The Mediation Role of Dispositional Hope and Life Satisfaction in the Loneliness-Life Engagement Relationship

Abstract

The aim of the present study is testing the mediation role of dispositional hope and life satisfaction in the relationship between loneliness and life engagement with serial mediation model. The relational survey method was used in the study. Data were collected from 226 college students. Research data were collected with Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults-Short Form, Dispositional Hope Scale, Life Engagement Scale, and Satisfaction with Life Scale. The data were analyzed by correlation and regression analysis. Regression analysis made before the mediation analysis, showed that loneliness significantly predicted life engagement. The serial mediation analysis showed that the mediation role of dispositional hope and life satisfaction decreased the predictive level of the loneliness on life engagement.

Keywords

• Loneliness,Dispositional hope,Life satisfaction,Life engagement,Serial mediation model

Yalnızlık ve Yaşama Bağlanma Arasındaki İlişkide Sürekli Umut ve Yaşam Doyumunun Aracı Rolü

Abstract

Araştırmanın amacı, seri çoklu aracı model ile yalnızlık ve yaşama bağlanma arasındaki ilişkide sürekli umut ve yaşam doyumunun aracı rolünün incelenmesidir. Araştırma ilişkisel tarama yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler 226 üniversite öğrencisi üzerinden uygun örnekleme yöntemi kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Araştırma verileri Sosyal ve Duygusal Yalnızlık Ölçeği-Kısa Formu, Sürekli Umut Ölçeği, Yaşama Bağlanma Ölçeği ve Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizi korelasyon ve regresyon analizi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Aracılık analizi öncesinde yapılan regresyon analizinde yalnızlığın yaşama bağlanmayı yordadığı bulunmasına rağmen seri çoklu aracı model testinde sürekli umut ve yaşam doyumu değişkenlerinin yalnızlığın yaşama bağlanmayı yordama düzeyini düşürdüğü bulunmuştur. 

Keywords

• Yalnızlık,sürekli umut,yaşam doyumu,yaşama bağlanma,seri aracı model

References

1. Acun-Kapikiran, N. (2012). Positive and negative affectivity as mediator and moderator of the relationship between optimism and life satisfaction in Turkish university students. Social Indicator Research, 106(2), 333-345.
2. Akhunlar, M. N. (2010). An investigation about the relationship between life satisfaction and loneliness of nursing students in Uşak University. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 409-2415.
3. Anderson, K., & Diamond, M. (1995). The experience of bereavement in older adults. Journal Advance Nursing, 22, 308-315
4. Arnau, R. C., Rosen, D. H., Finch, J. F., Rhudy, J. L., & Fortunato, V. J. (2007). Longitudinal effects of hope on depression and anxiety: A latent variable analysis. Journal of Personality, 75, 43-64.
5. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman/Times Books/ Henry Holt & Co.
6. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the self-regulation of behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
7. Baetens, I., Claes, L. Hasking, P., Smits, D., Grietens, H., Onghena, P., Martin, G. (2015). The relationship between parental expressed emotions and non-suicidal self-injury: The mediating roles of self-criticism and depression. Journal Child Family Studies, 24, 491–498.
8. Bailey, T. C., Eng , W., Frisch, M. B., & Snyder. C.R. (2007) Hope and optimism as related to life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(3), 168-175.

