Türkiye’nin “Afrika Açılımı”: Düşünceden Olgunlaşmış Politikaya

Year 2021, , 173 - 179, 29.03.2021

Şerif Onur Bahçecik

https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.770432

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Türkiye’nin Sahra altı ülkelerle ilişkileri 2000’li yıllardan itibaren önemli ilerleme kaydetmiştir. Var olan çalışmalar bu politikanın ardındaki motivasyonlara odaklanmış ve meselenin siyasal, ekonomik ve kültürel boyutlarını analiz etmişlerdir. Bu makale ise politikanın oluşum sürecine odaklanarak yazına katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Türkiye’de Afrika ülkelerine yönelik bir açılım 2000’lerden önce gündeme gelmiş olsa da bu çabalar ya tam anlamıyla bir politikaya dönüşmemiş ya da hükümet değişikliği nedeniyle terk edilmiştir. 2000 sonrası Afrika politikasının başarılı bir şekilde ortaya çıkması kısmen bu çabalara ve siyasa girişimcilerinin destek alabilmek için benimsedikleri stratejilere bağlı olmuştur.

Keywords

Türk dış politikası, Afrika, İnkrementalizm, Siyasa yapımı

Turkey’s “Opening up to Africa”: From Idea to Full-Fledged Policy

Abstract

Turkey’s relations with Sub-Saharan African countries have developed substantially since the 2000s. Existing research has focused on the motivations for this policy and analyzed it from political, economic and cultural aspects. This article seeks to contribute to this literature by focusing on the emergence phase of this policy. An opening towards African countries have come to the agenda in Turkey several times before the 2000s but these attempts either did not turn into full-fledged policies or were abandoned after a change of government. The successful emergence of the post-2000 African policy is in part based on these attempts but also on the strategies adopted by policy entrepreneurs to get support for the opening.

