The Mediating Role of Hope and Loneliness in the Relationship Between Meaningful Life and Psychological Resilience in the Covid-19 Pandemic During

Year 2021, , 1403 - 1420, 25.10.2021

Hasan Batmaz , Nuri Türk , Caner Doğrusever

https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.895199

Cited By: 8

Abstract

The pandemic has also revealed the quarantine processes. Therefore, individuals' psychological resilience and loneliness are also affected. As a result, individuals have made efforts to seek hope and meaningful life paths in this life. In this study, the role of hope and meaningful life in the relationship between the loneliness levels of university students and their psychological resilience was examined. The study was carried out on a total of 307 university students, 208 (68%) female and 99 (32%) male. The easy-to-reach sampling method was used in the study. According to the results of the research, significant relationships were found between loneliness, resilience, hope and meaningful life. Preloading results showed that hope and meaningful life had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between loneliness and resilience.

Keywords

Covid-19, Meaningful Life, Psychological Resilience, Hope, Loneliness

Covid-19 Salgın Sürecinde Anlamlı Yaşam ve Yılmazlık Arasındaki İlişkide Umut ve Yalnızlığın Aracı Rolü

Abstract

The pandemic has also revealed the quarantine processes. Therefore, individuals' psychological resilience and loneliness are also affected. As a result, individuals have made efforts to seek hope and meaningful life paths in this life. In this study, the role of hope and meaningful life in the relationship between the loneliness levels of university students and their psychological resilience was examined. The study was carried out on a total of 307 university students, 208 (68%) female and 99 (32%) male. The easy-to-reach sampling method was used in the study. According to the results of the research, significant relationships were found between loneliness, resilience, hope and meaningful life. Preloading results showed that hope and meaningful life had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between loneliness and resilience.