9. Bailey, T. C., & Snyder, C. R. (2007). Satisfaction with life and hope: A look at age and marital status. The Psychological Record, 57(2), 233-240.
10. Bronk, K.C. Hill, P. L., Lapsley, D.K., Talib, T.L. & Finch, H. (2009) Purpose, hope, and life satisfaction in three age groups. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 500-510.
11. Chang, E. C. (1998). Hope, problem-solving ability, and coping in a college student population: Some implications for theory and practice. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54(7), 953-962.
12. Cheng, H., & Furnham, A. (2002). Personality, peer relations, and self-confidence as predictors of happiness and loneliness. Journal of Adolescence, 25(3), 327-339.
13. Chipuer, H. M., Bramston, P., & Pretty, G. (2003). Determinants of subjective quality of life among rural adolescents: A developmental perspective. Social Indicators Research, 61(1), 79-95.
14. Cole, B. P. (2008). Correlations between trait and academic measure of hope and the inventory on learning climate and student well-being (Unpublished master thesis). University of Kansas.
15. Cotton Bronk, K., Hill, P. L., Lapsley, D. K., Talib, T. L., & Finch, H. (2009). Purpose, hope, and life satisfaction in three age groups. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 500-510.
16. Creswell, J. W. (2002). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative. Prentice Hall.
17. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. The masterminds series. New York: Basic Books.
18. Csikszentmihalyi, M., Abuhamdeh, S., & Nakamura, J. (Eds.). (2005). Flow. New York, NY: Guilford Publications
19. Çeçen, A. R. (2007). The Turkish short version of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S): Initial development and validation. Social Behavior and Personality, 35(6), 717-734.
20. Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
21. Diener, E., & Seligman, E. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13(1), 81-84.
22. DiTommaso, E., & Spinner, B. (1997). Social and emotional loneliness: A reexamination of Weiss’ typology of loneliness. Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 417-427.
23. Ditommaso, E., Brannen, C., & Best, L. A. (2004). Measurement and validity characteristics of the short version of the social and emotional loneliness scale for adults. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64(1), 99-119.
24. Dowling, M., & Rickwood, D. (2015). A naturalistic study of the effects of synchronous online chat counselling on young people's psychological distress, life satisfaction and hope. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 15(4), 274-283.
25. Durak, M., Şenol-Durak, E., & Gençöz, T. (2010). Psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale among Turkish university students, correctional officers, and elderly adults. Social Indicators Research, 99(3), 413-429.
26. Ellis, K. (2002). Perceived parental confirmation: Development and validation of an instrument. Southern Communication Journal, 67, 319-334.
27. Extremera, N., Duran, A., & Rey, L. (2009). The moderating effect of trait meta-mood on perceived stress on life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 116-141.
28. Frisch, M. B., Clark, M. P., Rouse, S. V., Rudd, M. D., Paweleck, J., & Greenstone, A. (2005). Predictive and treatment validity of life satisfaction and the quality of life inventory. Assessment, 12(1), 66-78.
29. Frisen, A. (2007). Measuring health-related quality of life in adolescence. Acta Paediatrica, 96(7), 963-968.
30. Gilman, R. (2001). The relationship between life satisfaction, social interest, and frequency of extracurricular activities among adolescent students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30, 749–767.
31. Gilman, R., Dooley, J., & Florell, D. (2006). Relative levels of hope and their relationship with academic and psychological indicators among adolescents. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 166– 178.
32. Gilman, R., & Huebner, E. S. (2006). Characteristics of adolescents who report very high life satisfaction. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(3), 293-301.
33. Goodwin, R., Cook, O., & Yung, Y. (2001). Loneliness and life satisfaction among three cultural groups. Personal Relationships, 8(2), 225-230.
34. Halisch, F., & Geppert, U. (2001). Motives, personal goals, and life satisfaction in old age. Trends and Prospect in Motivational Research, 389-409.
35. Hawkley, L. C., Burleson, M. H., Berntson, G. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2003). Loneliness in everyday life: Cardiovascular activity, psychosocial context, and health behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 105−120.
36. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: The Guilford Press.
37. Heinrich, L. M., & Gullone, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 695–718.
38. Jackson, T. (2007). Protective self-presentation, sources of socialization, and loneliness among Australian adolescents and young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1552–1562.
