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Determinants Of Income Distribution In OECD Countries

Year 2019, , 217 - 224, 20.03.2019
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.424003

Abstract



The global economic
crisis of 2008, which had begun in the US real estate market and then spread to
Europe as a debt crisis, has rekindled the discussion of income distribution.
The reasons that lie behind the increasing gap between the top 1 percent of income
earners and the bottom 99 percent, and the issues of how this inequality to be
solved have usually been at the center of the discussion. The purpose of this
study is to identify factors affecting income distribution in OECD countries.
In the first place, the researches that have analyzed income distribution
within the OECD are taken. Data such as Gini coefficient, labor force
participation rate, change in real labor income, P80/P20 ratio in OECD
countries are interpreted thereafter. Following this, an econometric analysis
is applied to the determinants of income distribution in these countries. The
study concludes that while factors such as age dependency ratio, economic
globalization, and financialization grow inequality, increasing labour income
shares and civil rights enable fair distribution.




References

  • Alderson, A. S., & Nielsen, F. (2002). Globalization and the great U-turn: Income inequality trends in 16 OECD countries. American Journal of Sociology, 107(5), 1244-1299.
  • Balestra, P., & Nerlove, M. (1966). Pooling cross section and time series data in the estimation of a dynamic model: The demand for natural gas. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 585-612.
  • Baltagi, B. H., & Song, S. H. (2006). Unbalanced panel data: a survey. Statistical Papers, 47(4), 493-523.
  • Beck, T., Demirguc-Kunt, A., Levine, R., 2004. Finance, Inequality, and Poverty: Cross-Country Evidence. NBER Working Paper No. 10979
  • Beramendi, P., & Cusack, T. R. (2009). Diverse disparities: The politics and economics of wage, market, and disposable income inequalities. Political Research Quarterly. 62(2), 257-275.
  • Bertola, G. (2008). Inequality, Globalization, and Financial Development, Conference Paper Globalization and Inequality: Reflections on the Development of a Divided World, European University Institute in Florence
  • Carnoy, M. (2011). As higher education expands, is it contributing to greater inequality?. National Institute Economic Review, 215(1), R34-R47.
  • Carter, J.R., 2007. An empirical note on economic freedom and income inequality. Public Choice 130 (1–2), 163–177
  • Cassette, A., Fleury, N., Petit, S., 2012. Income inequalities and international trade in goods and services:short- and long-run evidence. Int. Trade J. 26 (3), 223–254
  • Çelik, S., Basdas, U., 2010. How does globalization affect income inequality? A panel data analysis. Int. Adv.Econ. Res. 16 (4), 358–370.
  • Checchi, D., & García-Peñalosa, C. (2008). Labour market institutions and income inequality. Economic Policy, 23(56), 602-649.
  • Checchi, D., & García-Peñalosa, C. (2010). Labour market institutions and the personal distribution of income in the OECD. Economica, 77(307), 413-450
  • De Gregorio, J., Lee, J., 2002. Education and income inequality: new evidence from cross country data. Rev. Income Wealth 48 (3), 395–417
  • Dreher, A., Gaston, N.(2008). Has globalization increased inequality?. Rev. Int. Econ, 16 (3), 516–536.
  • Dünya Bankası, World Database. (Erişim:20 Kasım 2017), http://databank.worldbank.org/data/databases.aspx
  • Faustino, H., Vali, C., 2012. The Effects of Globalisation on OECD Income Inequality: A Static andDynamic Analysis, School of Economics and Management Working Paper, WP 12/2011/DE,Lisbon.
  • Figini, P., & Gorg, H. (2006). Does foreign direct investment affect wage inequality? An empirical investigation. University of Nottingham Research Paper, (2006/29).
  • Freedom House, Freedom House Database (Erişim:15 Aralık 2017),https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2017
  • Golden, M., & Wallerstein, M. (2006). Domestic and International Causes for the Rise of Pay Inequality: Post Industrialism, Globalization and Labor Market Institutions.