Keywords

Covid-19, Anlamlı Yaşam, Yılmazlık, Yalnızlık, Umut

References

• Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. International Journal Of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8.
• Akat, M. ve Karataş, K. (2020). Psychological effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on society and its reflections on education. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 1-13. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44336.
• Aktaş, Y. (1997). Üniversite öğrencilerinin uyum düzeylerinin incelenmesi: Uzunlamasına bir çalışma. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(13). https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/88131.
• Altundağ, Y. (2013). Anne babası boşanmış ergenlerin psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeylerinde yordayıcı değişkenler olarak yaşam doyumu ve yalnızlık. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Bolu. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/TezGoster?key=1zw6GvYMe-q3Hf6HR-3US00A8wYxx339OEfrt7SgW4Qaq1uuOGSqlih_z1MocZtz
• American Psychological Association. (2020). Keeping your distance to stay safe. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/practice/programs/dmhi/research-information/social-distancing.
• Ando, R., & Sakamoto, A. (2008). The effect of cyber-friends on loneliness and social anxiety: Differences between high and low self-evaluated physical attractiveness groups. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(3), 993-1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2007.03.003.
• Arden, M. A., ve Chilcot, J. (2020). Health psychology and the coronavirus (COVID-19) global pandemic: A call for research. British Journal of Health Psychology, 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12414.
• Arslan, G. (2020). Anlamlı yaşam ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: Anlamlı yaşama ilişkin kısa ve etkili bir ölçme aracı. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (56), 227-242. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/maeuefd/issue/57315/773686.
• Arslan, G., ve Allen, K. A. (2020). Complete mental health in elementary school children: Understanding youth school functioning and adjustment. Current Psychology, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00628-0.
• Arslan, G., Yıldırım, M., Karataş, Z., Kabasakal, Z., ve Kılınç, M. (2020). Meaningful living to promote complete mental health among university students in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00416-8.
• Artan, T., Atak, I., Karaman M. ve Cebeci, F. (2020). Koronavirüs (COVID-19) salgınında sosyodemografik özellikler, psikolojik sağlamlık ve kaygı düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. Turkish Studies, 15(6), 79-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.43882.
• Aydın, M., ve Egemberdiyeva, A. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Türkiye Eğitim Dergisi, 3(1): 37-53. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/turkegitimdergisi/issue/37897/333333.
• Aydın, B., Sarı, S. V., ve Şahin, M. (2012). Anne-babadan algılanan kabul/ilgi, benlik saygısı ve akademik başarı: Umudun aracı rolü. Cumhuriyet Uluslararası Eğitim Dergisi, 3(4), 37-48. https://doi.org/10.30703/cije.321356.
• Bachman, L. F. (2004). Statistical analyses for language assessment book. Cambridge University Press.
• Baron, R. M., ve Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal Of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173. https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/1987-13085-001.
• Berguno, G., Leroux, P., McAinsh, K., ve Shaikh, S. (2004). Children's experience of loneliness at school and its relation to bullying and the quality of teacher interventions. The Qualitative Report, 9 (3), 483–499. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol9/iss3/7.
• Beutel, M. E., Klein, E. M., Brähler, E., Reiner, I., Jünger, C., Michal, M., ... & Tibubos, A. N. (2017). Loneliness in the general population: prevalence, determinants and relations to mental health. BMC psychiatry, 17(1), 97. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12888-017-1262-x.pdf.
• Bilge, Y. ve Bilge, Y. (2020). Koronavirüs salgını ve sosyal izolasyonun psikolojik semptomlar üzerindeki etkilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık ve stresle baş etme tarzları açısından incelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23(1), 38-51. https://doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2020.66934.
• Blazer, D. G. (2002). Self-efficacy and depression in late life: A primary prevention proposal. Aging ve Mental Health, 6 (4), 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360786021000006938.
• Bozdağ, F. (2020). Pandemi sürecinde psikolojik sağlamlık. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(6). http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44890.
• Bu, F., Steptoe, A., & Fancourt, D. (2020). Who is lonely in lockdown? Cross-cohort analyses of predictors of loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health, 186, 31-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.036.
• Can, F., ve Hovardaoğlu, S. (2015). Romantik ilişkilerde sosyal ağ etkileri. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 3(5). https://www.nesnedergisi.com/makale/pdf/1433593489.pdf.
• Cai, H., Tu, B., Ma, J., Chen, L., Fu, L., Jiang, Y. ve Zuhang, Q. (2020).Psychological impact and coping strategies of frontline medical staff in Hunan between January and March 2020 during the outbreak of corona virus disease 2019 (covid-19) in Hubei, China. MedSciMonit, 26: e924171. doi: 10.12659/MSM.924171.
• Chang, E. C., Sanna, L. J., Hirsch, J. K., ve Jeglic, E. L. (2010). Loneliness and negative life events as predictors of hopelessness and suicidal behaviors in hispanics: Evidence for a diathesis-stress model. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66 (12), 1242–1253. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20721.
• Counted, V., Pargament, K. I., Bechara, A. O., Joynt, S., ve Cowden, R. G. (2020). Hope and well-being in vulnerable contexts during the COVID-19 pandemic: does religious coping matter? The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2020.1832247.