39. Jang, Y., Mortimer, J. A., Haley, W. E., & Graves, A. R. B. (2004). The role of social engagement in life satisfaction: Its significance among older individuals with disease and disability. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 23(3), 266-278.
40. Joiner, T. E., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (2002). The core of loneliness: Lack of pleasurable engagement--more so than painful disconnection--predicts social impairment, depression onset, and recovery from depressive disorders among adolescents. Journal of Personality Assessment, 79(3), 472-491.
41. Jones, W. H., & Carver, M. D. (1991). Adjustment and coping implications of loneliness. In: R. Snyder & D. R. Forsyth (Eds.), Handbook of social and clinical psychology: The healthy perspective (pp. 395-415) New York: Pergamon Press.
42. Kapıkıran, Ş. (2013). Loneliness and life satisfaction in Turkish early adolescents: The mediating role of self-esteem and social support. Social Indicators Research, 111(2), 617-632.
43. King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L. & Del Gaiso, A. K. (2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1), 179-196.
44. Lee, C. Y. S., & Goldstein, S. E. (2016). Loneliness, stress, and social support in young adulthood: Does the source of support matter? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(3), 568-580.
45. Lewis, A. D., Huebner, E. S., Malone, P. S., & Valois, R. F. (2011). Life satisfaction and student engagement in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(3), 249-262.
46. Lopez, S. J., Snyder, C. R., Magyar-Moe, J. L., Edwards, L. M., Pedrotti, J. T., Janowski, K., et al. (2004). Strategies for accentuating hope. In P. A. Linley & S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive psychology in practice (pp. 388–404). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
47. Marques, S. C., Pais-Ribeiro, J. L., & Lopez, S. J. (2009). Validation of a Portuguese version of the Children’s Hope Scale. School Psychology International, 30(5), 538-551.
48. Maxwell, S. E., & Cole, D. A. (2007). Bias in cross-sectional analyses of longitudinal mediation. Psychological Methods, 12(1), 23-44.
49. Moe, J. L., Dupuy, P. J., & Laux, J. M. (2008). The relationship between LGBQ identity development and hope, optimism, and life engagement. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 2(3), 199-215.
50. Neto, F. (1995). Predictors of satisfaction with life among second generation migrants. Social Indicators Research, 35(1), 93-116.
51. Neto, F., & Barros, J. (2000). Psychosocial concomitants of loneliness among students of Cape Verde and Portugal. The Journal of psychology, 134(5), 503-514.
52. Ng, E. C., Chan, C. C., & Lai, M. K. (2014). Hope and life satisfaction among underprivileged children in Hong Kong: The mediating role of perceived community support. Journal of Community Psychology, 42(3), 352-364.
53. Park, N. S., Jang, Y., Lee, B. S., Haley, W. E., & Chiriboga, D. A. (2013). The mediating role of loneliness in the relation between social engagement and depressive symptoms among older Korean Americans. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 68(2), 193-201.
54. Park, S., Kim, I., Lee, S. W., Yoo, J., Jeong, B., & Cha, M. (2015, February). Manifestation of depression and loneliness on social networks: A case study of young adults on facebook. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (pp. 557-570). ACM.
55. Peerenboom, L., Collard, R. M., Naarding, P., & Comijs, H. C. (2015). The association between depression and emotional and social loneliness in older persons and the influence of social support, cognitive functioning and personality: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 182, 26-31.
56. Peplau, L. A., & Goldston, S. E. (1984). Preventing the harmful consequences of severe and persistent loneliness. Rockville Maryland: National Institute of Mental Health.
57. Peterson, C., Ruch, W. Beermann, U. Park, N. & Seligman, M. E.P. (2007) Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, and life satisfaction, The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(3), 149-156.
58. Phinney, J.S., & Ong, A.D. (2002). Adolescent–parent disagreements and life satisfation in families from Vietnamese- and European-American backgrounds. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26, 556–561.
59. Proctor, C., Alex Linley, P., & Maltby, J. (2009). Youth life satisfaction measures: A review. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(2), 128-144.
60. Rosenstreich, E., Feldman, D. B., Davidson, O. B., Maza, E., & Margalit, M. (2015). Hope, optimism and loneliness among first-year college students with learning disabilities: a brief longitudinal study. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 30(3), 338-350.
61. Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20-40.
62. Salguero, J. M., Palomera, R., & Fernández-Berrocal, P. (2012). Perceived emotional intelligence as predictor of psychological adjustment in adolescents: A 1-year prospective study. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 27(1), 21-34.
