2), 14-26.
28. Özakpınar, Y. (2005). Ziya Gökalp's view of western civilization. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, 3(10), 5-10.
29. Özkan, A., & Altunay, Z. (2023). Evaluating political and cultural transformation through Ziya Gökalp's perception of civilization. Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 24(3), 483-491.
30. Özkan, K. (2021). Ottoman intellectuals' discussions on Islamism and Turkism politics: Conflict, reconciliation. İksad Publishing House.
31. Özkan, K., & Gökgöz, G. (2014). The world of thought of Namık Kemal in the transition process from empire to nation state. Belgi Journal (8), 1083-1107.
32. Sarınay, Y. (2008). The historical development of Turkish Nationalism and Turkish hearths. Ötüken Publication.
33. Son Telgraf. (1924, October 26). Losing one of my loved ones is like dying a part of me, 2.
34. Tanyu, H. (1981). The chronology of Ziya Gökalp. Ministry of Culture Publications.
35. Tokluoğlu, C. (2013). Ziya Gökalp and Turkism. Ankara University Faculty of Political Science Journal, 68(3), 113-139.
36. Türkmenoğlu, M. A. (2019). The plan to save the Ottoman State: Ottomanism. History and Future Journal, 5(2), 408-427.
37. Uçar, R. (2011). Abdullah Cevdet's understanding of western civilization and westernization. Journal of Social Sciences, 5(10), 7-30.
38. Ulutaş, S., & Dalgıç, O. K. (2022). Reading Ziya Gökalp holistically in the context of the Turkism system. Journal of History School, 15(60), 3273-3301.
39. Vakit. (October 27, 1924). Ziya Gökalp, 4.
40. Yıldırım, A. (2013). Social change in Ziya Gökalp: "The culture-civilization thesis". Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 5(9), 1-20.
41. Yüce, M. (2022). Central asian Turkic republics and relations with Turkey. SETA Publications.