Keywords

Turkish foreign policy, Africa, policy making, incrementalism

References

• Akinci, U. (1996). “US Raps Erbakan for Trip to Libya, Invitation to Sudan.” Turkish Daily News.
• Alpay, Y. (2008). Türkiye’nin zenginleşme projesi, Afrika. İstanbul: Akademia Yayınları.
• Altan, C. (2007). “Afrika Birligi.” in III. Uluslararasi Turkiye-Afrika Kongresi. Istanbul: TASAM.
• Anka. (2007). “İşadamları Dış Politikada Daha Etkili Olmak İstiyor.” Haberler.Com. (Retrieved: March 20, 2009), http://www.haberler.com/isadamlari-dis-politikada-etkin-rol-istedi-haberi/
• Anka. (2008). “Deik ve Tika Özel Sektörün Dışa Açılması İçin İşbirliği Yapacak.” Haberler.com. (Retrieved: June 18, 2020), https://www.haberler.com/deik-ve-tika-ozel-sektorun-disa-acilmasi-icin-haberi/
• Anon. 2014. “Dış Ekonomik İlişkiler Kurulu Ve İş Konseyleri Çalışma Usul Ve Esasları Hakkında Yönetmelik.” Resmi Gazete (29125).
• Belder, F., and Dipama, S. (2018). “A Comparative Analysis of China and Turkey’s Development Aid Activities in Sub-Saharan Africa.” in Parlar Dal, E. (Ed.), Middle Powers in Global Governance: The Rise of Turkey, (pp. 231-354) London: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Bölükbaşi, S. (1998). “The Cyprus Dispute and the United Nations: Peaceful Non-Settlement between 1954 and 1996.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 30(3):411–34.
• Cizre, U. (2003). “Demythologizing the National Security Concept: The Case of Turkey.” Middle East Journal 57(2):213–29.
• DPT. (1998). Türkiye’in İkili Dış Yardımları (1992 - 1996). Ankara: Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı.
• FBIS. (1974). “Foreign Ministry Issues Communique On Cypress Situation.” Paris AFP. July 21, I2.
• FBIS. (1976a). “Officials Return, Discuss Ties with USSR, Turkey.” Lagos International Service. October 29, D2.
• FBIS. (1976b). “Times Warns Nonaligned Against ‘Infiltration’”. Accra GNA. August 10, D1.
• FBIS. (1982). “President Chairs Cabinet Meeting 8 August.” Khartoum SUNA, Page Q6.
• FBIS. (1984). “Departing Turkish Ambassador on Trade Ties, Lagos NAN.” Lagos NAN, October 29, T5.
• FBIS. (1986a). “Al-Mahdi Returns 20 Oct, Comments on Visits.” Khartoum SUNA, Page Q1,Page Q2.
• FBIS. (1986b). “Briefs Constituent Assembly.” Khartoum SUNA, Q6.
• Fidan, H., and Nurdun, R. (2008). “Turkey’s Role in the Global Development Assistance Community: The Case of TIKA (Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency).” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 10(1):93–111.
• Gülalp, H. (2001). “Globalization and Political Islam: The Social Bases of Turkey’s Welfare Party.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 33(3):433–48.
• Haber7. (2009). “Gül: Afrikanın sesi Türkiye olacak.” Haber7. Retrieved June 18, 2020 (https://www.haber7.com/guncel/haber/381972-gul-afrikanin-sesi-turkiye-olacak).
• Han, A. K. (2004). “İş Dünyası Artık Politikanın Öncülerinden.” Blogcu. (Retrieved: June 18, 2020), http://kitapyorumu.blogcu.com/is-dunyasi-artik-politikanin-onculerinden/1023766
• Hasan, Y. F. (2005). “Sudan Özelinde Türk-Afrika İlişkilerinin Bazı Yönleri.” (Retrieved: June 16, 2016), www.tasamafrika.org/pdf/yayinlar/32-YFADL.pdf
• Hasgüler, M. (2000). Kıbrıs’ta Enosis ve Taksim Politikalarının Sonu. İstanbul: İletişim.
• Hayes, M. T. (2007). “Encyclopedia of Governance” edited by M. Bevir. Incrementalism 440–42.
• Hazar, N. (2000). “The Future of Turkish-African Relations.” Dış Politika-Foreign Policy: A Quaretrly of the Foreign Policy Institute (Ankara), 25(3–4):107–14.
• Hazar, N. (2003). Küreselleşme Sürecinde Afrika ve Türkiye-Afrika İlişkileri. Ankara: Yeni Turkiye.
• Hazar, N. (2008). “Turkey’s Opening up to Africa.” Asam Perspective 4.
• Hill, M. J. (2005). The Public Policy Process. 4th ed. Harlow, England ; New York: Pearson Longman.
• Hürriyet. (2008). “Turkish officials hail Turkey’s United Nations Security Council seat.” (Retrieved: June 9, 2020), https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/turkish-officials-hail-turkeys-united-nations-security-council-seat-10150122
• İncesu, S. (2020). “Afrika açılım politikası.” (Retrieved: July 8, 2020), https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/olaylar-ve-gorusler/afrika-acilim-politikasi-1717211
• İpek, V, and Biltekin, G. (2013). “Turkey’s Foreign Policy Implementation in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Post-International Approach.” New Perspectives on Turkey, 49:121–56.
• Kalkınma Bakanlığı. (2015). “Kalkınma Için Uluslararası İşbirliği, Metotlar ve Yaklaşımlar.” Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (Retrieved: July 13, 2020), http://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/10_KalkinmaIcinUluslararasiIsbirligiMetotlarveYaklasimlar.pdf
• Kingdon, J. W. (2014). Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
• Kirişci, K. (2009). “The Transformation of Turkish Foreign Policy: The Rise of the Trading State.” New Perspectives on Turkey, 40:29–56.
• MFA. (1998). “Turkey Strongly Condemns All Kinds of Terrorism August 21, 1998.” Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (Retrieved June 10, 2020), http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-strongly-condemns-all-kinds-of-terrorism_br_august-21_-1998_br_.en.mfa
• MFA. (2009). “Joint Press Conference of MFA Ali Babacan with Ethiopian MFA Seyoum Mesfin.” (Retrieved: June 18, 2020), http://www.mfa.gov.tr/disisleri-bakani-sayin-ali-babacan_in-etyopya-disisleri-bakani-seyoum-mesfin-ile-ortak-basin-toplantisi_-ankara_-9-subat-2009.tr.mfa
• Öniş, Z., and Yilmaz, Ş. (2009). “Between Europeanization and Euro‐Asianism: Foreign Policy Activism in Turkey during the AKP Era.” Turkish Studies, 10(1):7–24.
• Oğurlu, E. (2018). 1998-2018 Arası Dönemde Türkiye’nin Afrika Deneyimi: Fikirden Eyleme Bir Dönüşüm. Avrasya Etüdleri, 54(2), 65–94.
• Ozkan, M. (2008). “Turkey Discovers Africa: Implications and Prospects.” (Retrieved: September 29, 2016), http://www.setav.org/document/Policy_Brief_No_22_Mehmet_Ozkan.pdf
• Özkan, M., and Akgün, B. 2010. “Turkey’s Opening to Africa.” The Journal of Modern African Studies, 48(4):525–46.
• Putnam, R. D. 1988. “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games.” International Organization, 42(3):427–60.
• Radikal. (2008). “Afrika’da Çin Modeli Atak.” (Retrieved: March 2, 2009), http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=244708
• Sidahmed, A. S., and A. Sidahmed. (2005). Sudan. Abingdon: Routledge Curzon.
• Silverman, R. (2014). “Dogan versus Erdogan: Business and Politics in AKP-Era Turkey.” Mediterranean Quarterly 25(2):131–51.
• Siradag, A. (2015). “Benevolence or Selfishness: Understanding the Increasing Role of Turkish NGOs and Civil Society in Africa.” Insight on Africa, 7(1):1–20.
• Sönmezoğlu, F. (1996). “The Cyprus Question and the United Nations 1950-1987.” in Turkish foreign policy-recent developments, edited by K. H. Karpat. Madison, Wis.: UW Press.
• TDN. 1998. “Turkey Approves US Attack.” Turkish Daily News, August 22.
• Tepeciklioğlu, E. E. (2012). “Afrika Kıtasının Dünya Politikasında Artan Önemi ve Türkiye-Afrika İlişkileri.” Ankara Üniversitesi Afrika Çalışmaları Dergisi 1(2):59–94.
• Travis, R. (2010). “Problems, Politics, and Policy Streams: A Reconsideration US Foreign Aid Behavior toward Africa.” International Studies Quarterly, 54(3):797–821.
• Travis, R, and Zahariadis, N. (2002). “A Multiple Streams Model of U.S. Foreign Aid Policy.” Policy Studies Journal, 30(4):495–514.
• Turhan, Y. (2020). “Turkey’s Foreign Policy to Africa: The Role of Leaders’ Identity in Shaping Policy:” Journal of Asian and African Studies. doi: 10.1177/0021909620966773.
• Wheeler, T. (2005). Turkey and South Africa: Development of Relations 1860-2005. Pretoria: SAIIA.
• Worku, L. (2018). “H.E. Amb. Fatih Ulusoy, Outgoing Ambassador of Turkey.” Ethiopian Herald, December 9.
• Zahariadis, N. (1996). “Selling British Rail: An Idea Whose Time Has Come?” Comparative Political Studies, 29(4):400–422.