63. Salimi, A. (2011). Social-emotional loneliness and life satisfaction. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 292–295.
64. Saricam, H., Celik, I., & Coşkun, L. (2015). The relationship between emotional intelligence, hope and life satisfaction in preschool preserves teacher. The International Journal of Research in Teacher Education, 6(1), 1-9.
65. Scheier, M. F., Wrosch, C., Baum, A., Cohen, S., Martire, L. M., Matthews, K. A., ... & Zdaniuk, B. (2006). The life engagement test: Assessing purpose in life. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 29(3), 291-298.
66. Shiovitz-Ezra S, Ayalon L. (2010). Situational versus chronic loneliness as risk factors for all-cause mortality. International Psychogeriatrics, 22, 455–462.
67. Skok, A., Harvey, D., & Reddihough, D. (2006). Perceived stress, perceived social support, and wellbeing among mothers of school‐aged children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 31(1), 53-57.
68. Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, ….., & Harney, P. (1991). The will and ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570-585.
69. Snyder, C. R., Cheavens, J., Sympson, S. C. (1997). Hope: An individual motive for social commerce. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1(2), 107-118.
70. Snyder, C. R. (2000). Genesis: The birth and growth of hope. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications (pp 25-38). San Diago: Academic Press.
71. Snyder, C. R., Rand, K. L., & Sigmon, D. R. (2002). Hope theory: A member of the positive psychology family. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 257–276). New York: Oxford University Press.
72. Sprinks, J. (2014). Social engagement crucial to tackling loneliness in old age. Nursing Older People, 26(7), 8-9.
73. Spores, J. M., (1990). Developmental and behavioral correlates of loneliness among children and adolescents (Unpublished master thesis). Purdue University.
74. Suldo, S. M., & Huebner, E. S. (2004). Does life satisfaction moderate the effects of stressful life events on psychopathological behavior during adolescence? School Psychology Quarterly, 19(2), 93-105.
75. Suldo, S. M., & Huebner, E. S. (2006). Is extremely high life satisfaction during adolescence advantageous? Social Indicators Research, 78,179-203.
76. Suldo, S. M., Riley, K. N., & Shaffer, E. J. (2006). Academic correlates of children and adolescents' life satisfaction. School Psychology International, 27(5), 567-582.
77. Swami, V., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., Sinniah, D., Maniam, T., Kannan, K., Stanistreet, D., & Furnham, A. (2007). General health mediates the relationship between loneliness, life satisfaction and depression. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 42(2), 161-166.
78. Tarhan, S., & Bacanlı, S. (2015). Sürekli Umut Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 1-14.
79. Terrell, F., Terrell, I., & Von Drashek, S. R. (2000). Loneliness and fear of intimacy among adolescents who were taught not to trust strangers during childhood. Adolescence, 35, 611–617.
80. Thurston, R. C., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2009). Women, loneliness, and incident coronary heart disease. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 836–842.
81. Tzonichaki, I., & Kleftaras, G. (2002). Paraplegia from spinal cord injury: Self-esteem, loneliness, and life satisfaction. Occupation, Participation and Health, 22(3), 96-103.
82. Uğur, E., & Akin, A. (2015). Yaşam Bağlılığı Ölçeği Türkçe formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches, 4(2), 424-432.
83. Valle, M. F., Huebner, E. S., & Suldo, S. M. (2006). An analysis of hope as a psychological strength. Journal of School Psychology, 44, 393-406.
84. Valois, R. F., Zullig, K. J., Huebner, E. S., & Drane, J. W. (2004b). Physical activity behaviors and perceived life satisfaction among public high school adolescents. Journal of School Health, 74, 59–65.
85. Vella-Brodrick, D. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2009). Three ways to be happy: Pleasure, engagement, and meaning—findings from Australian and US Samples. Social Indicator, 90(2), 165–179.
86. Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.
87. Wedig, M. M., & Nock, M. K. (2007). Parental expressed emotion and adolescent self-injury. Journal of American Academic Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1171–1178.
88. Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. Cambridge: MIT Press.
89. Wrosch, C., Scheier, M., F., Carver, C., S., & Schulz, R. (2003). The importance of goal disengagement in adaptive self-regulation: When giving up is beneficial. Self-Identity, 2, 1-20.
90. Yates, T. M., Tracy, A. J., & Luthar, S. S. (2008). Non-suicidal self-injury among ‘‘privileged’’ youths: Longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches to development process. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 52–62.