  • Gourdon, J., Maystre, N., de Melo, J., 2008. Openness, inequality and poverty: endowments matter. J. Int.Trade Econ. Dev., 17 (3), 343–378
  • Greene, W. H. (2003). Econometric analysis. Pearson Education India.
  • Heshmati, A. (2004). The relationship between income inequality, poverty and globalisation.
  • Hsiao, C. (1985). Benefits and limitations of panel data. Econometric Reviews, 4(1), 121-174.
  • Hsiao, C. (1995). Panel analysis for metric data. In Handbook of statistical modeling for the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 361-400). Springer US.
  • Hsiao, C. (2001). Economic Panel Data, in International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, edited by N.J. Snelser and P.B. Bates. Vol. 6, 4114–121. Oxford: Elsevier
  • Hsiao, C. (2007). Panel data analysis—advantages and challenges. Wise Working Paper.
  • Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of panel data (No. 54). Cambridge University Press
  • ILO (Erişim:9 Eylül 2017), http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/lang--en/index.htm
  • ILO, 2008. Labour institutions and inequality. In: ILO, World of Work Report, Volume October 2008.ILO. Geneva, pp. 71–114
  • IMF, (2007). Globalization and inequality. In: World Economic Outlook, Volume October 2007. IMF,Washington, pp. 31–65
  • KOF Index (Erişim:3Mart2018), https://www.kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-and-indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html
  • Koskoyova, Y., Saar, E., & Dämmrich, J. (2018). Institutional Change and Gender Inequalities at Labour Market Entry: A Comparison of Estonia, Russia, and East and West Germany. Studies of Transition States and Societies, 9(2).
  • Mahler, V. A. (2004). Economic globalization, domestic politics, and income inequality in the developed countries a cross-national study. Comparative Political Studies, 37(9), 1025-1053.
  • Milanovic, B., (2005). Can we discern the effect of globalization on income distribution? Evidence fromhousehold surveys. World Bank Econ. Rev. 191, 21–44.
  • Milanovic, B., Squire, I. (2007). Does tariff liberalization increase wage inequality. In: Harrison, A. (Ed.), Globalization and Poverty. Chicago University Press, Chicago, pp. 143–181
  • Mundell, R. A. (1957). International trade and factor mobility. The American Economic Review, 47(3), 321-335.
  • OECD, 2011. Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising? OECD Publishing, Paris
  • PENN Database (Erişim:10 Ekim 2017), https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/
  • Rueda, D., & Pontusson, J. (2000). Wage inequality and varieties of capitalism. World Politics, 52(03), 350-383.
  • Solt, F. (2009). Standardizing the world income inequality database. Social Science Quarterly, 90(2), 231-242.
  • Spilimbergo, A., Londoño, J. L., & Székely, M. (1999). Income distribution, factor endowments, and trade openness. Journal of Development Economics, 59(1), 77-101.
  • Stringer, J. M. (2006). Foreign direct investment and income inequality in developing countries: An exploration of the causal relationship using industry level FDI data. In annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Retrieved May (Vol. 20, No. 2008, p. 140292_index).
  • Swamy, P. A. (1970). Efficient inference in a random coefficient regression model. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 311-323.
  • Tatoğlu Yerdelen, F (2013). İleri Panel Veri Analizi, Beta Yayıncılık
  • Tatoğlu Yerdelen, F (2013). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi, Beta Yayıncılık
  • Weeks, J., 2005. Inequality Trends in Some Developed OECD Countries, DESA Working Paper, No. 6, UN.
  • Wood, A. (1995). North-South trade, employment, and inequality: Changing fortunes in a skill-driven world. Oxford University Press
  • Zellner, A. (1962). An efficient method of estimating seemingly unrelated regressions and tests for aggregation bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 57(298), 348-368.
  • Zhou, L., Biswasy, B., Bowlesz, B., Saunders, P., 2011. Impact of globalization on income distribution inequality in 60 countries. Global Econ. J. 11 (1), 1–16

OECD Ülkelerinde Gelir Dağılımının Belirleyenleri

Year 2019, , 217 - 224, 20.03.2019
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.424003