• Çetin, C., ve Anuk, Ö. (2020). Covıd-19 pandemi sürecinde yalnızlık ve psikolojik dayanıklılık: Bir kamu üniversitesi öğrencileri örneklemi. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(5), 170-189. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/asead/issue/54658/733121.
• Damásio, B. F., de Melo, R. L. P., ve da Silva, J. P. (2013). Meaning in life, psychological well-being and quality of life in teachers. Paidéia, 23(54), 73-82. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272354201309.
• Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness ve Well-Being, 3(1), 93-102. https://www.tayfundogan.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/K%C4%B1saPsikolojikSaglamlikOlcegi.pdf.
• Doğan, T., Sapmaz, F., Tel, F. D., Sapmaz, S., ve Temizel, S. (2012). Meaning in life and subjective well-being among Turkish university students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 55, 612–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.543.
• Doğan, U., ve Karakaş, Y. (2016). Lise öğrencilerinin sosyal ağ sitleri kullanımının yordayıcısı olarak yalnızlık. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 6(1), 57-71. https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.40198.
• DuBois, C. M., Lopez, O. V., Beale, E. E., Healy, B. C., Boehm, J. K., ve Huffman, J. C. (2015). Relationships between positive psychological constructs and health outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review. International Journal of Cardiology, 195, 265–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.121.
• Duggal, D., Sacks-Zimmerman, A. ve Liberta, T. (2016) The impact of hope and resilience on multiple factors in neurosurgical patients. Cureus, 8(10): e849. doi: 10.7759/cureus.849.
• Emmons, R. A. (2005). Striving for the sacred: Personal goals, life meaning, and religion. Journal of Social Issues, 61(4), 731-745. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00429.x.
• Erkan, S., Özbay, Y., Çankaya, Z. C., & Terzi, Ş. (2012). Üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşadıkları problemler ve psikolojik yardım arama gönüllükleri. Eğitim ve Bilim, 37(164). http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/402.
• Fardin, M. A. (2020). COVID-19 and anxiety: A review of psychological impacts of infectious disease outbreaks. Archives Of Clinical İnfectious Diseases, 15(COVID-19). doi: 10.5812/archcid.102779.
• Frankl, V. E. (1985). Man's search for meaning. New York: Simon and Schuster Publishers. http://117.247.251.79:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/1117/1/5.%20Man%E2%80%99s%20Search%20for%20Meaning%20by%20Viktor%20E.%20Frankl.pdf.
• Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., ve Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 365–376. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2755263/.
• García-Alandete, J., Martínez, E. R., Sellés Nohales, P., ve Soucase Lozano, B. (2018). Meaning in life and psychological weil-being in spanish emerging adults. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 21(1), 196-216. http://dx.doi.org/10.14718/acp.2018.21.1.9.
• Gardiner, C., Laud, P., Heaton, T., ve Gott, M. (2020). What is the prevalence of loneliness amongst older people living in residential and nursing care homes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Age and Ageing, 49 (5), 748–710. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afaa049.
• Garrosa-Hernández, E., Carmona-Cobo, I., Ladstätter, F., Blanco, L. M., ve Cooper-Thomas, H. D. (2013). The relationships between family-work interaction, job-related exhaustion, detachment, and meaning in life: A day-level study of emotional well-being. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 29(3), 169-177. https://doi.org/10.5093/tr2013a23.
• Gizir, C. (2007). Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve koruyucu faktörler üzerine bir derleme çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(28), 113-128. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/200204.
• Glass, K., Flory, K., Hankin, B. L., Kloos, B., ve Turecki, G. (2009). Are coping strategies, social support, and hope associated with psychological distress among Hurricane Katrina survivors? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28(6), 779–795. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2009.28.6.779.
• Güloğlu, B., ve Karaırmak, Ö. (2010). Üniversite öğrencilerinde yalnızlığın yordayıcısı olarak benlik saygısı ve psikolojik sağlamlık. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 11(2), 73-88. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/57023.
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press. http://www.serialssolutions.com/images/AL_Button_big.gif.
• Holmes EA, O’Connor RC, Perry VH, Tracey I, Wessely S, Arseneault L, et al. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry. 7(6), 547–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1.
• Holt-Lunstad, J. (2017). The potential public health relevance of social isolation and loneliness: Prevalence, epidemiology, and risk factors. The Public Policy and Aging Report, 27, 127–130. https://doi.org/10.1093/ppar/prx030.
• Huang, Y. ve Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID 19 epidemic in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry research, 288, 112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954.
• Jackson D., Firtko A. ve Edenborough M. (2007) Personal resilience as a strategy for surviving and thriving in the face of workplace adversity: a literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04412.x.
• Jeste D.V., Lee E.E., Cacioppo S. (2020). Battling the modern behavioral epidemic of loneliness: suggestions for research and interventions. JAMA Psychiatry, 77, 553–554. Doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0027.
• Karaırmak, Ö. (2007). Investigation of personal qualities contributing to psychological resilience among earthquake survivors: A model testing study. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara. https://hdl.handle.net/11511/17263.
• Karaırmak, Ö. (2016). Resilience, risk and protective factors. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 3(26). http://turkpdrdergisi.com/index.php/pdr/article/view/321.
• Karal, E., ve Gül Biçer, B. (2020). Salgın hastalık döneminde algılanan sosyal desteğin bireylerin psikolojik sağlamlığı üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi. Birey ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10 (1), 129-156. https://doi.org/10.20493/birtop.726411.
• Killgore, W. D. S., Cloonan, S. A., Taylor, E. C., ve Dailey, N. S. (2020). Loneliness: A signature mental health concern in the era of COVID-19. Psychiatry Research, 290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113117
• Kleftaras, G., ve Psarra, E. (2012). Meaning in life, psychological well-being and depressive symptomatology: A comparative study. Psychology, 3(04), 337. doi: 10.4236/psych.2012.34048.
• Korkut-Owen, F., Demirbaş-Çelik, N., Doğan, T. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinde iyilik halinin yordayıcısı olarak psikolojik sağlamlık. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 16(64). https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.300405.
• Kluge, H. P. (2020). Statement – physical and mental health key to resilience during COVID-19 pandemic. World Health Organization. https://www.euro.who.int/en/media-centre/sections/statements/2020/statement-physical-and-mental-health-key-to-resilience-during-covid-19-pandemic.
• Korkmaz, O., & Önder, F. C. (2019). Yaşam amaçları ile kariyer uyum yetenekleri arasındaki ilişki: umudun aracılık rolünün incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 44(200). http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2019.8380.
• Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors and process contributing to resilience: The resilience framework. In M. D. Glantz, ve J. L. Johnson (Eds.), Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations. (pp. 179- 224). New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plennum Publishers.
• Lau, J.T., Wang, Z., Kim, Y., Gu, J., Wu, A.M., Zhou, Q., … Hao, Y. (2016). Anticipated negative responses by students to possible Ebola virus outbreak, Guangzhou China. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 22(1), 154– 156. doi: 10.3201/eid2201.150898.
• Lee, S.M., Kang, W.S., Cho, A.‐R., Kim, T., ve Park, J.K. (2018). Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 87, 123– 127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.003.
• Li, L. Z., ve Wang, S. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of general psychiatric disorders and loneliness during COVID-19 in the United Kingdom. Psychiatry Research, 291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113267.
• Lin, C. Y. (2020). Social reaction toward the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Social Health and Behavior, 3(1), 1. https://www.shbonweb.com/text.asp?2020/3/1/1/280554.
• Lin, J., Ren, Y., Gan, H., Chen, Y., Huang, Y., ve You, X., (2020). Factors influencing resilience of medical workers from other provinces to Wuhan fighting against 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia. BMC Psychiatry, 1-15. Doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-17931/v1.
• Lloyd, J. T. ve Hastings, R. (2006). Hope as a psychological resilience factor in mothers and fathers of children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(12), 957–968. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2009.01206.x.
• Maccallum, F., ve Bryant, R. A. (2020). A network approach to understanding quality of life impairments in prolonged grief disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33(1), 106-115. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22383.
• Magno, C., Galang, M. J. A., Paterno, V. C., ve Roldan, A. E. (2011). Meaning in life, flow, and subjective well-being: a perspective on Filipino High School Students. Philippine Journal of Counseling Psychology, 13(1), 1-1. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=6802.
• Mascaro, N., ve Rosen, D. H. (2005). Existential meaning's role in the enhancement of hope and prevention of depressive symptoms. Journal Of Personality, 73(4), 985-1014. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00336.x.
• Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., ve Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258.
• Miller-Smedema, S., Catalano, D., ve Ebener, D. J. (2010). The relationship of coping, self-worth, and subjective well-being: A structural equation model. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 53(3), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034355209358272.
• Minkkinen, J., Auvinen, E., & Mauno, S. (2020). Meaningful work protects teachers’ self-rated health under stressors. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 4(2), 140-152. https://doi.org/10.47602/jpsp.v4i2.209.
• Mulders, L. T. E. (2011). Meaning in life and its relationship to psychological well-being in adolescents (Master's thesis). https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/202850. Naeem, F., Irfan, M. ve Javed, A. (2020). Copingwith COVID-19: urgent need for building resilience through cognitive behaviour therapy. Khyber MedUniv Journal, 12(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.35845/kmuj.2020.20194.
• Ong, A. D., Edwards, L. M., ve Bergeman, C. S. (2006). Hope as a source of resilience in later adulthood. Personality and individual differences, 41(7), 1263-1273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.028.
• Öz, F., ve Bahadır Yılmaz, E. (2009). Ruh sağlığının korunmasında önemli bir kavram: Psikolojik sağlamlık. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(3), 82-89. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/hunhemsire/issue/7841/103278.
• Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., ve Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General psychiatry, 33(2). doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213.
• Pelling, E. L., & White, K. M. (2009). The theory of planned behavior applied to young people's use of social networking web sites. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(6), 755-759. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2009.0109.
• Peplau, L.A., Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. In L. A.Peplau ve D.Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy (pp. 1–18). John Wiley.