Abstract

ABD
emlak piyasasında başlayan daha sonra Avrupa’ya borç krizi olarak sirayet eden
2008 küresel krizi, gelir dağılımına ilişkin tartışmaları yeniden
alevlendirmiştir. En üst %1’lik gelir grubuyla en alt %99’luk gelir grubu
arasındaki artan farklılığın nedenleri ve eşitsizliğin nasıl çözüleceğine
ilişkin konular tartışmaların genellikle merkezinde yer almıştır. Bu çalışmada
amaç OECD ülkelerinde gelir dağılımını etkileyen faktörleri ortaya koymaktır.
İlk başta OECD’de gelir dağılımını analiz eden çalışmalar ele alınmıştır. Daha
sonra ise OECD ülkelerinde gini katsayısı, işgücüne katılım oranı, reel emek
gelirlerindeki değişim, P80/P20 oranı gibi veriler yorumlanmıştır. Verilerin
yorumlanmasından sonra OECD ülkelerinde gelir dağılımının belirleyenleri
üzerine ekonometrik bir analiz uygulanmıştır. 
Analiz sonucunda   yaş bağımlılık
oranı, ekonomik küreselleşme ve finansallaşma gibi faktörlerin eşitsizliği
artırdığı, emek gelirlerinin milli gelir içindeki payı ve sivil haklardaki
artışın ise adaletli dağılıma olanak sağladığı sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır.

References

  • Alderson, A. S., & Nielsen, F. (2002). Globalization and the great U-turn: Income inequality trends in 16 OECD countries. American Journal of Sociology, 107(5), 1244-1299.
  • Balestra, P., & Nerlove, M. (1966). Pooling cross section and time series data in the estimation of a dynamic model: The demand for natural gas. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 585-612.
  • Baltagi, B. H., & Song, S. H. (2006). Unbalanced panel data: a survey. Statistical Papers, 47(4), 493-523.
  • Beck, T., Demirguc-Kunt, A., Levine, R., 2004. Finance, Inequality, and Poverty: Cross-Country Evidence. NBER Working Paper No. 10979
  • Beramendi, P., & Cusack, T. R. (2009). Diverse disparities: The politics and economics of wage, market, and disposable income inequalities. Political Research Quarterly. 62(2), 257-275.
  • Bertola, G. (2008). Inequality, Globalization, and Financial Development, Conference Paper Globalization and Inequality: Reflections on the Development of a Divided World, European University Institute in Florence
  • Carnoy, M. (2011). As higher education expands, is it contributing to greater inequality?. National Institute Economic Review, 215(1), R34-R47.
  • Carter, J.R., 2007. An empirical note on economic freedom and income inequality. Public Choice 130 (1–2), 163–177
  • Cassette, A., Fleury, N., Petit, S., 2012. Income inequalities and international trade in goods and services:short- and long-run evidence. Int. Trade J. 26 (3), 223–254
  • Çelik, S., Basdas, U., 2010. How does globalization affect income inequality? A panel data analysis. Int. Adv.Econ. Res. 16 (4), 358–370.
  • Checchi, D., & García-Peñalosa, C. (2008). Labour market institutions and income inequality. Economic Policy, 23(56), 602-649.
  • Checchi, D., & García-Peñalosa, C. (2010). Labour market institutions and the personal distribution of income in the OECD. Economica, 77(307), 413-450
  • De Gregorio, J., Lee, J., 2002. Education and income inequality: new evidence from cross country data. Rev. Income Wealth 48 (3), 395–417
  • Dreher, A., Gaston, N.(2008). Has globalization increased inequality?. Rev. Int. Econ, 16 (3), 516–536.
  • Dünya Bankası, World Database. (Erişim:20 Kasım 2017), http://databank.worldbank.org/data/databases.aspx
  • Faustino, H., Vali, C., 2012. The Effects of Globalisation on OECD Income Inequality: A Static andDynamic Analysis, School of Economics and Management Working Paper, WP 12/2011/DE,Lisbon.
  • Figini, P., & Gorg, H. (2006). Does foreign direct investment affect wage inequality? An empirical investigation. University of Nottingham Research Paper, (2006/29).
  • Freedom House, Freedom House Database (Erişim:15 Aralık 2017),https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2017
  • Golden, M., & Wallerstein, M. (2006). Domestic and International Causes for the Rise of Pay Inequality: Post Industrialism, Globalization and Labor Market Institutions.
  • Gourdon, J., Maystre, N., de Melo, J., 2008. Openness, inequality and poverty: endowments matter. J. Int.Trade Econ. Dev., 17 (3), 343–378
  • Greene, W. H. (2003). Econometric analysis. Pearson Education India.
  • Heshmati, A. (2004). The relationship between income inequality, poverty and globalisation.
  • Hsiao, C. (1985). Benefits and limitations of panel data. Econometric Reviews, 4(1), 121-174.
  • Hsiao, C. (1995). Panel analysis for metric data. In Handbook of statistical modeling for the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 361-400). Springer US.
  • Hsiao, C. (2001). Economic Panel Data, in International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, edited by N.J. Snelser and P.B. Bates. Vol. 6, 4114–121. Oxford: Elsevier
  • Hsiao, C. (2007). Panel data analysis—advantages and challenges. Wise Working Paper.
  • Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of panel data (No. 54). Cambridge University Press
  • ILO (Erişim:9 Eylül 2017), http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/lang--en/index.htm
  • ILO, 2008. Labour institutions and inequality. In: ILO, World of Work Report, Volume October 2008.ILO. Geneva, pp. 71–114
  • IMF, (2007). Globalization and inequality. In: World Economic Outlook, Volume October 2007. IMF,Washington, pp. 31–65
  • KOF Index (Erişim:3Mart2018), https://www.kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-and-indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html
  • Koskoyova, Y., Saar, E., & Dämmrich, J. (2018). Institutional Change and Gender Inequalities at Labour Market Entry: A Comparison of Estonia, Russia, and East and West Germany. Studies of Transition States and Societies, 9(2).
  • Mahler, V. A. (2004). Economic globalization, domestic politics, and income inequality in the developed countries a cross-national study. Comparative Political Studies, 37(9), 1025-1053.
  • Milanovic, B., (2005). Can we discern the effect of globalization on income distribution? Evidence fromhousehold surveys. World Bank Econ. Rev. 191, 21–44.
  • Milanovic, B., Squire, I. (2007). Does tariff liberalization increase wage inequality. In: Harrison, A. (Ed.), Globalization and Poverty. Chicago University Press, Chicago, pp. 143–181
  • Mundell, R. A. (1957). International trade and factor mobility. The American Economic Review, 47(3), 321-335.
  • OECD, 2011. Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising? OECD Publishing, Paris
  • PENN Database (Erişim:10 Ekim 2017), https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/productivity/pwt/
  • Rueda, D., & Pontusson, J. (2000). Wage inequality and varieties of capitalism. World Politics, 52(03), 350-383.
  • Solt, F. (2009). Standardizing the world income inequality database. Social Science Quarterly, 90(2), 231-242.
  • Spilimbergo, A., Londoño, J. L., & Székely, M. (1999). Income distribution, factor endowments, and trade openness. Journal of Development Economics, 59(1), 77-101.
  • Stringer, J. M. (2006). Foreign direct investment and income inequality in developing countries: An exploration of the causal relationship using industry level FDI data. In annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Retrieved May (Vol. 20, No. 2008, p. 140292_index).
  • Swamy, P. A. (1970). Efficient inference in a random coefficient regression model. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 311-323.
  • Tatoğlu Yerdelen, F (2013). İleri Panel Veri Analizi, Beta Yayıncılık
  • Tatoğlu Yerdelen, F (2013). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi, Beta Yayıncılık
  • Weeks, J., 2005. Inequality Trends in Some Developed OECD Countries, DESA Working Paper, No. 6, UN.
  • Wood, A. (1995). North-South trade, employment, and inequality: Changing fortunes in a skill-driven world. Oxford University Press
  • Zellner, A. (1962). An efficient method of estimating seemingly unrelated regressions and tests for aggregation bias. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 57(298), 348-368.
  • Zhou, L., Biswasy, B., Bowlesz, B., Saunders, P., 2011. Impact of globalization on income distribution inequality in 60 countries. Global Econ. J. 11 (1), 1–16
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Serdar Acun

Publication Date March 20, 2019
Acceptance Date November 2, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019

Cite

APA Acun, S. (2019). OECD Ülkelerinde Gelir Dağılımının Belirleyenleri. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(2), 217-224. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.424003

Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.