• Preacher, K. J., ve Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior research methods, 40(3), 879-891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.
• Preacher, K. J., ve Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior research methods, instruments, ve computers, 36(4), 717-731. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206553.
• Rawdin, B., Evans, C., ve Rabow, M. W. (2013). The relationships among hope, pain, psychological distress, and spiritual well-being in oncology outpatients. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 16(2), 167–172. https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2012.0223.
• Rew, L., Taylor‐Seehafer, M., Thomas, N. Y. ve Yockey, R. D. (2001). Correlates of resilience in homeless adolescents. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 33(1), 33-40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2001.00033.x.
• Ryan, T., ve Xenos, S. (2011). Who Uses Facebook? An Investigation into the Relationship between the Big Five, Shyness, Narcissism, Loneliness, and Facebook Usage. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1658-1664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.02.004.
• Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., ve Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of personality assessment, 42(3), 290-294. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11.
• Santos, M. C. J., Magramo Jr, C., Oguan Jr, F., Paat, J. J., ve Barnachea, E. A. (2012). Meaning in life and subjective well-being: is a satisfying life meaningful? Researchers World, 3(4), 32. http://www.researchersworld.com/vol3/issue4/vol3_issue4_1/Paper_05.pdf.
• Satici, S.A., Kayis, A.R., Satici, B. et al. Resilience, Hope, and Subjective Happiness Among the Turkish Population: Fear of COVID-19 as a Mediator. Int J Ment Health Addiction (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00443-5.
• Schwarzer, R., ve Luszczynska, A. (2008). Reactive, anticipatory, preventive and proactive coping: A theoretical distinction. The Prevention Researcher, 15(4), 22–24. http://www.tpronline.org/product_toc/15-4-toc.pdf.
• Sharf, R. S. (2012). Theories of psychotherapy ve counseling: concepts and cases. (5th Ed.). USA: Brooks/Cole.
• Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., ve Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972.
• Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., ... ve Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways: development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of personality and social psychology, 60(4), 570. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.570.
• Snyder, C. R. (2000). The past and possible futures of hope. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 11-28. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.11.
• Stankovska, G., Memedi, I., ve Dimitrovski, D. (2020). Coronavırus COVİD-19 disease, mental health and psychosocial support. Society Register, 4(2), 33-48. https://doi.org/10.14746/sr.2020.4.2.03.
• Sünbül, Z. A., ve Gördesli, M. A. (2020). Self-compassion and resilience in parents of children with special needs: The mediating role of hope. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 49(2), 690-705. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/cuefd/issue/57389/749645.
• Tanhan, A., Yavuz, K. F., Young, J. S., Nalbant, A., Arslan, G., Yıldırım, M. ... Çiçek, İ. (2020). A proposed framework based on literature review of online contextual mental health services to enhance wellbeing and address psychopathology during covid-19. Electronic Journal of General Medicine, 17(6). https://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejgm/8316.
• Tarhan, S., ve Bacanlı, H. (2015). Sürekli Umut Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness ve Well-Being, 3(1), 1-14. https://www.journalofhappiness.net/article/surekli-umut-olceginin-turkceye-uyarlanmasi-gecerlik-ve-guvenirlik-calismasi.
• Tusaie, K., ve Dyer, J. (2004). Resilience: A historical review of the construct. Holistic nursing practice, 18(1), 3-10. Doi: 10.1097/00004650-200401000-00002.
• Walsh, F. (2020). Loss and resilience in the time of COVID‐19: Meaning making, hope, and transcendence. Family process, 59(3), 898-911. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12588.
• Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., ve Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051729.
• Waynor, W. R., Gao, N., Dolce, J. N., Haytas, L. A., & Reilly, A. (2012). The relationship between hope and symptoms. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 35(4), 345–348. https://doi.org/10.2975/35.4.2012.345.348.
• Weingarten, K. (2010). Reasonable hope: Construct, clinical applications, and supports. Family Process, 49, 5–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2010.01305.x.
• Wilson, K., Fornasier, S., & White, K. M. (2010). Psychological predictors of young adults' use of social networking sites. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking, 13(2), 173-177. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0094.
• Yildirim, İ. (2000). Akademik başarını yordayıcısı olarak yalnızlık sınav kaygısı ve sosyal destek. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(18). https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/88017.
• Yıldırım, M., ve Güler, A. (2020). Positivity explains how COVID-19 perceived risk increases death distress and reduces happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110347.
• Yıldırım, M., Arslan, G., ve Wong, P. T. (2020). Meaningful living, resilience, affective balance, and psychological health problems among Turkish young adults during coronavirus pandemic. Current Psychology, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01244-8.
• Yıldırım, M., ve Arslan, G. (2020). Exploring the associations between resilience, dispositional hope, preventive behaviours, subjective well-being, and psychological health among adults during early stage of COVID-19. Current Psychology, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01177-2.
• Yıldız, M. A., ve Duy, B. (2014). Adaptation of the short-form of the UCLA loneliness scale (ULS-8) to Turkish for the adolescents. Düşünen Adam, 27(3), 194. https://dx.doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2014270302.